DOCSLIB.ORG

Homogeneous Modification of Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose With

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Homogeneous Modification of Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose With Carbohydrate Research 342 (2007) 919–926 Homogeneous modification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose with succinic anhydride using a ionic liquid as reaction medium C. F. Liu,a R. C. Sun,a,b,* A. P. Zhang,a J. L. Ren,a X. A. Wang,a M. H. Qin,c Z. N. Chaod and W. Luod aState Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China bCollege of Material Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China cShandong Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, Shandong Institute of Light Industry, Jinan 250100, China dCentre for Instrument and Analysis, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China Received 14 September 2006; received in revised form 1 February 2007; accepted 5 February 2007 Available online 13 February 2007 Abstract—The homogeneous chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse cellulose with succinic anhydride using 1-allyl-3-methyl- imidazolium chloride (AmimCl) ionic liquid as a reaction medium was studied. Parameters investigated included the molar ratio of succinic anhydride/anhydroglucose units in cellulose in a range from 2:1 to 14:1, reaction time (from 30 to 160 min), and reaction temperature (between 60 and 110 °C). The succinylated cellulosic derivatives were prepared with a low degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.071 to 0.22. The results showed that the increase of reaction temperature, molar ratio of SA/AGU in cellulose, and reaction time led to an increase in DS of cellulose samples. The products were characterized by FT-IR and solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. It was found that the crystallinity of the cellulose was completely disrupted in the ionic liquid system under the conditions given. The data also demonstrated that homogeneous modification of cellulose with succinic anhydride in AmimCl resulted in the production of cellulosic monoester. The thermal stability of the succinylated cellulose decreased upon chemical modification. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cellulose; Ionic liquid; Succinic anhydride; Sugarcane bagasse; Crystallinity 1. Introduction Cellulose, the most abundant of all naturally occur- ring substances, is the principal structural cell wall com- Sugarcane bagasse (SCB), an abundant agricultural lig- ponent of all major plants and accounts for about a half nocellulosic byproduct, is a fibrous residue of cane stalks of the total bagasse. It is nontoxic, renewable, bio- left over after the crushing and extraction of the juice degradable and modifiable, and has great potential as an from the sugarcane. About 54 million dry tons of excellent industrial material.3–5 Chemical modification bagasse is produced annually throughout the world.1 The of cellulose is one method for the production of value- bagasse can be used as a fuel for the boilers by the sugar added products. It is based on reactions of the free factory or as a raw material for the manufacture of pulp hydroxyl groups in the anhydroglucose units (AGU), and paper products, various types of building boards, resulting in the production of cellulose derivatives. and certain chemicals.2,3 However, the intrinsic lack of solubility of native cellu- lose in water and most organic solvent systems consti- tutes a major obstacle for cellulose homogeneous * Corresponding author at present address: College of Forestry, The North-Western University of Agricultural and Forest Sciences and modification. The efficient dissolution of cellulose is a Technology, Yangling, China. Tel.: +86 29 87082214; fax: +86 29 long-standing goal in cellulose research and develop- 6 87032276; e-mail: [email protected] ment. A number of solvent systems, such as DMAc/ 0008-6215/$ - see front matter Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2007.02.006 920 C. F. Liu et al. / Carbohydrate Research 342 (2007) 919–926 LiCl, DMF/N2O4, NMNO, and some molten salt 2. Results and discussion hydrates like LiClO4Æ3H2O, have been found to be effi- cient for cellulose dissolution. Homogeneous cellulose 2.1. Modification and the degree of substitution derivatizations, such as esterification, etherification, and