Left-Right Camps: A Century of Ukrainian Canadian Internment By Richard Sanders have teamed up with leftists of Finnish, less of their religious leanings, ultranation- anada’s WWI-era internment of Jewish, Russian and Anglo heritage, as well alists have seen Leftists as reflecting the about 5,000 Ukrainian immi- as with radical Croats, Serbs, Hungarians, twin evils of communism and atheism. Cgrants is still memorialised as a de- Poles, and others. For their trouble, these Early Rifts and Alliances leftists has been targeted for surveillance, fining moment in this community’s histo- The unscalable wall between Ukrainian intimidation and internment by Liberal and ry. Because the narrative of these forced- leftists and their conservative brethren has Conservative regimes alike. labour camps is so key to rendering this been evident since the turn of the 20th cen- The Ukrainian Canadian Left has community’s self-identity, many Ukrainian tury. At that time, Ukrainians in western included a diverse range of activists from Canadians remain understandably indig- Canada’s urban centres were organising moderate reformers and social democrats, nant if not traumatised by this state-spon- cultural, educational and artistic activities. to radical socialists and Marxists. Despite sored crime against humanity. By 1903, Ukrainian activists in Winnipeg this, government authorities and the Canada’s first slave-labour camps formed social groups sponsoring concerts Ukrainian Right have denigrated the en- (1914-1920) were also a turning point in and plays. Peter Krawchuk, in his book, tire spectrum of Ukrainian progressives by our national tradition of using mass intern- Ukrainian Socialists in Canada, 1900- labelling them all Communists. ment to control perceived enemies of the 1918, noted that: state. By WWI, Canadian authorities were Those on the Right side of the po- “these reading clubs or societies met already entrenched in the genocidal habit litical fence have closely identified with with a great deal of opposition from re- of holding Aboriginals captive on reserves Ukrainian nationalism and have found actionary groups and individuals who and in church-run boarding schools. How- great unity in their fervent opposition to did not wish to see the Ukrainian im- ever, the War Measures Act of 1914 ush- anything even hinting of socialism. To migrant workers organised, especially ered in a new, 20th-century pattern of phys- members of this camp, anyone entertain- since most of these societies were un- der the leadership of radicals and so- ical containment that targeted European ing Marxist ideas, or even willing to co- cialists. Particularly strong was the op- and Asian civilians. operate on a common cause with social- position from the clerics of the Ukrain- WWI was not the last time that ists, has been denounced as a Communist. ian Catholic...and Greek Orthodox... Ukrainians were corralled into Canadian The Left-Right schism has also churches.”2 prison camps. Over the ten decades since been reflected in differing attitudes to mon- This factionalism had its roots in then, the guardians of Canada’s “Peaceable archism and imperialism. The nationalist the Ukraine. During the late 1800s, the Kingdom” have relied on three other ma- camp has included those seeking a Ukrain- Ukrainian Radical Party, in the Hapsburg jor programs of mass civilian incarcera- ian monarchy akin to the British system. provinces of Galicia and Bukovyna, con- tion. These social-control programs to This faction was led by veterans who came fronted the Ukrainian Catholic Church’s physically immobilise supposed threats to to Canada after losing the fight for inde- control over the peasant population. Divi- Canada’s political and economic order, pendence during the civil war in Soviet sions in Canada, explained Ukrainian Ca- were also intended to intimidate and deter Russia (1918-1921). (These nationalists, nadian historian Orest Martynowych, otyer members of the public from becom- shared a keen interest in antiCommunism “first appeared within the immigrant ing (more) politically active. with the Canadian, British and other im- community when members of the vil- To understand why some Ukrain- perialist powers that intervened in this con- lage intelligentsia [in Canada], who had been influenced by the Radical move- ian Canadians have been disproportionate- flict to squash Russia’s 1917 revolution.) ment [in the Ukraine], attempted to es- ly targeted