DOCSLIB.ORG

From End-Of-Pipe Technology to Clean Technology: Effects of Environmental Regulation on Technological Change in the Chlor-Alkali Industry in Japan and Western Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From End-Of-Pipe Technology to Clean Technology: Effects of Environmental Regulation on Technological Change in the Chlor-Alkali Industry in Japan and Western Europe From End-of-Pipe Technology to Clean Technology: Effects of Environmental Regulation on Technological Change in the Chlor-Alkali Industry in Japan and Western Europe PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Maastricht, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. dr. A.C. Nieuwenhuijzen Kruseman volgens het besluit van het College van Decanen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 8 mei 2003 om 14.00 uur Masaru Yarime Promotor: Prof. Dr. L.K. Mytelka Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. Dr. R. Cowan (voorzitter) Dr. R. Kemp Professor W.E. Steinmueller (SPRU, University of Sussex) The following institution sponsored this PhD thesis research: United Nations University Institute for New Technologies, Maastricht, The Netherlands Acknowledgement Writing this Ph.D. dissertation was a long process, and its completion owes a great deal to many people. I would like to express my gratitude to all the people working at the United Nations University Institute for New Technologies (UNU/INTECH) and Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT) in Maastricht. I’m particularly grateful to Professor Lynn Mytelka, who provided me with valuable guidance and warm encouragement without which I could not have completed this dissertation. I appreciate very much comments and suggestions of Dr. Anthony Bartzokas, which improved this dissertation greatly. I would also like to thank Ms. Corien Gijsbers for her help kindly given to me in various occasions since I first came to Maastricht in 1995. Professor Yasunori Baba of the University of Tokyo introduced me to the economics of technological change when I was a senior student of chemical engineering. I’m grateful to him for having orientated me to this exciting field. In the process of writing this dissertation, different institutions provided me with financial support. I gratefully acknowledge the Graduate Scholarship of Matsuo Foundation, Ph.D. Fellowship of the United Nations University Institute of Advanced Studies (UNU/IAS), and the Huygens Scholarship of the Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education (NUFFIC). Finally, I would like to thank my family for having encouraged and supported me during the long course of my learning in Japan, the United States, and Europe. 3 Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................8 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. 11 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 17 1.1 PROBLEM AND RESEARCH METHODS ........................................................................ 17 1.2 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS............................................................................................ 23 2. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE........................................................ 28 2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE .................................................................................................... 28 2.1.1 Theoretical Models............................................................................................... 28 2.1.2 Empirical Studies ................................................................................................. 42 2.2 TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEALING WITH EMISSIONS FROM CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES......... 46 2.2.1 End-of-Pipe Technology....................................................................................... 48 2.2.2 Clean Technology................................................................................................. 51 2.3 DIVERGING EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ................................................................................................................................56 2.3.1 Environmental Policy Making under Uncertainty ............................................... 56 2.3.2 Choice between the End-of-Pipe Technology and the Clean Technology ........... 59 2.3.3 Technological Progress through R&D and Learning.......................................... 64 2.4 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 75 APPENDIX.............................................................................................................................. 78 3. TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY. 81 3.1 PRODUCTION OF CHLOR-ALKALI PRODUCTS............................................................. 81 3.1.1 Chlorine and Caustic Soda .................................................................................. 81 3.1.2 Production............................................................................................................ 85 3.2 THREE DOMINANT TECHNOLOGIES FOR CHLOR-ALKALI PRODUCTION: MERCURY PROCESS, DIAPHRAGM PROCESS, AND ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE PROCESS ...................... 87 5 3.3 TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE PRIOR TO THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ....................................................................................................................... 91 3.3.1 Development of the Mercury Process .................................................................. 91 3.3.2 Development of the Diaphragm Process.............................................................. 