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Nationalism, Identity, and Rhetoric in Bosnia-Herzegovina: a Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Speeches, 2004–2012

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Nationalism, Identity, and Rhetoric in Bosnia-Herzegovina: a Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Speeches, 2004–2012 University of Denver Digital Commons @ DU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 1-1-2014 Nationalism, Identity, and Rhetoric in Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Speeches, 2004–2012 Mary Miller University of Denver Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd Part of the Eastern European Studies Commons, Social Influence and oliticalP Communication Commons, and the Speech and Rhetorical Studies Commons Recommended Citation Miller, Mary, "Nationalism, Identity, and Rhetoric in Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Speeches, 2004–2012" (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 433. https://digitalcommons.du.edu/etd/433 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at Digital Commons @ DU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ DU. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. Nationalism, Identity, and Rhetoric in Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Speeches, 2004-2012 __________ A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Josef Korbel School of International Studies University of Denver __________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts __________ by Mary Miller March 2014 Advisor: Timothy Sisk, PhD. Author: Mary Miller Title: Nationalism, Identity, and Rhetoric in Bosnia-Herzegovina: A Rhetorical Analysis of Presidential Speeches, 2004-2012 Advisor: Timothy D. Sisk Degree Date: March 2014 ABSTRACT Ethnic divisions undermine statebuilding efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina almost twenty years after the end of a war among the three main ethnic groups in the country. The political elites influence on how nationalism and identity is experienced in Bosnia- Herzegovina and offer reflections on how the country can or cannot be united. To what extent do the political elites at the level of the presidency articulate more narrow, ethnic themes or a broader national identity in pubic speeches? The rhetoric used by the political elites is explored to find occurrences of ethnic polarization or a framing of national identity. The thesis is informed by theories that account for the construction of identity and nationalism, in addition to theories around ethnic conflict and myth-making rhetoric. Speeches made by the presidents of Bosnia-Herzegovina are analyzed from 2004-2012 to find instances of specific word usage that encourages a unified Bosnian identity, promotes an ethnic identity, or attacks another ethnicity. Initial findings indicate the level of the presidency is too elevated to create narrow instances of ethnic identity advancement, resulting in a low number of occurrences of specific ethnic identity rhetoric. This was unexpected from what the conceptual orientation offered by scholars would predict. The political elite did offer ethnic specific expressions, but these were few in comparison to expressions around a unified, nationalistic Bosnian identity. The reality of ethnic divisions in the country is perpetuated at another level in the political or social landscapes of the country, not at the political elite level. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iv List of Tables v List of Abbreviations vi Introduction 1 Chapter One: Conceptualizing Ethnicity and Nationalism 7 Constructing Ethnic Identity 8 Nationalism and its Role in Ethnic Identity Construction 12 Symbolic Politics 13 Chapter Two: How History Shaped Ethnic Identity in BiH 18 Geography and Early History 19 Formation and Maintenance of Yugoslavia 22 Ethnic Security Dilemma and War in BiH 28 Ethnicity and the Dayton Accords 31 Post-Dayton Ethnic Divisions 35 Chapter Three: Ethnic Conflict in BiH 40 Symbolic Politics During and After the War 40 Social Distance and Language in BiH 42 Expressions of Ethnic Identity 44 A Glance into Two Modern Towns 46 Chapter Four: Evaluating Presidential Speeches, 2004-2012 52 Speech Identification and Methodology 53 Role of the Presidency and Political Parties 58 Evaluating Ethnic Identity Expressions 62 Conclusion 69 Findings 69 Limitations 72 Implications 73 References 76 Appendix 82 iii LIST OF FIGURES Chapter Two Figure 1: Ethnic Composition of BiH in 1991 and 1998 34 Chapter Four Figure 1: Distribution of Expressions 63 Figure 2: Frequency of Expressions by Ethnic Group 64 Figure 3: Frequency of Expressions by President 65 Figure 4: Frequency of Expressions by Year 66 Figure 5: Frequency of Expressions by Theme 67 iv LIST OF TABLES Chapter Two Table 1: Prewar and Estimated Postwar Population Structure