other reactions, have also been reported in these sol- The yield of cellulose was found to be 49.6% of the dry vents.6–10 However, there remain limitations such as tox- SCB. The neutral sugar composition of cellulose showed icity, cost, difficulty of solvent recovery, or instability in that glucose was the predominant sugar component, processing. comprising 94.8% of the total sugars, indicating a In recent years, the application of ionic liquids (ILs) relatively high content of cellulose. Small amounts of as alternative solvents and reaction media for a wide non-cellulosic sugars, such as xylose (2.8%), galactose variety of synthetic processes has received increasing (1.5%), mannose (0.8%), and arabinose (0.6%), were interest around the world.11,12 Properties of ILs, includ- also observed, indicating that the cellulosic preparation ing low melting points, wide liquid ranges, and lack of contained small quantities of residual hemicelluloses. vapor pressure, have encouraged researchers to explore The intrinsic viscosity, degree of polymerization, and known processes or chemical reactions using ILs in molecular weight of the native cellulosic preparation place of volatile organic solvents. In 2002, Swatloski were determined to be 378 mL gÀ1, 1277, and et al.13 firstly reported that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazo- 206,800 g molÀ1, respectively. In comparison, treatment lium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) could be used as a nonderiv- of the cellulosic preparation in AmimCl at 80 °C for atizing solvent for cellulose, and the high chloride 10 h with a cellulose to AmimCl weight ratio of 2.0% concentration and activity in ILs was found to play an resulted in a substantial degradation of cellulose macro- important role in cellulose dissolution. However, the rel- molecules under the dissolving process given. This was atively high melting point of [C4mim]Cl (approximately shown by a reduction in its intrinsic viscosity, degree 80 °C) limits its application as a solvent or reaction of polymerization, and molecular weight to 286 mL gÀ1, medium. In 2003, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride 934, and 151,280 g molÀ1, respectively. In this case, the (AmimCl) IL, which has a low melting point (17 °C), high chloride concentration and activity in ILs are was synthesized and proved to have outstanding capa- highly effective in breaking the extensive hydrogen- bility for dissolving cellulose.14 The chemical structure bonding network present in cellulose, and play an of AmimCl is shown in Chart 1. It is worth noticing that important role in cellulose dissolution. Above the criti- one substituent on nitrogen is alkenyl instead of satu- cal temperature, the ion pair in AmimCl dissociated into rated alkyl. As a result this IL has a lower melting point individual ClÀ and Amim+ ions. Free ClÀ ions, which and maintains a higher thermal stability compared to are nonhydrated and in a concentration of approxi- other ILs substituted by saturated alkyl containing the mately 20%, then bonded to the cellulose hydroxyl pro- same number of carbon atoms.10 These properties make tons, and the free cations associated with the cellulose AmimCl a promising reaction medium for cellulose hydroxyl oxygen. This disrupted the hydrogen bonding functionalization. Homogeneous acetylation of cellulose network of cellulose and promoted its dissolution.15,16 with acetic anhydride in AmimCl has been successfully 13C NMR studies of cellulose in ILs also showed that investigated.10 As far as the authors are aware, succinyl- the cellulose was disordered in this medium, indicating ation of cellulose using ILs as reaction media has not that its hydrogen bonding network was indeed dis- been reported. We therefore investigated the possibility rupted.17 In addition, we also found that the DP of of homogeneous cellulose succinoylation in ILs. In this the cellulose decreased from 1310 to 751 (data not work, succinoylation conditions of SCB cellulose in shown) when [C4mim]Cl was used as a solvent, suggest- AmimCl IL, including the molar ratio of succinic anhy- ing that the extent of degradation of cellulose in dride (SA)/AGU in cellulose between 2:1 and 14:1, reac- AmimCl was lower than in [C4mim]Cl. A similar tion temperature from 60 to 110 °C, and reaction time observation on the degradation of cellulose in ILs has