99 3.3.3 Diffusion of the Mercury Process in Western Europe and Japan...................... 106 3.4 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 120 APPENDIX............................................................................................................................ 121 4. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE JAPANESE CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY ........................................................... 123 4.1 REGULATORY DECISION ON THE PHASE OUT OF THE MERCURY PROCESS............... 123 4.2 CONVERSION OF THE MERCURY PROCESS TO THE DIAPHRAGM PROCESS................ 127 4.3 INTERRUPTION OF THE PROCESS CONVERSION SCHEDULE AND EVALUATION OF THE ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE PROCESS................................................................................. 135 4.4 TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE PROCESS .... 138 4.4.1 Characteristics of the Ion Exchange Membrane Process.................................. 138 4.4.2 Patents on Technologies for Chlor-Alkali Production....................................... 145 4.4.3 Technological Developments of the Ion Exchange Membrane Process by Innovative Companies in Japan..................................................................................... 151 4.5 MODIFICATION OF REGULATORY SCHEDULE AND ADOPTION OF THE ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE PROCESS .......................................................................................................... 184 4.6 COSTLY TRANSITION FROM THE MERCURY PROCESS TO THE DIAPHRAGM PROCESS AND THEN TO THE ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE PROCESS.................................................... 189 4.7 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 194 APPENDIX............................................................................................................................ 197 5. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE WESTERN EUROPEAN CHLOR-ALKALI INDUSTRY .................................... 215 5.1 IMPOSITION OF EMISSION STANDARDS ON MERCURY ............................................. 215 5.1.1 Paris Commission .............................................................................................. 215 5.1.2 European Community......................................................................................... 225 5.2 REDUCTION OF MERCURY EMISSIONS WITH END-OF-PIPE TECHNOLOGIES ............. 233 5.2.1 Patents on Chlor-Alkali Production Technologies ............................................ 233 6 5.2.2 Development of End-of-Pipe Technologies for the Reduction of Mercury Emissions........................................................................................................................ 240 5.2.3 Continued Use of the Mercury Process with End-of-Pipe Technologies........... 250 5.3 DELAYED DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE PROCESS.............................................................................................................................. 253 5.4 SLOW DIFFUSION OF THE ION EXCHANGE MEMBRANE PROCESS............................. 269 5.4.1 Availability of Information on the Ion Exchange Membrane Process............... 269 5.4.2 Profitability of the Adoption of the Ion Exchange Membrane Process ............. 272 5.4.3 Long Lifetime of Chlor-Alkali Plants Based on the Mercury Process............... 281 5.5 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................... 289 APPENDIX............................................................................................................................ 294 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION............................................................................. 319 APPENDIX. EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION ON TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE OF THE CHEMICAL PROCESSES FOR CHLOR-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Group
    Historical Group NEWSLETTER and SUMMARY OF PAPERS No. 64 Summer 2013 Registered Charity No. 207890 COMMITTEE Chairman: Prof A T Dronsfield | Prof J Betteridge (Twickenham, 4, Harpole Close, Swanwick, Derbyshire, | Middlesex) DE55 1EW | Dr N G Coley (Open University) [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr C J Cooksey (Watford, Secretary: Prof. J. W. Nicholson | Hertfordshire) School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, | Prof E Homburg (University of St Mary's University College, Waldegrave | Maastricht) Road, Twickenham, Middlesex, TW1 4SX | Prof F James (Royal Institution) [e-mail: [email protected]] | Dr D Leaback (Biolink Technology) Membership Prof W P Griffith | Dr P J T Morris (Science Museum) Secretary: Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, | Mr P N Reed (Steensbridge, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ | Herefordshire) [e-mail [email protected]] | Dr V Quirke (Oxford Brookes Treasurer: Dr J A Hudson | University) Graythwaite, Loweswater, Cockermouth, | Prof. H. Rzepa (Imperial College) Cumbria, CA13 0SU | Dr. A Sella (University College) [e-mail [email protected]] Newsletter Dr A Simmons Editor Epsom Lodge, La Grande Route de St Jean, St John, Jersey, JE3 4FL [e-mail [email protected]] Newsletter Dr G P Moss Production: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS [e-mail [email protected]] http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/rschg/ http://www.rsc.org/membership/networking/interestgroups/historical/index.asp 1 RSC Historical Group Newsletter No. 64 Summer 2013 Contents From the Editor 2 Obituaries 3 Professor Colin Russell (1928-2013) Peter J.T.