for internment, we must recog- Ukrainian monarchist émigrés are tablish the life of the Ukrainian peas- nise that for more than a century this eth- said to have been “eager to demonstrate ant immigrant masses on enlightened nic community has been sharply divided loyalty and commitment to Canada and the and rational foundations.”3 along political lines. By putting them- [British] Empire by participating in mili- Martinowych has described several selves on one side or the other of a politi- tary exercises with the Canadian militia.”1 factions that “struggled to retain or to cap- cal boundary separating Left from Right, Meanwhile, the Ukrainian Left has long ture the allegiance of the immigrant Ukrainian Canadians have segregated distinguished itself with decidedly anti-im- masses” within Canada’s Ukrainian com- themselves into two distinct, rival camps. perialist and anti-monarchist ideologies. munity. Each of these “mutually antago- It is also instructive to understand Religion has also been a major fac- nistic camps” used a unique narrative, he the political alliances that these two fac- tor in the Right-Left schism. The Ukrain- says, to “capture” the imagination of their tions have forged with those outside their ian Left has been skeptical of religious fellow Ukrainians. To build identities and shared ethnic base. For example, those on elites, if not prone to reject the church en- institutions free of Catholic control, these the Ukrainian-Canadian Right have built tirely for supporting slavery, imperialism camps organised around three main foci: strong ties to successive, antiCommunist and other crimes. Meanwhile, the Ukrain- (1) conversion to evangelical protestant- government bureaucracies and national ian Right has largely embraced either the ism, (2) solidarity among working-class so- security establishments, whether led by the Catholic or Orthodox faith. Ukrainian cialists, and (3) Ukrainian nationalism as- Liberals or Conservatives. monarchists, for example, were tied to Ca- sociated with the Orthodox church.4 Meanwhile, the Ukrainian Left has tholicism which has long been this ethnic After the failed Russian revolution always worked with radical, multiethnic community’s dominant religious force. (1905-1907), thousands of Ukrainians fled unions and political parties. In struggling Other Ukrainian Canadian nationalists em- Czarist repression. In 1907, when Ukrain- for peace, justice, labour rights and other braced AngloProtestantism after conver- ians in Winnipeg formed a section of the causes, progressive Ukrainian Canadians sion to evangelical churches. But, regard- Socialist Party of Canada (SPC), they pro- 40 Press for Conversion! (Issue # 68) March 2016 Nykyta Budka, good to the poor, only losses, and ever vided a meeting place for radicals of other Bishop of the more victims,” they said in September ethnic backgrounds. Before long, many Ukrainian 1914. “From a moral point of view war is Ukrainian socialists felt they were getting Catholic a crime of present-day society. For work- second-class treatment by the SPC’s Anglo Church ers the war is of no use at all.”15 leaders. They also objected to the party’s in Canada “Impossibilist” doctrine which opposed In contrast, the Ukrainian Right (1912-1927) efforts to “reform” capitalism. (The SPC’s supported WWI. To prove their loyalty to antireformist views led it to reject interna- Canada, these nationalists still commemo- tional solidarity campaigns, oppose union rate the Ukrainians who enlisted by angli- activism and dismiss the idea of taking any cising their names or pretending they were steps towards women’s equality.5) Russians. One of their greatest heroes, In 1909, when representatives of Corporal Filip Konowal, received the Vic- eleven Ukrainian socialist groups from toria Cross from King George V in 1917.16 western Canada met in Winnipeg to split Canadian governments have also themselves away from the SPC, they cre- raved about the Ukrainian Right’s aid to ated the Federation of Ukrainian Social imperialism. In 2014, Chris Alexander, Democrats (FUSD).6 The next year, the Canada’s first resident Ambassador to Af- SPC’s German and Jewish branches in ghanistan, stated that as Minister of Citi- Winnipeg also broke with the party and zenship and Immigration, he was “very proud that in our Discover worked with the FUSD and others to build At first, he urged his flock to fight for a multiethnic, social democratic party.7 Canada