from 30 to 160 min, were investigated. The extent of suc- also been reported by Ren et al.14 The authors reported cinoylation was measured by the DS of cellulose deriva- that the DP of regenerated cellulose decreased from 640 tives. The modified cellulosic samples were then to 460 in AmimCl and to 360 in [C4mim]Cl. characterized by FT-IR and solid-state CP/MAS 13C Modification of cellulose with linear chain anhydrides NMR as well as thermal analysis. produces an undesired by-product, namely the corre- sponding carboxylic acid. This acid must be removed from the reaction following modification. However, Cl modification with cyclic anhydrides such succinic anhy- N N dride does not yield a by-product. Furthermore, the CH2=CHCH2 CH3 reaction results in a pendant carboxylic moiety attached Chart 1. Chemical structure of the ionic liquid (1-allyl-3-methylimid- to the cellulose via a covalent ester bond, providing a azolium chloride). site upon which further reactive chemistry is possible. C. F. Liu et al. / Carbohydrate Research 342 (2007) 919–926 921 More importantly, since acylation of cellulose with a leads to cellulose laurates with DS decreasing to 0.34– cyclic anhydride would esterify one hydroxyl group 1.54 under the same conditions in ILs.21 In other words, per anhydride reached, the net result would be the gen- a steric effect on the uncatalyzed acylation reaction eration of one carboxylic acid group of equal or greater should be indicated, where increasing alkyl chain length hydrophilicity of hydrogen bonding water molecules.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • About Our Paper
    PAPER our about sustainability report 08/09 Grupo Portucel Soporcel Mitrena – Apartado 55 2901-861 Setúbal – Portugal www.portucelsoporcel.com Development and Coordination Sustainability Committee Forest and Environment Advisory to the Board Corporate Image and Communication Department Publication Characteristics Inside pages were printed on 120 g/m2 Inaset Premium Offset and cover on 350 g/m2 Soporset Premium Offset both with FSC certification. Certification Consults Deloitte & Associados SROC, S.A. Acknowledgment We would like to thank our employees for having taken part in the photographs that illustrate the Company’s Sustainability Report The electronic version of Sustainability Report 08/09 is available at the Company’s website www.portucelsoporcel.com Images Group’s Image Bank Slides & Bites Paulo Oliveira (Pages. 7, 10, 14, 25, 37, 39, 51, 54, 57, 61, 63, 69, 70, 73, 74, 116) Joaquim Pedro Ferreira (Page 33) Design and Production P-06 Atelier Graphic Lidergraf Free translation of a report originally issued in Portuguese. In the event of discrepancies, the Portuguese language version prevails. PAPER our about sustainability report 08/09 Our paper is an environmentally responsible product, which is made from a renewable natural resource planted specifically for this purpose. By choosing to print on our paper you will also be contributing to sustainable development as implemented under the forestry management model of the Portucel Soporcel group. If you make sure our paper is recycled after use, your contribution may be rewarded in the form of another paper product. CONTENts 1. AboUT THis Report 6 2. Messages from THE board 12 3. 2008/2009 HigHligHts 18 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Old Corrugated Board in the Manufacture of High Quality White Papers
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Paper Engineering Senior Theses Chemical and Paper Engineering 12-1983 The Use of Old Corrugated Board in the Manufacture of High Quality White Papers Rene H. Kapik Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses Part of the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Kapik, Rene H., "The Use of Old Corrugated Board in the Manufacture of High Quality White Papers" (1983). Paper Engineering Senior Theses. 209. