Heteroptera, Coreidae) in Côte D’Ivoire

Full Length Research

Available Online at http://www.onlineresearchjournals.org/JABR

Distribution of Coreinae (Heteroptera, Coreidae) in Côte d’Ivoire

N’Guessan Lucie Yeboue1, *Senan Soro1,2 and Dognimeton Soro1,2

1Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, UFR Environnement, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire. 2Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Côte d’Ivoire

Received 14 June, 2014 Accepted 12 July, 2014

Studies were conducted on 53 sites through different vegetation and climate in Côte d'Ivoire. The data were collected 3 times a week using a net, harvesting cages and light trap. The samplings were made from 8 am to 4 pm on the day and from 6 pm to 6 am during the night. Eighty-five species have been identified and placed into 11 tribes and 41genera. Among these 85 species, 37 are forest ones, 10 for savannah and 38 ubiquitous. Sørensen coefficient calculated is upper than 50%, which means that forest and savannah areas are similar to species level. The Shannon diversity index indicates that forest insects are more diversified than those of savannah. Sites that contain the most number of species are; Tai (24 genera and 36 species), Lamto (17 genera and 34 species), Abidjan (21 genera and 29 species), Bloléquin (18 genera and 25 species) and Bouaké (13 genera and 22 species). Genus Anoplocnemis was encountered in most sites with particular species.

Key words: Ecology, insects, coreidae, coreinae, Côte d'Ivoire.

INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity studies in Côte d'Ivoire indicate that insect through habitats and different vegetation types. species richness is estimated to 5493 species [1]. This The study zone is covered by different type of represents 0.53% of the 1.7 million species known in the vegetation and climates which are caused by the world [1]. In term of abundance, out of the 5493 insect movements of the intertropical front transition (FIT), this species known from Côte d’Ivoire, family of Coreidae distribution permitted distinguishes four types of climate (Heteroptera) come in the third position with 745 species [12]. Each type of climate is linked to a type of plant behind the Beetles (2019 species) and Lepidoptera (1547 formation depending on the distribution of rainfall and species) [2]. Many Coreidae species are pests of crops relative humidity [13]. The means of rainfall and relative and spontaneous weeds [3] such polyphageous species humidity are decreasing from the South to the North in include Acanthocoris spp., Anoplocnemis spp., Cote d’Ivoire (Figure 1). Clavigralla spp., Cletus spp., Homeocerus spp,, Leptoglossus spp., Riptortus spp. [4-6]. Species of Coreidae are widespread. Their presence is reported in MATERIALS AND METHODS both temperate and tropical climate [7-10]. For instance the genera Cletus spp and Leptoglossus spp. occur in all Insects were captured with a net, harvesting cages and geographic regions [11]. In spite of the importance of light trap. The samplings were made 3 times a week from Coreidae particularly in agriculture, few studies have 8 am to 4 pm on the day and from 6 pm to 6 am during dealt with their distribution in Côte d’Ivoire where the night in different areas of harvesting. The data have agriculture is the basis of the economy [3]. This study been collected 52 times in each zone. Insects were provides an overview of Coreidae and their distribution collected with net in 100 m² plots previously delimited. The net was handled from left to right and from right to left on one of the surface previously chosen randomly *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]; before being delimited. Harvests were made in each plot Tel.: (00225) 47936062/ (00225) 03488913/ (00225) 05076200. during 3 hours. Captured insects were spilled into bottles Yeboue et al. 69

Figure 1. Coreinae distribution by genera in each type of vegetation.

containing cotton soaked with ether. Harvesting cages or insects in shrubs and young trees. A white cloth was set biocenometer cages hugged at about 1 m3. The on the ground under the tree or the shrub, and then the biocenometer is a metal frame covered with a white cloth. shrub was vigorously shaken. Insects that fall on the cloth The biocenometer has a sleeve like opening on one side are collected. Insects collected are brought to the from where the collector can have access to the interior laboratory for identification. Specimens are stored either and collect insects. During sampling, the biocenometer is in 70 ° alcohol or in entomological boxes. Labels on all suddenly set on the ground in such a way to avoid specimens include the sampling date, the locality and if insects escape. possible the name of the host plants on which they are The light trap is used only at night, it consists of a white been collected is mentioned for dry storage. Sampling sheet stretched vertically and illuminated by a fluorescent was also made in the vegetables farms round each town 100 watt lamp. Flying insects attracted to light at night choose for collect. land on the sheet. The insects are collected using a feather-weight forceps. The insects collected are also put Statistical Analyses in a bottle containing cotton soaked with ether. Low vegetation sampling is a method used for collecting Statistical analyses used are: 70 J Agric Biodivers Res