    [Show full text]
  • Collection List 2021.Xlsx
    AccNoPrefix No Description 1982 1 Shovel used at T Bolton and Sons Ltd. 1982 2 Shovel used at T Bolton and Sons Ltd STENCILLED SIGNAGE 1982 3 Telegraph key used at T Bolton and Sons Ltd 1982 4 Voltmeter used at T Bolton and Sons Ltd 1982 5 Resistor used at T Bolton and Sons Ltd 1982 6 Photograph of Copper Sulphate plant at T Bolton and Sons Ltd 1982 7 Stoneware Jar 9" x 6"dia marked 'Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd General Chemicals Division' 1982 8 Stoneware Jar 11" x 5"dia marked 'Cowburns Botanical Beverages Heely Street Wigan 1939' 1982 9 Glass Carboy for storing hydrochloric acid 1982 10 Bar of 'Bodyguard' soap Gossage and Sons Ltd Leeds 1982 11 Pack of Gossages Tap Water Softener and Bleacher 1982 12 Wall Map Business Map of Widnes 1904 1982 13 Glass Photo Plate Girl seated at machine tool 1982 14 Glass Photo Plate W J Bush and Co Exhibition stand 1982 15 Glass Photo Plate H T Watson Ltd Exhibition stand 1982 16 Glass Photo Plate Southerns Ltd Exhibition stand 1982 17 Glass Photo Plate Fisons Ltd Exhibition stand 1982 18 Glass Photo Plate Albright and Wilson Exhibition stand 1982 19 Glass Photo Plate General view of Exhibition 1982 20 Glass Photo Plate J H Dennis and Co Exhibition stand 1982 21 Glass Photo Plate Albright and Wilson Chemicals display 1982 22 Glass Photo Plate Widnes Foundry Exhibition stand 1982 23 Glass Photo Plate Thomas Bolton and Sons Exhibition stand 1982 24 Glass Photo Plate Albright and Wilson Exhibition stand 1982 25 Glass Photo Plate Albright and Wilson Exhibition stand 1982 26 Glass Photo Plate 6 men posed
    [Show full text]
  • History of the Chemical Industry, 1750 to 1930
    History of the Chemical Industry 1750 to 1930 – an Outline Copyright: David J M Rowe, University of York (1998) Introduction The aim of this survey is to sketch the history of the chemical industry (mainly in Britain), for the period 1750 to 1930, and its relationship with contemporary political, social, and scientific developments; much detail will inevitably be omitted for brevity. It will be argued that the development of the chemical industry arose largely in response to contemporary social needs; and that whereas the development gained much from scientific discoveries, problems encountered in industry also provided fertile ground for scientific enquiry. It is often supposed that pure science is a necessary precursor of technological development but a study of history reveals many cases in which scientific understanding of technology lags behind the technology, sometimes by a long way. Political Background Some major events: • American War of Independence 1775-1783 • French Revolution and Napoleonic Period Revolution 1789, First Empire (Napoleon I) 1804-1815 • American Civil War 1861-1865 • Unification of Italy; completed 1870 • Franco-Prussian War 1870-71 • Unification of Germany; foundation of German Empire 1871 • First World War 1914-1918 • Second World War 1939-1945 Emergence of Britain as the dominant world economic power between the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) and the First World War, but rise of Germany as a strong economy after 1871. Emergence of the USA as a powerful economy towards the end of the 19th century, to become
    [Show full text]
  • An Evaluation of Ferdinand Hurter's Contribution to the Development of the Nineteenth Century Alkali Industry
    AN EVALUATION OF FERDINAND HURTER'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ALKALI INDUSTRY CYRIL ARTHUR TOWNSEND A thesissubmitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementsof Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1998 FERDINAND 11URTER 1844 - 1898 ABSTRACT Ferdinand Hurter was an industrial chemist and one of the earliest chemical engineers. He was born in Switzerland in 1844 and, after obtaining his Doctorate in chemistry at Heidelberg University, he came to England in 1867. He joined Gaskell Deacon & Co, a major Leblanc alkali manufacturer in Widnes, the leading alkali town in Britain, as Works Chemist. During the next thirty years, the most successful period in the history of the Leblanc alkali industry, he devoted his considerable talents, both practical and theoretical, to developing and improving a wide range of processes. He was the author of a large number of publications and patents, and has been described as the first person to put the British chemical industry on a truly scientific basis. When the British Leblanc alkali manufacturers amalgamated in 1890 to form the United Alkali Company, Hurter was appointed to the prestigious position of Chief Chemist, in which post he served until his early death in 1898. He was a leading figure in a number of learned societies, and also took an interest in technical education. The accusationby certain historians that, in the 1890's,Hurter advised the United Alkali Company not to adopt the electrolytic process for manufacturingalkali, and thus causedthe declineand eventual demise of the Leblancindustry, is fully investigated.It is concludedthat the allegationwas substantiallyunfounded.