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses/209 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemical and Paper Engineering at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Paper Engineering Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. THE USE OF OLD CORRUGATED BOARD IN THE MANUFACTURE OF HIGH QUALITY WHITE PAPERS by Rene' H. Kapik A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the course requirements for The Bachelor of Science Degree Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December, 1983 ABSTRACT Clean corrugated board waste was fractionated into its softwood/ hardwood fiber components, repulped using a kraft pulping process, and bleached using a CEHD bleaching sequence in an effort to produce high brightness fiber suitable for use in medium to high quality white paper. The papers produced had almost equivalent mechanical strengths and opacity, but possessed unsatisfactory brightness and cleanliness when compared to commercially manufactured,:. bleached kraft pulps of identical softwood/hardwood contents. Based on this experimental data, the use of recycled fiber from corrugated board as a fiber substitute in the manufacture of high quality printing and writing papers is not recommended due to its inferior brightness and cleanliness.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 -2020 Art Kit Chart Please See the Art Kit Catalog for Descriptions and Lists of Materials
    Fairbanks North Star Borough School District 2019 -2020 Art Kit Chart Please see the Art Kit Catalog for descriptions and lists of materials. Kindergarten First Grade A Color Book for Me! Marble-Us-Me, Marble-Us-You African Houses I See a Song Anemones Miro's Imagination Lines African Painted Rhythms Japanese Poetry Bells Animal Character Puppets Moore, Henry: Figure Sculptures Alaska Bear Dreams Jetliner Designer Artists Do Many Things “Moore Please” Animal Portraits with Todd Sherman Kandinsky Kids Art from the Berry Patch Muskox in the Arctic Antler Art: Seasonal Symmetry Layers of Land Athabascan Mittens My Art Place Arctic Terns: Chasing the Sun (revised) Let's Draw Like Vincent Van Gogh Athabascan Regalia My Crayon Box Athabascan Beadwork Paintings Line Dancing Berry, Bill: Fairy Tale Friends My Museum Beginning Line Drawing Looking at Buttons Birds & Bill Berry Night Lights Blending Colors; Venn Diagrams Mondrian Boogie Woogie Birches Branching Out Pattern Parade Brushing Our Teeth (2 Parts) Mondrian Line Design Building Blocks Piggy Backed Shapes (unit) Building a Mondrian Sculpture Mondrian Trees Busy Bee Helpers Planet Necklaces Calder’s Color Book Mouse Colors Cats in Art Pom-Pom Flower Painting Calder’s Fish My Community Square Cave Art Postcards from Van Gogh Calder Shape Mobiles My Shadow & Me Cheery “O’s” Robots with Henry Moore Can-Do-Ski (2 Parts) On Mother’s Lap Children’s Day Koi Streamers Shape-Kabobs Carousel Color & Mood Paint by Numbers Circles Everywhere Shape-O-Saurus Color of Our Own Patterns in Nature: Boolaboo
    [Show full text]
  • NTS I: Coating New Technology Showcase Moderator: Gregg A
    Session Presenter Title NTS I: Coating New Technology Showcase Moderator: Gregg A. Reed, Georgia-Pacific Chemicals NTS I-1 David J.E. Vidal, FPInnovations Performance and Cost Optimization of Coating Formulations using a Design- of-experiment Approach NTS I-2 Mike Cooley, Beta LaserMike Non-Contact, Laser-Based Technology for Accurately Measuring the Length and Speed of Product in Web Coating and Lamination (Presentation) NTS I-3 Rick Cazenave, Celanese APE-Free Emulsions for Paper Coatings NTS I-4 Martin Schmid, Voith Paper Inc. SpeedRod M - A new generation of metering systems for filmpresses NTS I-5 Vetrivel Dhagumudi, Layne Christensen Company Wastewater Treatment with MBR & RO for Pulp & Paper Mills NTS I-6 Andrew Denasiewicz, Siemens Industry Inc. Opportunities in Electrical Energy Saving in Pulp and Paper Mills NTS I-7 Ross Elliot, Tecumseth Filtration Inc. Studies Using Microfilter Technology Reveal Unnecessary Fiber, Energy and Water Losses NTS I-8 Pedro Casanova, LUDECA Inc. Roll Profile and Straightness Measurement NTS I-9 David Kevin McCall, SKF Reliability Systems Effective Condition Monitoring of Slow-Speed Mechanical Assets C3: Coating Best Papers I Moderator: Femi O. Kotoye, Styron LLC C 3-1 Janet S. Preston, John C. Husband, IMERYS Minerals Ltd. Binder Depletion During the Coating Process and Its Influence on Coating Strength (Presentation) C 3-2 Chris L. Lazaroff, Celanese; Rajeev Farwaha, Celanese - Recent Advancements in Vinyl Emulsion Polymers Acetate Ethylene Copolymers for Use in Paperboard Coatings (Presentation) C 3-3 Hakan B. Grubb, Xylophane AB Renewable Xylan-based Barrier Coating for Paper and Board (Presentation) M3: Future Products for the Pulp and Paper Industry Moderator: Harry Seamans, Bioenergy Deployment Consortium M 3-1 Michael A.