- The coefficient of similarity and diversity of the Table 1. Specific differences of tribes and genetic diversity of population in different habitat. Coreinae in Côte d'Ivoire. - The diversity index of Shannon and Weaver in Aké [14]. - The degree of presence according to Dajoz [15] and Tribes Number of Number Genus expressed by the constant (C) which is shown below: genera of species Diversity index Mictini 15 37 2,53 p Acanthocirini 5 9 1,8 C =  x 100 Dasynini 5 8 1,6  Petascelini 5 5 1 Latimbini 2 8 4 - The coefficient of similarity: The coefficient of similarity Homoeocerini 2 6 3 according to Sorensen [16] in Gounot [17] and Goné-Bi Gonocerini 2 6 3 [18] and express by the formula below was used: Deladerini 2 2 1 Hydarini 1 2 2 2c Anisoscelini 1 1 1 Cs (sØ) =———X 100 a+b %. The third group is composed of genera with 2 species - The diversity index of Shannon and Weaver [15-20]. Its (2%). The fourth group is formed by 27 genera formulation is as shown below: represented each by a single species. This group represents 32 % of the number of species collected. The N individual percentage is 0.85%. The genera of the tribe of H = - Σ Pi log2 Pi Petascelini are all represented each by a single species. i=1 Distribution of Coreinae according to vegetation type

RESULTS Forest Coreinae: The researchers found 37 species belonging to 23 genera and nine tribes in forest (Table 2). Distribution of Coreinae according to taxa These insects represent 56.10% of the total number of genera and 43.52% of the species. The Tribe Mictini was The researchers collected 85 species of Coreidae the most important with 9 genera and 17 species. belonging to subfamily Coreinae with 41 genera and 11 Constant species are Mygdonia tuberculosa SIGNORET tribes. Insects of the subfamily of Coreinae collected are (1851) and Plectropoda oblongipes FABRICIUS (1803) divided into 11 tribes unequally represented. The tribe then, the accessories species in the forest are Cossutia Mictini with 15 genera is the richest species (37 species flaveola STÅL (1865), Cossutia stalii SIGNORET (1858) representing 36.58%). It is followed by the Acanthocorini, and Latimbus punctiventris SIGNORET (1858) and then the Dasynini and Petascelini with 5 genera each and they the accidental species are 33 (Table 2). Among the 23 represent 12.19% and respectively 9, 8 and 5 species. genera identified in forest, there are 17 genera that have Two genera which represent 4.88% are met in the tribes been found only in forests and 6 other genera that were of Latimbini, Homoeocerini, Gonocerini and Deladerini. found in forest and savannah. These genera include The number of species found in these tribes is 8 for Acanthocoris, Anoplocnemis, Dasynus, Homoeocerus, Latimbini 6 for Homoeocerini and Gonocerini, and then 2 Hydara and Petalocnemis. for Deladerini. The Hydarini has one genus (2.43%) and two species, and then the Anisoscelini, the Phyllomorphini Savannah Coreinae: The 10 savannah species has one genus (2.43%) and one species respectively. To belonged to contend 6 genera and 6 tribes (Table 2). appreciate the diversity of genera, the generic diversity They constituted 14.63% of the genera and 11.62% of index calculated considered the number of genera and the species collected. Among these insects, the Mictini the species that contained each tribe. Generic diversity tribe is the most represented with a single genus, index obtained vary from 1 to 4 (Table 1). Anoplocnemis and 4 species. Others tribes have one The first group in the Tribe of Mictini is represented by genera and one species except Ptyctus sp. (tribe the genus of Anoplocnemis which totaling 16 species Latimbini) from which two species were recorded. Among (19%). Then, the second group is constituted by the the 10 species of savannah, Pephricus scopsae genus of Plectropoda in the Tribe of Mictini with 7 species SCHOUTEDEN (1938), and Homoeocerus cleio LINNAVUORI (8%). the genera of Homoeocerus (Homoeocerini), (1974) are accessories species. The eight other species Cletus (Gonocerini), Latimbus and Ptyctus (Latimbini) are accidental (Anoplocnemis amalthea LINNAVUORI have respectively 5 species (6%) and the genus of (1970), Ptyctus discalis var. senoufo (YEBOUE, 2008), Acanthocoris (Acanthocorini) with 4 species represent 5 Anoplocnemis aloma LINNAVUORI (1970), A. dodona Yeboue et al. 71

