New Approaches on Deinking Evaluations
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Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 8-2013 New Approaches on Deinking Evaluations Roland Gong Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons, and the Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Gong, Roland, "New Approaches on Deinking Evaluations" (2013). Dissertations. 184. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/184 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW APPROACHES ON DEINKING EVALUATIONS by Roland Gong A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctoral of Philosophy Paper and Imaging Science and Engineering Western Michigan University August 2013 Doctoral Committee: Paul Dan Fleming III, Ph.D., Chair John Cameron, Ph.D. Jan Pekarovic, Ph.D. John Patten, Ph.D. NEW APPROACHES ON DEINKING EVALUATIONS Roland Gong, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2013 Paper recycling in the U.S. is the most successful program of environmental sustainability. Approximately two thirds of consumed paper products were recycled, according to the EPA and AF&PA. However, domestic mills only applied one third of recycled fibers into new products, which is much lower than reported in China (67%). The domestic recycle mills claimed that outdated facilities, poor recycled fiber quality and high manufacturing cost are the major issues. They also said that these recycle mills have been put in a “no-win” position, which threatens the whole recycling loop eventually. A case study about Chinese recycle mills has been applied based on field trips, which were performed to discover their strengths in recycle fiber utilization. INGEDE Deinking Evaluation methods have drawn much attention for domestic users. A modification was made, which overcame the variances of standards and apparatuses. Deinking evaluation is the key to deinking processes. Two new deinking evaluation methods have been introduced, which have shown advantages in accuracy, speed, optical correlation, and operational convenience. The deinking evaluation, using near infrared imaging analysis, is able to replace current industrial standards. Copyright by Roland Gong 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my committee chair Professor Paul Dan Fleming, III, who has the attitude and the substance of a genius: he continually and convincingly conveyed a spirit of adventure in regard to research and scholarship, and an excitement in regard to teaching. Without his guidance and persistent help this dissertation would not have been possible. I would like to thank my committee members, Professor John Cameron, Dr. Jan Pekarovic and Professor John Patten, whose work demonstrated to me that concern for industrial trends and applications. I enjoyed the conversations with them, which always inspired me in research, and elevate myself eventually. In addition, a thank you to Matthew Stoops, who gave me countless help in the laboratory. Also, it’s a pleasure to work with the deinking research team, Veronika Husovska and Wei (Rachel) Zheng. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Chris Chen. Without her endless supports in past five years, my graduate study would not have been completed. Roland Gong ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ viii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 6 Paper recycling in the U.S. ................................................................ 6 Advantages in emerging paper markets ............................................. 9 Deinking process and challenges ....................................................... 11 Deinking evaluation methods ............................................................ 17 INGEDE methods .............................................................................. 24 New deinking evaluation approaches via image analysis .................. 26 Ink elimination rate via image analysis ............................................. 34 III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS AND OBJECTIVES ..................... 35 IV. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ...................................................................... 37 Recycled paper mills in China. .......................................................... 37 INGEDE methods application, modification and evaluation ............ 38 Deinking evaluations via wet image analysis .................................... 38 Deinking evaluations via NIR narrow band image analysis .............. 39 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 43 iii Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER V. ARTICLES ................................................................................................. 48 Investigation of Two Chinese Recycled Paper Mills in 2012 ..................... 48 Abstract. ............................................................................................. 48 Introduction ........................................................................................ 49 Methodology ...................................................................................... 52 Results and Discussion ...................................................................... 53 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 56 References .......................................................................................... 57 New vs. Old Mills – Assessments of Recycled Paper Products Between the U.S. and China ....................................................................... 59 Abstract. ............................................................................................. 59 Introduction ........................................................................................ 60 Methodology ...................................................................................... 61 Results and Discussion ...................................................................... 62 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 68 References .......................................................................................... 68 Application of Modified INGEDE Method in U.S. Deinking Industry ...... 70 Abstract. ............................................................................................. 70 Introduction ........................................................................................ 71 Methodology ...................................................................................... 73 iv Table of Contents-Continued CHAPTER Results and Discussion ...................................................................... 75 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 82 References .......................................................................................... 83 Application of Wet Image Analysis on Recycled Paper Ink Elimination Evaluation ............................................................................... 85 Abstract. ............................................................................................. 85 Introduction ........................................................................................ 85 Methodology and DOE ...................................................................... 88 Results and Discussion ...................................................................... 89 Conclusion ......................................................................................... 98 References .......................................................................................... 99 Deinking Evaluation Using Near Infrared Narrow Band Digital Image Analysis ...............................................................................100 Abstract. .............................................................................................100 Introduction ........................................................................................100 Methodology ......................................................................................102 Results and Discussion ......................................................................104 Conclusion .........................................................................................115 References ..........................................................................................115 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................116 A. ANNOVA Table for Article IV ..................................................................116 v Table of Contents-Continued