    [Show full text]
  • Esf Merchandise Shipping Address
    SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 219 Bray Hall, One Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210-2785 WHERE ARE THEY NOW? cal agents for the US Army. “The in Herrington having three careers use in the river’s watershed. Army wanted to know where at ESF: Meteorology, Urban For- Herrington said that his work poisonous gas would go if it was estry, and Geospatial Technology. in Urban Physical Environment Lee Herrington, Ph.D. released below a forest canopy,” “I had several interesting research led to a chairmanship of the Ur- by Eileen T. Jevis explained Herrington. “In gen- projects during my tenure at ESF, ban Physical Environment work- eral, it doesn’t go directly down- said Herrington. ing group (charged with studying ost residents of Upstate wind; it goes to the left of the In Forest meteorology, Her- urban microclimate and urban New York have a some- above canopy wind and wanders rington helped Prof. Berglund es- acoustics) of the US Forest Ser- what cranky pride in our around quite a bit.” tablish the micrometeorological vice’s Pinchot Institute (Consor- Mranking as one of the snowiest re- Herrington began his career at system for measuring the physical tium for Environmental Forestry gions in the U.S. We are a hearty ESF teaching Meteorology, Forest environment in the three ecosys- Research) which, in turn, led to community who readily welcomes Fire Behavior, and Forest Micro- tems at the Forest Environmental several years of service as the Con- newcomers to the area. Lee Her- meteorology – courses he would Outdoor Teaching Lab (FEOTL) sortium’s Executive Director.
    [Show full text]
  • Papermaking and Ink Chemistry of the “United States
    Papermaking and Ink Chemistry of the “United States Three-Cent Bank Note Issue” Matej Pekarovic1, Alexandra Pekarovicova1, Jan Pekarovic1 and John Barwis2 Keywords: stamp, fiber length, paper porosity, bending index, color difference Abstract U.S. three-cent green postage stamps manufactured under governmental contracts with three different private bank note companies were studied concerning paper properties and ink composition. Stamp paper analyses revealed that each of the companies was using paper with different properties. Moreover, through the bending index measurement and calculation of population distribution of bending indices for each stamp manufacturer it was found that National BNC used two discrete types of paper, one with a bending index 85-115 GU/g reaching 52% of total tested samples, the other stiffer with a bending index 115-159 GU/g . The Continental BNC population (88%) had the bending index in the range 69-142 GU/g, the rest was within 142- 192 GU/g bending index. Possibly three different papers were used by the American BNC within the first period (1879), one (20%) with bending index 66-89 GU/g, a second (52%) with bending index 89-113 GU/g , and a third (28%) with bending index in the range of 113-145GU/g. The re-engraved issue (1881) was printed on two different papers, one (70% of population) with bending indices in the range 59-100GU/g, and the other with bending indices in the range of 100-128GU/g. “Green” as recognized by philatelists was found to be different for every manufacturer in terms of CIELAB values. Introduction This article aims to clarify differences in the substrate used to print United States three-cent stamps of the 1870s.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Fiber Distribution Upon Stiffness of Paper Board
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Paper Engineering Senior Theses Chemical and Paper Engineering 9-1962 The Effect of Fiber Distribution upon Stiffness of Paper Board Jon D. Hamelink Western Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses Part of the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Hamelink, Jon D., "The Effect of Fiber Distribution upon Stiffness of Paper Board" (1962). Paper Engineering Senior Theses. 264. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/engineer-senior-theses/264 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Chemical and Paper Engineering at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Paper Engineering Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact wmu- [email protected]. THESIS I TH�T OF FIBER DISTRIBUTION UPON STIFFNESS OF PAPER BOARD presented by 1 Jon D Hamelink times I 1962-63. school year fora Problem Analysis Paper Technology Department Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan 2n11 :-l9 2 INDEX Thesis Abstract page; Stiffness importance page 4 definations page 4 & 5 Modulus of elasticity, Table I page 6 Beam comparison, Figure I page 8 Flexing of sheet and neutral plane, Figure II page 10 Problem approach page 11 Handsheet formation, Figure III page 13 Possible ply arrangements, Figure IV page 14 Stiffness of three ply sheets, Figures V &. VI page_ 16 Five ply sheets effect of ply position, Figure VII page 17 effect of upgrading, Figure VIII page 19 Conclusions page 20 Bibliography page 21 , AB.5TRACT THE EFFECT OF FIBER DISTRIBUTION UPON STIFFNESS OF PAPER BOARD This problem was approached by making multiply handsheets in the laboratory with various equicaliper ply arrangements of bleached sulfite pulp and overissue news, testing these sheets under standard conditions, and analyzing the data.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Technology Journal
    Paper Technology Journal News from the Divisions: Engineering as the key competence. Lang Papier PM 5 – 16 months of successful operation. Schongau PM 9 – an investment for the future. New orders from the People’s Republic of China. SAICA 3 PM 9 – fastest paper machine for Corrugating Medium. Nipco – 25 years of system know-how. 11 Paper Culture: Another type of Global Player. Contents EDITORIAL Foreword 1 Highlights 2 NEWS FROM THE DIVISIONS Voith Paper Fiber Systems – not only a new name for the Stock Preparation Division 6 Fiber Systems: Engineering as the key competence and main part of the services of Voith Paper 8 Fiber Systems: Official opening of the world’s most modern recycling line for liquid packaging board 13 Fiber Systems: Super startup of the stock preparation and groundwood bleaching lines for PM 3 at Haindl Papier, Augsburg 14 Paper Machines: Lang Papier PM 5 – The new online concept for SC paper 16 months of successful operation 18 Paper Machines: The DuoFormer D – a success story 23 Paper Machines: Schongau PM 9 – Installation of the latest technology for new SCB-Plus quality from 100% DIP in 56 days … an investment for the future 28 Paper Machines: New orders from the People’s Republic of China 33 Paper Machines: Laakirchen PM 11 – a challenge for SC-A plus papers 36 Paper Machines: Procor – a challenge for Voith Brazil New production line for corrugating medium and test liner 38 Paper Machines: Modern Karton – successful startup of high-tech white top liner machine in Turkey 40 Paper Machines: SAICA 3 PM 9 – latest paper machine for corrugating medium 44 “ahead 2001 – Challenge the Future Comprehensive Solutions for Paperboard & Packaging 49 Paper Machines: New developments with the TissueFlex™ 50 Paper Machines: Fibron Machine Corp.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Hot-Water Extraction on Alkaline Pulping of Bagasse
    Effect of Hot-Water Extraction on Alkaline Pulping of Bagasse Yichao Lei and Shijie Liu and Jiang Li State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering South China University of Technology Outline Á Introduction Á Hot water extraction of bagasse Á Pulping of bagasse Á Properties of black liquor Á ECF bleaching and pulp properties Á Conclusion China’s Paper and Paperboard Production and Consumption Source: The Annual Report of China’s Paper Industry in 2008 Pulp Consumption in China Source: The Annual Report of China’s Paper Industry in 2008 More Detail about Pulp Consumption Source: The Annual Report of China’s Paper Industry in 2008 The Situation of China’s Paper Industry Á Paper Production and Consumption are fast growing. From 2000 to 2008, the average annual growth rate is 12.78% and 10.48% for production and consumption respectively. Á Lack of forest resource, wood fiber mainly relies on import. Á Nonwood fiber has high proportion. Á More environmental pressure. Nonwood Pulping in China Á Abundant Non-wood materials, such as reed, bamboo, bagasse and wheat straw. Á Pulping processes, Soda or Soda-AQ or Kraft Á Bleaching processes, single Hypochlorite bleaching (H) or HH or CEH bleaching Á Pulp capacity, 30000-100000 T/Y Á Small pulp mills, old equipment and obsolete processes, high water consumption (130 m3/t of pulp), high cost effluent treatment Biorefinery for Bagasse Á Bagasse is widely used for papermaking. 9 million tons of bagasse produced annually in China, only 40% was used in paper industry. Á Bagasse contains 30% of pith.