Table 2. Number of tribes, genera and species of Coreinae in their area.

Tribe Genera Species F S F S Acanthocorini Acanthocoris A. collarti SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x A. dentatus HAGLUND (1895) x A. lineatus BLOTE (1935) x A. obscuricornis DALLAS (1852) x Choerommatus C. limosus LINNAVUORI (1970) x Fouabiella F. simulata (YEBOUE, 2008) x Petalocnemis P. dubia SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x P. asper DALLAS (1852) x Rhyticoris R. spinipes PALISOT de BEAUVOIS (1805) x Anisoscelini Leptoglossus L. membranaceus FABRICIUS (1781) x Dasynini Dasynus D. lamtoensis (YEBOUE, 2008) x D. spinosus SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x Galaesus G. dollingii (YEBOUE, 2008) x G. linea DALLAS (1852) x Pseudopendilinus P. longicornis SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x Theraptus T. carmelita BURMEISTER (1835) x Pseudotheraptus P. couturieri (YEBOUE, 2008) x P. devastans DISTANT (1918) x Deladerini Deladeropsis D. africanus DALLAS (1852) x Prismatocerus P. productus STÅL (1865) x Gonocerini Cletus C. affinis BLOTE (1938) x C. blotei SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x C. ochraceus var fuscescens WALKER (1871) x C. pluoti FOUA-BI et MEHAUD (1987) x C. unifasciatus BLOTE (1938) x Plinachtus P. ledouxi (YEBOUE, 2008) x Homoeocerini Homoeocerus H. cleio LINNAVUORI (1974) x H. dan VILLIERS (1950) x H. lineaticornis HAGLUND (1894) x H. pallens (FABRICIUS, 1781) x H. schoutedeni VILLIERS (1950) x Ornytus O. elongates DALLAS (1852) x Hydarini Hydara H. nigrofasciata VARELA (1913) x H. tenuicornis WESTWOOD (1842) x Latimbini Latimbus L. armipes STÅL (1859) x L. diomandei (YEBOUE, 2008) x L. kolleri (SCHOUTEDEN, 1911) x L. punctiventris SIGNORET (1858) x Ptyctus P. discalis var. discolor SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x P. discalis var. senoufo (YEBOUE, 2008) x P. signatus SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x P. subvittatus SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x Mictini Anoplocnemis A. aloma LINNAVUORI (1970) x A. amalthea LINNAVUORI (1970) x A. capucina STÅL (1865) x A. chiron LINNAVUORI (1970) x 72 J Agric Biodivers Res

Table 2. Cont.

A. curvipes FABRICIUS (1781) x A. dodona LINNAVUORI (1970) x A. gracilicornis STÅL (1865) x A. lebrunae SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x A. melancholica STÅL (1865) x A. monacha STÅL (1865) x A. overlaeti SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x A. tchassalensis FOUA-BI et MEHAUD (1987) x A. tenuicornis STÅL (1862) x A. tristator FABRICIUS (1803) x A. ventralis WESTWOOD (1842) x A. vidua SCHAUM (1862) x Callichlamydia C. metallica SIGNORET (1851) x Carayonida C. splendida (YEBOUE, 2008) x Cipia C. dilatata SIGNORET (1850) x Cossutia C. flaveola STÅL (1865) x C. stalii SIGNORET (1858) x Elasmopoda E. falx DRURY (1782) x Kolleriella K. mira VILLIERS (1950) x Mygdonia M. tuberculosa SIGNORET (1851) x Odontolaba O. bellicosa FABRICIUS (1781) x Paranoplocnemis P. moesta SIGNORET (1852) x Phyllogonia P. biloba SIGNORET (1850) x Plectropoda P. cruciata DALLAS (1852) x P. dekeyseri VILLIERS (1950) x P. harpanipes (YEBOUE, 2008) x P. lividipes FAIREMAIRE (1858) x P. oblongipes FABRICIUS (1803) x P. sublobata SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x P. tomentosipleuralis (YEBOUE, 2008) x Plectropodoides P. fouabii (YEBOUE, 2008) x Puppeia P. cincta STÅL (1865) x Thryallis T. cornuta DALLAS (1852) x Phyllomorphini Pephricus P. scopsae SCHOUTEDEN (1938) x Petascelini Carlisis C. myrmecophilus LINNAVUORI (1970) x Dilycoctha D. tenuicornis BERGROTH (1894) x Petascelis P. foliaceipes STÅL (1855) x Petascelisca P. velutina DISTANT (1881) x Sulpicia S. yapoensis VILLIERS (1950) x Total 37 10 38