    [Show full text]
  • The Applications of Electrolysis in Chemical Industry
    graphs on Industrial GiiemisJij "' "''™ '*' " ""^"'^'" ^ "^^^"'^'*"^^'''"'^'^'^'^"^^"' n-TTTi"'n[-nnnrimnimn nriiiiiiiiiviiiniiiriiii ii i M ipt wliW^HM****'^')' " """ "'" m -CD PPLICATIONS EMIGAL INDUS! A, J, HALE JUWOPi'JA'OtJS^KSls Handle with EXTREME CARE This volume is damaged or brittle and CANNOT be repaired! • photocopy only if necessary • return to staff • do not put in bookdrop 1 J ^ Gerstein Science Information Centre 1 '''B ' 'i V ; r. %nm^ ru" M^x)u^ym/.^y/e^&^J}V9?vy^^^d^m^ 'j^ £i\ /^jy? X •> a u ^ Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/applicationsofelOOhaleuoft n MONOGRAPHS ON INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY Edited by Sir Edward Thorpe, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S. Emeritus Professor of General Chemistry in the Imperial College of Science and Technology, South Kensington ; and formerly Principal of the Government Laboratory, London. INTRODUCTION TOURING the last four or five decades the AppU- ^^^ cations of Chemistry have experienced an extra- ordinary development, and there is scarcely an industry that has not benefited, directly or indirectly, from this expansion. Indeed, the Science trenches in greater or less degree upon all departments of human activity. Practically every division of Natural Science has now been linked up with it in the common service of man- kind. So ceaseless and rapid is this expansion that the recondite knowledge of one generation becomes a part of the technology of the next. Thus the conceptions of chemical dynamics of one decade become translated into the current practice of its successor ; the doctrines concerning chemical structure and constitution of one period form the basis of large-scale synthetical processes of another ; an obscure phenomenon like Catalysis is found to be capable of widespread application in manufacturing operations of the most diverse character.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Health and Safety in the British Chemical Industry, 1914-1974
    University of Strathclyde Department of History The Nypro chemical plant at Flixborough after the disastrous explosion and fire of June 1974. Source: http://aria.ecologie.gouv.fr/ressources/h_flixborough1974_2.jpg Occupational Health and Safety in the British Chemical Industry, 1914-1974 A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2007 David Walker The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author under the terms of the United Kingdom Copyright Acts as qualified by University of Strathclyde Regulation 3.51. Due acknowledgement must always be made of the use of any material contained in, or derived from, this thesis. ii Acknowledgments The Economic and Social Research Council provided me with financial support to undertake this research and I am extremely grateful to them for this. The ESRC funding also allowed me to travel and interview respondents who agreed to share the memories of their lives with me. Therefore, thank you to Peter Dodds, Richard Fitzpatrick, Hilda Langley, Doug May, Gladys and Derek Rogerson, Brian Watson, and to the others who wished to remain anonymous. The information that they provided me with has enriched this thesis. I would also like to thank Ray Collins, Assistant General Secretary (Administration and Services) of the Transport and General Workers Union who allowed me to access the TGWU archive lodged at the Modern Records Office, Warwick University. I am also grateful for the assistance provided by the archivists at the Modern Records Office at Warwick and to those in the Chester and Cheshire Record Office, the University of Strathclyde, the University of Glasgow, Glasgow Caledonian University and the Mitchell Library archives.