    [Show full text]
  • Lignin-Based Nanoparticles: a Review on Their Preparations and Applications
    polymers Review Lignin-Based Nanoparticles: A Review on Their Preparations and Applications Qianqian Tang 1, Yong Qian 2, Dongjie Yang 2, Xueqing Qiu 3, Yanlin Qin 3,* and Mingsong Zhou 2,* 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China; [email protected] 2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; [email protected] (Y.Q.); [email protected] (D.Y.) 3 School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.Q.); [email protected] (M.Z.); Tel.: +86-20-8711-4722 (M.Z.) Received: 29 September 2020; Accepted: 20 October 2020; Published: 25 October 2020 Abstract: Lignin is the most abundant by-product from the pulp and paper industry as well as the second most abundant natural renewable biopolymer after cellulose on earth. In recent years, transforming unordered and complicated lignin into ordered and uniform nanoparticles has attracted wide attention due to their excellent properties such as controlled structures and sizes, better miscibility with polymers, and improved antioxidant activity. In this review, we first introduce five important technical lignin from different sources and then provide a comprehensive overview of the recent progress of preparation techniques which are involved in the fabrication of various lignin-based nanoparticles and their industrial applications in different fields such as drug delivery carriers, UV absorbents, hybrid nanocomposites, antioxidant agents, antibacterial agents, adsorbents for heavy metal ions and dyes, and anticorrosion nanofillers.
    [Show full text]
  • Fraser Paper: Origins and Local Acadian Culture
    University of Southern Maine USM Digital Commons Fraser Paper Company Stories of Maine's Paper Plantation 2015 Fraser Paper: Origins and Local Acadian Culture Michael G. Hillard PhD University of Southern Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fraser-paper-company Recommended Citation Hillard, Michael G. PhD, "Fraser Paper: Origins and Local Acadian Culture" (2015). Fraser Paper Company. 1. https://digitalcommons.usm.maine.edu/fraser-paper-company/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Stories of Maine's Paper Plantation at USM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fraser Paper Company by an authorized administrator of USM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fraser Paper: Origins and Local Acadian Culture Michael G. Hillard, Ph.D. Fraser Paper Company, located in Madawaska, Maine and Edmundston, New Brunswick, was founded in 1917. It was built and operated for several generations by the descendants of Scottish immigrants from the Fraser, Matheson and Brebner families, who immigrated to Canada from Scotland in the mid 19th century, and came together in the ensuing decades to build a lumber empire. The previous Frasier Company consisted of numerous logging camps and sawmills in New Brunswick and eastern Quebec built in the late 19th century. Subsequently, the founders decided to expand into more lucrative paper manufacturing. These original owners were self-made captains of industry in lumber production, quickly built a professional staff with backgrounds in paper engineering, sales and marketing, and research and development to manage facilities and sales forces, and to set investment strategy.
    [Show full text]
  • Black College Dollars
    2007-2008 DIRECTORY SCHOLARSHIPS FOR AFRICAN-AMERICAN STUDENTS Black College Dollars A PUBLICATION OF MADE POSSIBLE BY ALSO AVAILABLE ONLINE AT WWW.BLACKCOLLEGEDOLLARS.ORG The Pell Institute, sponsored by the Council for Opportunity in Education, conducts and disseminates research and policy analysis to encourage policymakers, educators, and the public to improve educational opportunities and outcomes of low-income, first-generation, and disabled college students. The Pell Institute is the first research institute to specifically examine the issues affecting educational opportunity for this growing population. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: THE PELL INSTITUTE for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education 1025 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 1020 • Washington, DC 20005 Tel: (202) 638-2887 Fax: (202) 638-3808 • www.pellinstitute.org SENIOR SCHOLARS Adolfo Bermeo • Marshall Grigsby • Thomas Mortenson • Lana Muraskin Congressman Louis Stokes • Vincent Tinto • Wayne Upshaw ADVISORY COMMITTEE Sonya Anderson, The Oprah Winfrey Foundation • Estela Bensimon, University of Southern California • Betsy Brand, American Youth Policy Forum • Alberto Cabrera, University of Maryland, College Park • Heather Eggins, Staffordshire University • David Evans, Educational Policy Consultant • Donald Heller, Pennsylvania State University • Scott Miller, Pennsylvania Higher Education Assistance Agency • Barmak Nassirian, American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers • Raymund Paredes, Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board • Thomas Wolanin, Institute for Higher Education Policy Established in 1981, the Council for Opportunity in Education is a non-profit organization dedicated to expanding educational opportunity throughout the U.S., the Caribbean, and the Pacific Islands. Through its numerous membership services, the Council works in conjunction with colleges, universities, and agencies that host federally funded college access programs to specifically help low-income, first- generation, and disabled Americans enter college and graduate.
    [Show full text]