S.Halama Assyrische Und Babylonische Befestigungen

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S.Halama Assyrische Und Babylonische Befestigungen Assyrische und babylonische Befestigungen des ersten Jahrtausends v. Chr. in ihrem Kontext Magisterarbeit zur Erlangung der Würde des Magister Artium der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Simon Moritz Halama aus Hamm SS 2006 Vorderasiatische Archäologie Simon Halama: Assyrische und babylonische Befestigungen des ersten Jahrtausends v. Chr. in ihrem Kontext. Magisterarbeit – Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Orientalisches Seminar, Albert- Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg – 2006. Ergänzung und Veröffentlichung auf Propyläum-DOK: 2011. Die Urheberrechte für alle Inhalte liegen – soweit nicht anderweitig erklärt – beim Autor. URL: http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/volltexte/2011/832/ URN: urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-propylaeumdok-8328 Die Arbeit wurde in dem SIL Open Font Gentium Alt geschrieben. Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort zur Publikation 333 Vorwort 444 111 Einleitung 555 1.1 Thema der Arbeit 5 1.2 Vorgehensweise 6 222 Methodisches Vorgehen 888 2.1 Ein Modell zur Planung von Architektur 8 2.1 Anwendung des Modells auf Befestigungsarchitektur 12 333 Befestigungen und Kriegsführung 141414 3.1 Militärische Nutzung von Befestigungen 14 3.2 Befestigungsanlagen und ihre architektonischen Elemente 17 3.3 Belagerungstaktiken und –techniken und altorientalischer Festungsbau 23 3.4 Analyse des archäologischen Befundes aus militärischer Perspektive 33 444 Assyrische Befestigungen 343434 4.1 Mittelassyrische Befestigungen 35 4.1.1 Mittelassyrische Städte 35 4.1.2 Mittelassyrische Festungen 43 4.2 Neuassyrische Befestigungen 45 4.2.1 Neuassyrische Residenzstädte 45 4.2.2 Weitere Städte im assyrischen Herrschaftsbereich 79 4.2.3 Neuassyrische Festungen 86 555 Neubabylonische Befestigungen 919191 5.1 Bb-ili 91 5.2 Weitere babylonische Städte 118 666 Neuassyrische Befestigungen in ihrem zeitlichen undund regionalen Umfeld 122122122 6.1 Diachronischer Vergleich: Mittel- und neuassyrische Befestigungen 122 6.2 Synchronischer Vergleich: Die Nachbarregionen Assyriens in der Eisenzeit 123 Inhalt 2 6.2.1 Assyrien und Babylonien im Vergleich 123 6.2.2 Syrien 124 6.2.3 Israel/Palästina 128 6.2.4 Urarṭu 130 777 Befestigungen in neuassyrischen Königsinschriften 133133133 7.1 Bauberichte über Befestigungsanlagen 133 7.2 Mauer- und Tornamen 142 888 Funktionalität der Befestigungen und der PlanungsprPlanungsprozessozess 149149149 8.1 Militärische Funktion 149 8.2 Zivile Nutzung der Stadttore 151 8.3 Religion und Weltbild 152 8.4 Ökonomie, Repräsentation und Ideologie 154 8.5 Planung von Befestigungen 158 999 Schlusswort 161161161 Anhang Anhang I: Maßangaben zu den Befestigungen 163 Anhang II: Verzeichnis der Königsinschriften 168 Anhang III: Herrschertafeln 170 Anhang IV: Glossar 171 Anhang V: Ortsregister 173 Anhang VI: Korrekturen und bibliographischer Essay (2011) 175 Bibliographie 179179179 Danksagungen 191191191 Tafel Vorwort zur Publikation 2011 Seit der Fertigstellung der vorliegenden Magisterarbeit sind mehr als vier Jahre vergangen, sodass ich es für angebracht hielt, das Manuskript soweit möglich zu aktualisieren. Der Originaltext wurde Jedoch mit Ausnahme orthographischer und einiger weniger stilistischer Berichtigungen beibehalten. Er entspricht also praktisch dem Wortlaut des ursprünglichen Textes, einige inhaltliche und formelle Eigenheiten und vielleicht auch Mängel einschließend. Umfassend überarbeitet wurde nur das Layout. Inhaltliche Korrekturen und zusätzliche Literaturhinweise zu neuerer beziehungsweise mir erst nach der Fertigstellung bekannt gewordener Literatur zum vorliegenden Thema finden sich in einem neu erstellten bibliographischen Essay im Anhang. In Zusammenhang mit dieser Publikation danke ich insbesondere dem Team von Propylaeum-DOK für die Aufnahme meiner Arbeit in die Virtuelle Fachbibliothek und insbesondere Frau Dr. Maria Effinger für die hervorragende Betreuung des Publikationsprozesses. Ferner möchte ich mich besonders bei Herrn Dr. Dirk P. Mielke bedanken für seinen Hinweis auf diese Publikationsmöglichkeit, das zur Verfügung Stellen einiger seiner noch im Druck befindlicher Manuskripte und wertvolle Literaturhinweise, welche Aufnahme in den bibliographischen Essay gefunden haben. Simon M. Halama, Freiburg, den 18. April 2011 Vorwort Fortifications thus not merely outline the town plan (or some part of it) but may focus and express the city’s vicissitudes and something of ist sociology. Sir Mortimer W heeler: Archaeology from the Earth. Harmondsworth 1956, S. 107. Obwohl Befestigungen dem Archäologen viele Einblicke in die Geschichte einer Stadt und die Gesellschaft, die er studiert, zu gewähren vermögen, ist ein systematisches Studium mesopotamischer Befestigungen noch stets ein Desideratum. Diese Arbeit soll am Beispiel neuassyrischer und neubabylonischer Befestigungen das Potential aufzeigen, das in einem Studium von Befestigungsanlagen liegt. Einige Vorbemerkungen seien gewissen Formalia gewidmet. Die Transkription des Akkadischen erfolgt nach den Konventionen wie sie in den gebräuchlichen Wörterbüchern (AHw und CAD) verwendet werden. Die Umschrift der akkadischen Personennamen richtet sich mit gewissen Ausnahmen nach Radner, K. (Hg.): The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Helsinki 1998ff. 1 Die heutigen arabischen Ortsnamen werden in einer möglichst einheitlichen und korrekten Umschrift wiedergegeben. 