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Crop Pests and Diseases Crop pests and diseases A manual on the most important pests and diseases of the major food crops grown by smallholder farmers in Africa August 2015 Africa Soil Health Consortium: Crop pests and diseases © CAB International 2015 Please cite this publication as: Pest and disease manual. Africa Soil Health Consortium, Nairobi, August 2015. This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Creative Commons License: You are free: • to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work • to remix – to adapt the work • to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: • Attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). With the understanding that: • Waiver – Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. • Public Domain – Where the work or any of its elements is in the public domain under applicable law, that status is in no way affected by the license. • Other Rights – In no way are any of the following rights affected by the license: • Your fair dealing or fair use rights, or other applicable copyright exceptions and limitations; • The author’s moral rights; • Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights. Notice – For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). Limits of liability Although the authors have used their best efforts to ensure that the contents of this book are correct at the time of printing, it is impossible to cover all situations. The information is distributed on an ‘as is’ basis, without warranty. Neither the authors nor the publisher shall be liable for any liability, loss of profit, or other damages caused or alleged to have been caused directly or indirectly by following the guidelines in this book. About the publisher The Africa Soil Health Consortium (ASHC) mission is to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers through adoption of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) approaches that optimize fertilizer use efficiency and effectiveness. ASHC books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases. Special editions, foreign language translations and excerpts, can also be arranged. ISBN (e-book): 9781780648194 ISBN (paperback): 9781780648187 Typeset by Sarah Twomey 2 Acknowledgements The preparation of this manual was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We would also like to thank: Eric Boa, Erica Chernoh and Grahame Jackson who wrote the pest and disease factsheets this manual is based upon. The many photographers who allowed us to use their excellent photographs. Individual credits and copyright status are given under each photograph. The Africa Soil Health Consortium delivery team: Keith Sones, Dannie Romney, Victor Clottey, James Watiti, Abigael Mchana and George Oduor. 3 Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Integrated pest management ............................................................................................................................ 7 3. Pesticide use and safety ................................................................................................................................... 8 4. The major pests and diseases of cereals ...................................................................................................... 10 Pests Maize stalk borers ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 Larger grain borer ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 Cotton bollworm ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 Millet stem borer ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Sorghum midge ........................................................................................................................................................... 21 Sorghum stem borers .................................................................................................................................................. 23 African rice gall midge ................................................................................................................................................. 25 Diseases Grey leaf spot of maize ................................................................................................................................................ 27 Maize ear rots and mycotoxins .................................................................................................................................... 29 Maize lethal necrosis disease ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Pearl millet downy mildew ............................................................................................................................................ 33 Rust of pearl millet ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 Sorghum downy mildew .............................................................................................................................................. 37 Bacterial leaf blight of rice ........................................................................................................................................... 39 Rice blast ..................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Rice yellow mottle disease .......................................................................................................................................... 43 Birds Red-billed quelea ........................................................................................................................................................ 45 Weeds Striga or witchweed ..................................................................................................................................................... 47 5. The major pests and diseases of legumes .................................................................................................... 49 Pests Bean bruchid .............................................................................................................................................................. 53 Legume pod borer ..................................................................................................................................................... 55 Pod-sucking bugs of cowpea ...................................................................................................................................... 57 Bean flower thrips ....................................................................................................................................................... 59 Cotton bollworm ........................................................................................................................................................ 61 Diseases Bean anthracnose ........................................................................................................................................................ 63 Bean blight ................................................................................................................................................................... 65 Common mosaic of bean ........................................................................................................................................... 67 Halo blight of beans ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 Early and late leaf spot of groundnut........................................................................................................................... 71 Stem and pod rot of groundnut ................................................................................................................................... 73 Groundnut rosette disease ......................................................................................................................................... 75 Groundnut rust ............................................................................................................................................................. 77 Anthracnose of cowpea .............................................................................................................................................. 79 Cercospora leaf spot of cowpea ................................................................................................................................ 81 Mosaic diseases of cowpea ......................................................................................................................................
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