guide...we recall that the first the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Days Victoria Cross anywhere in the British Winnipeg was a centre for Ukrain- later, he told them to fight for the Empire awarded to one who was not ian language publications including the Ca- British Empire. Ukrainian Canadian born in that empire went to Corporal nadian Farmer (1903), the Presbyterian socialists said workers should not Filip Konowal, born in Ukraine, who Church’s Dawn (1905), the Ukrainian fight for either of the imperialist rivals. showed exceptional courage in the bat- Voice (1910) for nationalists who later tle of Hill 70 in 1917.”17 agent, and Taras Ferley, an Independ- founded Canada’s Ukrainian Orthodox But the Ukrainian Right was not al- ent Liberal, and chose...to support ways so sure which empire to support. On Church, and the Ukrainian Catholic Anglo-Canadian and Jewish Social Church’s Canadian Ruthenian (1911).8 Democratic and Labour candidates.”11 July 27, 1914, Ukrainian Catholic Bishop The first issue of FUSD’s Robochyi Narod During Manitoba’s 1914 election, Nykyta Budka—who the Vatican sent to (Working People) in 1909, described the the Ukrainian Right teamed up with form- Canada in 1912—issued a pastoral letter split between socialists and nationalists in er Premier Sir Rodmond Roblin’s Con- to his flock of 80,000. In it he said that: the Ukrainian community.9 servative Party. Notably, Bishop Budka, “all...Austrian subjects ought to be at By 1911, many Ukrainians, Jews, home...to defend our native country the Winnipeg-based leader of Canada’s Whoever will get a call to join the col- Germans, Poles and other nonAnglos left Ukrainian Catholics, was credited with the ours ought to immediately go to defend the SPC to form the Social Democratic Tories’ re-election.12 In fact, it “was gen- the endangered Fatherland.”18 Party of Canada (SDPC). This reformist erally conceded that the Roblin regime Embarrassingly enough, just a few days party vowed to “support any measure that held on to office because of the [rightwing] later, on August 4, Britain declared war, will tend to better conditions under capi- Ukrainian vote.”13 However, within a year, and Canada stepped into line. Within two talism.” It eventually elected an alderman a huge corruption scandal forced the Con- days, Budka issued a second letter stating: and a Mayor in Ontario, two MLAs in BC10 servatives to resign and, in 1915, the Lib- “We to-day, as faithful citizens of this and two Manitoba MLAs in Winnipeg eral’s took power. part of the British Empire...have before North (1915 and 1920). By helping build us a great and solemn duty, to flock to the SDPC, Ukrainian social democrats World War I the flag of our new land, and under this strengthened working-class solidarity Conscription: For and Against standard to give our blood and lives to its defence.”19 across a variety of ethnic divides. In 1915, with the help of Ukrainian radi- Although Budka’s flip-flop was a Ukrainians, both Left and Right, cals in Winnipeg North, the SDPC elected total about-face, he had remained entirely joined cross-cultural alliances that were its first Manitoba MLA, Richard Rigg. In consistent in his decree that Ukrainian Ca- defined by politics, not ethnicity. Ukrain- 1917, he resigned to run federally. Rigg nadians should fight. The Bishop had ian Social Democrats, said Martynowych, and his Ukrainian allies, opposed Borden’s merely reversed direction on which impe- “were convinced that the interests of WWI conscription policy and called for rialist army they should kill and die for. Ukrainian labourers and those of Ukrain- the nationalisation of banks and major in- Many, like socialist Peter Krawchuk, ian businessmen and government employ- dustries. “[I]f the state had adopted the pol- thought Budka should share blame for the ees were fundamentally at odds.” For this icy of the conscription of money, industry fact that Ukrainians were soon forced into reason, he explained, they “refused to sup- and natural resources,” said Rigg, “there Canadian internment camps. By his “cha- port ‘bourgeois’ Ukrainians who entered would be absolutely no necessity for the meleon-like action,” Krawchuk said, the politics.” For instance, during Winnipeg’s passing and enforcing of any scheme to conscript men.”14 “bishop saved his own skin, but his first municipal elections in 1911 and 1914, and pastoral letter gave the Canadian gov- the provincial race in 1915, they During WWI, Ukrainian social ernment reason to regard all Ukrainian “opposed Ukrainian candidates like democrats spoke out against the war and immigrants from Austro-Hungary as Theodore Stefanik, a Conservative conscription. “The war brings nothing ‘enemy aliens.’”20 March 2016 (Issue # 68) Press for Conversion! 