2 In einigen Fällen war es aber nicht möglich die genaue Schreibung der Namen und insbesondere ihren Vokalgehalt zu ermitteln. Es wäre zwecks größerer Vergleichbarkeit wünschenswert gewesen, die Maßstäbe der abgebildeten Grundrisse zu vereinheitlichen. Die Vielzahl der in den Publikationen aufgefundenen Maßstäbe und der entsprechend hohe technische Aufwand, der für eine Vereinheitlichung nötig gewesen wäre, haben mich davon Abstand nehmen lassen. Simon M. Halama, Freiburg, den 22. Mai 2006. 1 In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die theophoren Namensbestandteile in der allgemein üblichen Transkription wiedergegeben (anders: Radner, K. (Hg.): The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Bd. 1/I, S. XXV). Die Namensbestandteile von satzartig formulierten Namen werden im grammatisch richtigen Kasus wiedergegeben (in einigen Fällen anders: Radner, K. (Hg.): The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Bd. 1/I, S. XXIII). 2 Die Transkription folgt den Richtlinien der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft und gibt die Halbvokale waw und y in konsonantischer Schreibung als „w“ und „y“ wieder. 1 Einleitung 1.1 Thema, Ziele und Arbeitshypothesen Thema der Arbeit ist die Befestigungsarchitektur Mesopotamiens im ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr. bis zum Ende des Neubabylonischen Reiches. Aufgrund der Befundlage stehen die neuassyrischen Befestigungen im Zentrum der Arbeit, während das aus Babylonien bekannte Material nicht in derselben Ausführlichkeit sondern nur als Vergleichsmaterial behandelt wird. Da bisher noch keine zusammenfassende Publikation über mesopotamische Festungsarchitektur überhaupt besteht, liegt ein wesentliches Ziel der Arbeit darin, das aus Ausgrabungen bekannte Material zusammenzustellen. Das Hauptziel besteht aber darin, die Funktionalität der neuassyrischen Befestigungen im Widerstreit zwischen militärischer Notwendigkeit – im Sinne einer möglichst hohen Wehrhaftigkeit – und zivilen Bedürfnissen oder anderen Intentionen zu untersuchen. Der Analyse liegt die Arbeitshypothese zugrunde, dass Befestigungsarchitektur von einer Vielzahl sozio-kultureller und anderer Faktoren beeinflusst wird, die Einblicke in die sie hervorbringende Gesellschaft und in ihren historischen Entstehungskontext ermöglichen. Befestigungen sind nicht allein die in utilitaristischem Sinne rein funktionale Architekturgattung, als die sie zumeist angesehen werden, 3 das heißt, sie entstehen nicht allein aus dem Zusammenspiel von miltärtechnischen Bedürfnissen, Standortfaktoren und zur Verfügung stehender Technologie. Die bei der Untersuchung von Befestigungen zu Tage tretende Variabilität erklärt sich vielmehr aus einem komplexeren Zusammenspiel von Faktoren, die mit der Natur von Befestigungen als Teil der gebauten Umwelt der Menschen zusammenhängen. 4 Als solcher können Befestigungen vielfältige Funktionen und Bedeutungen zukommen, so zum Beispiel in der Organisation von Raum für Zwecke und nach Regeln, die Bedürfnisse, Werte und Wünsche ihrer Erbauer reflektieren, 5 in der Organisation von Zeit (im Zusammenhang mit der Organisation von Raum) 6 in der Organisation von Kommunikation oder 3 So zum Beispiel Hughes, Q.: Military Architecture. London 1974, S. 7: „ The main fascination of military architecture lies in its honesty. Admittedly there are elements of façadism applied purely for their psychological impact, […] but military architecture is essentially functional architecture; it has always had to be. “ 4 Die folgenden Ausführungen über Architektur als gebaute Umwelt gehen auf die Disziplin der Man- Environment Studies zurück, die sich mit den Beziehungen zwischen Mensch und Umwelt befassen, insbesondere auf Rapoport, A.: Human Aspects of Urban Form. Towards a Man-Environment Approach to Urban Form and Design. Oxford 1977. 5 Ebd. S. 10: „ One can [...] see design and planning […] as the organization of space for different purposes and according to different rules which reflects the needs, values and desires of the groups or individuals designing the space […] .“ 6 Ebd. S. 12. Zum Beispiel durch zeitlich beschränkten Zugang zu bestimmten Räumen. 1 Einleitung 6 Kommunikationswegen, 7 oder als Träger
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