of Sarajevo 33 Chapter Four Table 1: Bosnian Muslim Presidential Expressions by Category 56 Table 2: Croatian Catholic Presidential Expressions by Category 56 Table 3: Serb Orthodox Presidential Expressions by Category 57 Table 4: Presidential Framing by Succession 61 Table 5: Overall Results of the Expression Frequencies 63 Table 6: Probability of National and Ethnic Identities Expressions 68 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BiH Bosnia-Herzegovina EU European Union FBiH Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina FPRY Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia HDZ Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OHR Office of the High Representative QDA Qualitative Data Analysis RS Republic of Sprska (Republika Srpska in the native language) SDA Party of Democratic Action SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDS Serb Democratic Party UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development vi INTRODUCTION There is a nation where the national anthem has no lyrics because the ethnic groups could not decide on them.1 It is where last names place someone into a defined role and being a member of an ethnic group means more than being a member of the nation.2 In this nation, politicians work for ethnic parties not the people, and sections of the country are quarantined from certain ethnicities. Crossing simply from one entity to the next in the same country will introduce a traveler to a new language and a different set of laws.3 Individuals are ostracized due to their inherited religious beliefs and cultural practices. The blood from one ethnic group is considered different from another and the “game” of “counting blood cells” is often referred to when categorizing individuals.4 It is a nation scarred physically by mortars and bullet holes and emotionally by injustices and prejudices. The damage to its land and its people is deeply felt and outwardly seen, damages that affect the young, the old, the weary, and the vibrant. This nation is Bosnia- Herzegovina. 1 SETimes. 2012. “Bosnia: Ethnic Politics Hijack National Anthem.” Eurasia Review, July 22. Assessed February 1, 2014 http://www.eurasiareview.com/22072012-bosnia-ethnic-politics-hijack-national-anthem/ 2 Sarajlic, Eldar. 2011. “Bosnia: Complex Citizenship in a Complex Country.” Citizenship in Southeast Europe, March 29. Assessed February 1, 2014 http://www.citsee.eu/citsee-study/bosnia-complex- citizenship-complex-country 3 Ibid. 4 Alic, Anes and Vildana Skocajic. 2009. “Understanding Bosnia: Part One.” The International Relations and Security Network, February 26. Assessed February 1, 2014 http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital- Library/Articles/Detail/?lng=en&id=96990 1 Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH) is a country at the crossroads in many ways and this resulted in a torrid past and an uncertain future. Intertwined with the happy and sad memories of the past and present is the current political landscape. This is a crucial time for the political parties and citizens of BiH to come together not only under the banner of a unified identity, but to work together for economic growth and political unification. With Croatia joining the European Union (EU) in July 2013 and Serbia and Kosovo much closer to doing the same in the coming years, BiH can no longer afford to remain a divided society in a region that continues to move forward and prosper. BiH’s integration process into the EU is long and tedious, with no promise that acceptance will be afforded it within the next three to five years. As Valentin Inzko, High Representative for Bosnia-Herzegovina with the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCR), told the United Nations (UN) Security Council in May 2013, “There can be no more excuses and there is no place to hide from their responsibilities. The choice is simple. They can succeed together or they can fail together.”5 Politicians are elected according to ethnicity, resulting in a perpetuation of ethnonationalism. Ethnic elites, especially those holding public office, are capable of forming messages and ideas around their ethnic group through the use of rhetoric and political symbols (Kaufman 2001; Cohen 1974; Geertz 1973). The speeches made by the political elite, those holding the office of the presidency, elucidate the construction of identity along either ethnic or national lines (Rabushka and Shepsle 1972). Through 5 He was specifically commenting on the failure for political leaders to make any progress in meeting expectations set by the international and national community in reaching agreements to accelerate regional integration. Inzko, Valentin. 2013. “UN/Bosnia and Herzegovina.” Speech, New York, May 14. United Nations UniFeed Transcript 2.40, http://www.unmultimedia.org/ 2 word
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