Note: (F: forest; S: savannah; F S: forest and savannah).

LINNAVUORI (1970), A. overlaeti SCHOUTEDEN (1938), 2). Among the 6 genera occurring in savannah, 2 have Ptyctus subvittatus SCHOUTEDEN (1938), Petalocnemis species restricted to savannah (Carlisis and Pephricus). asper DALLAS (1852) and Carlisis myrmecophilus Then the 4 others genera collected have some species LINNAVUORI (1970). Constants species were neither collected found in savannah and others encountered in both nor observed in the collections made in savannah (Table savannah and forest (Anoplocnemis, Homoeocerus, Yeboue et al. 73

Ptyctus and Petalocnemis). (Table 3). The indices were equal to zero in 9 cities. In these cities, only one genus and one species was Coreinae common to the forest and savannah: The 38 collected. High indices were obtained respectively in Tai Coreinae species found in both forest and savannah (4.34), Abidjan (4.32), Bloléquin (3.89), Man (3.25), constitutes 44.18% of the total species. They belong to Oumé (3.14) and Grand Lahou (3.08). The equitability 21 genera and 10 tribes, (Table 2). The Tribes varied from 0.90 to 0.97. The Mont Nimba, which totals encountered in these environments are the same as 11 genera, has index of 1.75 (Shannon index) and 0.87 those of the forest. The tribe Phyllomorphini was not for equitability. The other sites have diversity indices found in forest. But, it represented, 51.22% of Coreinae in varying from 1 to 2.52 and equitability from 0.90 to 1. The the researchers collection. Tribe Mictini was found to be Shannon diversity index calculated globally for the genus the most dominant with 7 genera and 16 species. collected in this area is 4.44 with an equitability of 0.84. Constant species in these two vegetation types are Anoplocnemis curvipes FABRICIUS (1781), Cletus Case of cities in the preforest area: The genera unifasciatus BLOTE (1938), Homoeocerus pallens captured in this vegetation type have diversity indices (FABRICIUS, 1781) and Leptoglossus membranaceus varying from 0 to 3.32. In Lamto and Bouaké the highest FABRICIUS (1781). The Five Accessories species include: indices (3.32) were observed and the equitability which Acanthocoris lineatus BLOTE (1935), Anoplocnemis varied from 0.81 to 0.92 respectively. The indices monacha STÅL (1865), Cletus ochraceus var fuscescens calculated in Bondoukou and Sipilou were zero. Other WALKER (1871), Hydara tenuicornis WESTWOOD (1842) sites have indices varying between 0.91 and 1.92 (Table and Ptyctus signatus SCHOUTEDEN (1938). The accidental 3). The Shannon index for this area is 3.61 with an species are 29 (Table 2). To know if the species of forest, equitability of 0.81. savannah and those living in the two vegetation types are comparable, the coefficient of similarity of Sorensen (CS) Case of cities in the savannah zone: For the 6 sites was calculated. The, CS calculated is 61.79%, higher chosen in the savannah area, 3 had zero as diversity than 50%, and showing that the two habitats are similar indices (Odienné Tafiré and Touba). Concerning the 3 based on species composition. Most of the species found others, they have 1.5 as diversity indices with an in savannah and forest seem to be the same with 75 equitability of 0.95 to Bouna, and 1.91 as diversity indices species of forest and 48 species in the savannah. with an equitability of 0.96 in Dabakala and then 2.25 as Nevertheless, there are some species characteristics of diversity indices with an equitability of 0.97 in Korhogo the forest or the savannah. The Shannon Diversity index (Table 3). The Shannon diversity index for this area was was calculated for these two habitats. We found 5.62 in 2.54 with an equitability of 0.59. the forest and 4.94 in savannah with 0, 90 and 0.86 for equitabilities respectively. The equitability obtained indicates that species have substantially the same DISCUSSION abundance. This study has shown the richness of the subfamily of Coreinae distribution by sites: When the specific Coreinae in Côte d'Ivoire. Several authors have reported diversity of insects is considered, on the 53 sites the presence of Coreidae in both temperate and tropical surveyed, 9, (representing 18%) are the most important. countries [7-10]. The differences are based on the These sites have more than 10 species. These include number of genera and species. Thus, the genera and Tai, Lamto, Abidjan, Bloléquin, Bouaké, Nimba, Konéfla, species from Africa are not the same as those of Europe. Man and Grand Lahou. The others sites (44) have less But, as far as the Australian Coreinae is concerned, there than 10 species (Table 3). The most species rich sites are some similarities with those of Côte d'Ivoire [11]. were classified as following Tai (36 species), Lamto (34 Indeed, the genera Cletus and Leptoglossus are found in species), Abidjan (30 species) and Bouaké (22 species) all zoogeographic regions [11]. All these remarks allow (Table 3). Then the sites represented by Danané, saying that, the Coreidae are cosmopolitan insects which Bangolo, Bocanda and Bingerville have at most 9 species are adapted to different climates [21]. The Coreidae from (Table 3). On the last sites, the number of insects the forest are more diversified than those of the captured hardly exceeds 5 species. Several sites have savannah when the different species from the two only single species. Figure 2 shows proportional icons ecosystems (forest and savannah) are considered. Then, (circles black outline) representation of generic richness the distribution of forest Coreinae is more homogeneous than those of the savannah. In savannah area the Diversity of genera according to the geographic distribution of species is not homogeneous when their situation of the city number is considered. Thus, Homoeocerus cleio Linnavuori (1974) and Pephricus scopsae Schouteden Case of cities in forest area: The Shannon diversity (1938) have high number of species than the others from indices calculated in forest area vary from 0 to 4.34 the savannah. Couturier and Gillon [22] showed that, the 74 J Agric Biodivers Res