    [Show full text]
  • American Tariff Policy and the British Alkali Industry, 1880-1905 Brian D Varian, London School of Economics
    Economic History Working Papers No: 189/2014 American Tariff Policy and The British Alkali Industry, 1880-1905 Brian D. Varian, London School of Economics Economic History Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, London, UK. T: +44 (0) 20 7955 7084. F: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730 LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC HISTORY WORKING PAPERS NO. 189 - MARCH 2014 American Tariff Policy and The British Alkali Industry, 1880-1905 Brian D Varian, London School of Economics Abstract Until the late nineteenth century, the British alkali industry enjoyed a colossal export market in the United States. Yet, as several scholars have already noted, the highly protectionist Dingley Tariff of 1897 caused a precipitous and irreversible decline in the volume of British alkali exports to the United States. Drawing upon an abundance of textual evidence, this study argues that, in addition to the climactic Dingley Tariff, previous American tariff acts in 1883, 1890, and 1894 also exerted a pronounced influence on the volume of British alkali exports to the United States. Further corroborating this claim is a regression analysis that employs, as an explanatory variable, newly constructed annual estimates of the ad valorem equivalent tariff that the United States imposed upon alkali imports from Britain. Approaching the British alkali industry from a microeconomic standpoint, this study also argues that one particular British alkali firm, Brunner, Mond & Co., mitigated its financial exposure to American tariff policy by acquiring, in 1887, a minority shareholding in a nascent American alkali firm, the Solvay Process Company.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trust Movement in British Industry a Study of Business Organisation
    The Trust Movement In British Industry A Study of Business Organisation Henry W. Macrosty, B.A., Lecturer, London School of Economics, and Examiner in Commerce, University of Birmingham; Author of “Trusts and the State,” Etc. 1907 Kitchener 2001 Batoche Books 52 Eby Street South Kitchener, Ontario N2G 3L1 Canada email: [email protected] Preface. ................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter I. Introductory. .......................................................................................... 6 Chapter II. The Iron and Steel Industries. ............................................................ 24 Chapter III. The Iron and Steel Industries. ........................................................... 51 Chapter IV. The Extractive Industries. ................................................................ 72 Chapter V. The Textile Industries. ....................................................................... 98 Chapter VI. The Textile Industries (continued). ................................................ 129 Chapter VII. The Chemical Industries. .............................................................. 149 Chapter VIII. Grain-milling. .............................................................................. 172 Chapter IX. Tobacco and Liquor Trades. ........................................................... 187 Chapter X. The Retail Trades. ........................................................................... 200 Chapter XI.
    [Show full text]
  • THE STORY of MURGATROYD's INTRODUCTION in the Year 1889
    THE STORY OF MURGATROYD’S INTRODUCTION In the year 1889 George Lomas Murgatroyd discovered brine at Middlewich and laid the foundations of the Company which still bears his name. During the years which followed, and up to the beginning of the last decade, the destiny of the Company has been essentially in the hands of three men: George L. Murgatroyd, Ivan Levinstein and Herbert Levinstein. George Lomas Murgatroyd discovered the abundant source of natural brine upon which the whole project still depends, and was responsible for the original conception of the Company. Ivan Levinstein preserved the name and independence of the Company after Murgatroyd’s tragic death in 1894, when it would otherwise have certainly been swallowed up by the Brunner, Mond organization, and he guided its greatly reduced fortunes during the ensuing 20 years until his death in 1916. Herbert Levinstein maintained and expanded his father’s interest in the Company and directed its operations from the period of the First World War until his retirement in 1947. To him we owe the Yew Tree Project from which the present Company has grown. Murgatroyd’s Salt and Chemical Company Limited is today one of the leading firms of the Cheshire Chemical Industry and makes a significant contribution to the country’s chemical economy. Its interests are no longer confined to the salt industry in which it was born, but also lie in the chlorine-caustic soda field, where for the last 10 years it has been a major producer. It is therefore desirable that the Company’s story should be presented against a background showing the birth, growth and development of the Cheshire heavy chemical industry and the salt field on which it depends.
    [Show full text]