Table 3: Number of difference species per area.

Areas species number Proportion Shannon index Taï 36 10,6 4,34 Lamto 34 10 3,32 Abidjan 30 8,82 4,32 Bloléquin 25 7,35 3,89 Bouaké 22 6,47 3,32 Mont Nimba 16 4,7 1,75 Konéfla 13 3,82 3,1 Man 12 3,52 3,25 Grand-Lahou 11 3,23 3,08 Agboville 9 2,64 2,52 Danané 9 2,64 2,1 Bangolo 8 2,35 2,8 Bocanda 8 2,35 2,82 Oumé 8 2,35 3,14 Bingerville 7 2,05 1 Dabakala 7 2,05 1,91 Korhogo 7 2,05 0,97 Mont Tonkoui 6 1,76 1,92 Bouaflé 5 1,47 1,92 Koun-Fao 5 1,47 1,8 Abengourou 4 1,17 2 Bouna 4 1,17 1,5 Alépé 3 0,88 2 Anyama 3 0,88 0 Guiglo 3 0,88 1,86 Lakota 3 0,88 1,8 Sinfra 3 0,88 1,56 Songon 3 0,88 1 Touleupleu 3 0,88 1,8 Zuénoula 3 0,88 0,91 Agnibilékro 2 0,58 1 Grand-Bassam 2 0,58 1 Grand-Béréby 2 0,58 1 Sassandra 2 0,58 1 Tiassalé 2 0,58 0 Toumodi 2 0,58 0 Yamoussoukro 2 0,58 1,8 Aboisso 1 0,29 0 Ayamé 1 0,29 0 Azaguié 1 0,29 0 Bondoukou 1 0,29 0 Bongouanou 1 0,29 0 Buyo 1 0,29 0 Dabou 1 0,29 1 Daloa 1 0,29 0 Grabo 1 0,29 0 Yeboue et al. 75

Table 3. Cont.

Odienné 1 0,29 0 San-Pédro 1 0,29 0 Sipilou 1 0,29 0 Tafiré 1 0,29 0 Tanda 1 0,29 0 Touba 1 0,29 0 Zougougbeu 1 0,29 0

Figure 2: Relative importance of the subfamily of Coreinae.

biodiversity in forest is not only high by the richness of amplitudes and then, the rate of humidity in such area is the species but, also by the equitability what is generally higher than in herbaceous formation. Also, in savannah, high too. Insects populations from, forest area consist in insects are found under the sheets of Poaceae while in a large number of species which are not diversified. The the forest, they are found on the leaves of plants. The difference between species collected in these two forest and savannah Coreinae have also been reported in habitats may be related to climatic conditions. Indeed, Côte d'Ivoire by other authors [24-27]. Dajoz [23] reported that the climatic conditions in the These insects, especially those of the genera forest are characterized by attenuation of thermal Anoplocnemis, Cletus, Dilycoctha, Homoeocerus, 76 J Agric Biodivers Res

Leptoglossus, Mygdonia, Phyllogonia were caught in the Africa. University of Pretoria, South Africa, 1985; pp 112-152. Afrotropical region (Central and West Africa, Equatorial [4] Hill DS. Agricultural insect pest of the tropics and their control. Guinea, and Madagascar) and indomalaysia (India, University Press, Cambridge, England, 1983; P. 746. Malaysia and Papua) [23]. These observations show that these insects are ubiquitous. Moreover, the only species [5] Yéboué NL, Foua-Bi K, Kehe M. Inventaire de l’entomofaune found in forest areas were also reported across the associée à la culture du gombo (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) en zone forestière de Côte-d’Ivoire. Agronomie Africaine (AISA), 2002; 14(3): Guinean zone (in Western and Central Africa) [24-26]. 165-181. The Coreinae captured in savannah, were also reported in this biotope by other authors [26-28]. These [6] Yéboué NL. Coreinae de Côte-d’Ivoire: Données taxinomiques et observations support the idea that, these insects are éléments de synécologie. Thèse de Doctorat, Université. Cocody Abidjan, UFR Biosciences, Côte d’Ivoire, 2008; P. 285. restricted to these areas especially as concerning species found in forests or in savannah [29]. The specific [7] Moulet P. Hémiptères Coreoidea (Coreidae, Rhopalidae, Alydidae), repartition of insects based on the different sites reveals Pyrrhocoridae, Stenocephalidae, Euro-Méditerranéens. Faune de that Tai, Lamto, Abidjan and Bouaké are rich in species France, 1995; 81: 1-336. compared to others localities surveyed. There are also [8] Cassis G, Gross GF. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Hemiptera: some Coreinae species which are characteristic of the Heteroptera (Pentatomomorpha). CSIRO Publishing, Australia, 2002; different areas prospected. Based on species richness, 27(3B,14): 751. Tai is the only site which is deferent from the others. This [9] Baugnée JY. Clin d’oeil aux Hémiptères du parc de la Faculté de difference is probably due to the presence of new species Gembloux. Notes fauniques de Gembloux, 2003; 52: 3-18. in this site. [10] Dethier M, Viskens G, Bruers J. Les Hétéroptères des anciennes Conclusion carrières de Flémalle et d’Engis (province de Liège, Belgique). Notes fauniques de Gembloux, 2005; 57: 3-16.

The Coreinae study in Côte d'Ivoire revealed a multitude [11] Zheng LY, Chen C. A study of phylogenetic relationships and of species dominated by those belonging to the tribe of biogeography of Chinese species of Cletus Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae). Mictini represented by the genera Anoplocnemis and Acta Entomologie Sinica, 1998; 23: 189-198.

Plectropoda with 16 and 7 species respectively. They are [12] Berron H. Le climat In: les Atlas Jeune Afrique, les Atlas de Côte followed by the genera Homoeocerus, Cletus, and d’Ivoire. Paris, 1971; pp 12-14. Latimbus with 5 species each. But, the majority of the genera are monospecific. In habitats, many of these [13] Koli BZ, Brou YT. Le climat. In: Atlas de l’Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire Jeune Afrique, Paris, 1996; pp 10-11. species (37) live in the forest; some are in savannah (10) and other ubiquitous (38). The distribution seems to be [14] Aké AL. Flore de la Côte d’Ivoire. Etude descriptive et linked to specific conditions of the environment for the biogéographique, avec quelques notes ethnobotaniques. Tomes I, II, III. first two groups (forest and savannah), while the latter Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat ès Sciences Naturelles. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Nationale, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 1984; P. (ubiquitous) are less sensible to these conditions. 1205. Regarding the rate of presence, more than half of the species collected are accidental and are found on the [15] Dajoz R. Précis d’écologie. Ecologie fondamentale et appliquée. spontaneous and cultivated plants. The distribution is Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1982; P. 503. usually characteristic in insects and is also related to [16] Sorensen T. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in food. The number of genera and Shannon diversity plan sociology based on similarity of species content, and its application indices calculated are different from one site to another to analysis of the vegetation on Danish commons. In: Gounot M. and from one type of vegetation to another. The forest Méthodes d’étude quantitative de la végétation. Masson et Cie, Paris, 1948; pp 1-34. was most genus rich habitat, mainly in areas of Abidjan, Bloléquin and Tai where conditions are favorable to [17] Gounot M. Méthodes d’étude quantitative de la végétation. Masson insects’ development. The highest values of indices are et Cie, Paris, 1969; P. 314. generally obtained in the forest while the low indices were [18] Goné-Bi Z. Phénologie et distribution des plantes dont divers obtained in Savannah. organes (principalement les fruits) sont consommés par les chimpanzés, dans le parc national de Taï. Mémoire DEA, UFR Biosciences, Université. Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, 1999; P. 102. REFERENCES [19] Barbault R. Ecologie des populations et des peuplements. Masson, [1] Anonyme. Diversité Biologique de la Côte d’Ivoire. Rapport de Paris, 1982; P. 200. synthèse. Ministère de l’Environnement et de la Forêt. Côte d’Ivoire, Programme des Nations Unies pour l’Environnement, 1999; P. 273. [20] Legendre L, Legendre P. Ecologie numérique. Tome 1: Le traitement multiple des données écologiques. Masson, Paris, 1984; P. [2] Foua-Bi K. Observations biologiques et écologiques sur le borer 260. Hypsipyla robusta M. de l’acajou ivoirien (Khaya ivorensis). Annales de l’ Université d’ Abidjan, 1968; I(2): 27-41. [21] Schuh RT, Slater JA. True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University [3] Jacobs DK. Hemiptera In: Clarke HS and Erik H. Insects of Southern Press, XII, Ithaca, 1995; P. 336. Yeboue et al. 77

[22] Couturier G, Gillon Y. Les insectes et la forêt tropicale humide: cas de la forêt de Taï en Côte d’Ivoire. Revue française d’Entomologie, 1988; 10(2): 47-55.

[23] Dajoz R. Ecologie des insectes forestiers. Ecologie fondamentale et appliquée: Gauthier-Villars Bordas, Paris, 1980; P. 402.

[24] Villiers A. Hémiptères de l’Afrique noire (punaises et cigales).

Initiations africaines. IFAN, Dakar, 1952a; P. 251.

[25] Villiers A. Hémiptères Hétéroptères terrestres In: La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. IFAN, I, Dakar, 1952b; pp 289-309.

[26] Villiers A, Descarpentries. Contribution à la faune du Congo

(Brazzaville). Mission à Descarpentries et à Villiers, CVII. Hémiptères

Coreidae. Bulletin IFAN, série. A, 1973; 35(2): 393-406.

[27] Gillon D. Le peuplement des Hétéroptères de la strate herbacée d’une savane (Lamto, Côte d’Ivoire). Liste des espèces, densités, diversités spécifiques et cycles saisonniers. Annales de l’Université d’Abidjan, Série E, 1985; 43: 65-96.

[28] Vuattoux R. Le peuplement du palmier rônier (Borassus aethiopum) d’une savane de Côte d’Ivoire. Annales de l’Université d’Abidjan, Serie

E, 1968; I(1): 138.

[29] Faurie C, Ferra C, Medori PDJ. Ecologie: approche scientifique et pratique. Technique et Documentation, 1998; P. 339.