41 The First Red Scare When the government outlawed the In outlining the internment plan, When Right Informed on Left USDP in 1918, police raided their offices General Andrew McNaughton29 was clear Top officials of Canada’s state security across the country. At that time, they had about its political purpose. He told Meth- establishment used Bishop Budka as a 1,800 paid-up members in 54 branches.25 odist Prime Minister R.B. “Iron Heel” Ben- highly-placed informant in their domestic Depending on whether they were natural- nett that: “In their ragged platoons, here war against Ukrainian socialists. Research ised citizens or unnaturalised “enemy al- are the prospective members of what Marx by historian Donald Avery cites once-se- iens,” police either ordered them to stop called the ‘industrial reserve army, the cret documents to demonstrate that work or interned them. Within months, the storm troopers of the revolution.’”30 Mc- “Dominion security officials had re- USDP renamed itself the Ukrainian Labour Naughton also told Bennett that “[b]y tak- garded Bishop Budka as a firm ally Temple Association.26 In 1925, they grew ing the men out...of the cities” and forcing against the Bolshevik element in the to become the Ukrainian Labour-Farmer them into remote work camps, “we were Manitoba Ukrainian community since Temple Association (ULFTA). removing the active elements on which the the fall of 1918.”21 ULFTA was then, by far, the larg- ‘red’ agitators could play.”31 As an informant, Bishop Budka ex- est secular group of Ukrainian Canadians. In When Freedom was Lost, aggerated the threat of Ukrainian social- By 1929, they had 187 branches, four pub- Regina-based political science professor ists. In a letter from Ernest Chambers, lications, several schools and 63 librar- Lorne Brown cites numerous official let- Canada’s Chief Press Censor (1915-1919), ies.27 Saskatchewan alone had ULFTA La- ters and memos revealing this prime func- to Martin Burrell, Secretary of State (1917- bour Temples in 25 communities. Besides tion of Canada’s labour camps. For exam- 1919), Chambers reported: “Bishop [Budka] states that there is a holding cultural events, they defended la- ple, Roderick Finlayson, the PM’s execu- distinct and well organized revolution- bour rights, started literacy programs and tive assistant, wrote in October 1933 that ary Bolshevik movement in Canada, organised political campaigns.28 ULFTA’s it “would be a great mistake to lose sight looking to the overthrow of all estab- Winnipeg temple was a key meeting place of the main objective” of the camps, lished authority and to the introduction before and during the 1919 Winnipeg Gen- “namely to keep urban centres clear from into Canada of the chaotic conditions eral Strike. Since then, Labour of affairs which exist today in Russia. Temples have hosted countless He mentioned the Robotchy Narod and Rabotchy Narod as being mouthpieces events for radicals of diverse of those... engineering this revolution- backgrounds across Canada. ary movement.”22 One week later, on September 27, The Dirty Thirties 1918, Borden’s Cabinet bypassed Parlia- Rounding up the Reds ment to issue Order-in-Council PC 2384. By 1930, a third of Canada’s This decree banned 14 leftist groups and Communists were Ukrainian. anyone even linked to them could get five The rest were almost all Jew- years in prison and a $5,000 fine. (Over ish or Finnish. In 1931, the $74,000 in 2015.) Five of the groups were RCMP raided Communist of- either Russian or Ukrainian, including the fices, took documents and ar- Ukrainian Social Democratic Party rested nine. Seven were sen- (USDP). Its paper, Robotchyi Narod, had tenced to five years in prison. just been informed on by Bishop Budka. Three of the jailed leaders In October 1918, just weeks after were Ukrainian, including Graphic from The Worker, Nov. 11, 1932. Budka’s denunciation reached the Secre- Matthew Popovich, an Mackenzie King’s Liberal government was so tary of State, the Jewish Ukrainian editor ULFTA activist and former ed- phobic about the threat of radicalised socialists that of Rabotchy Narod—the other socialist pa- itor of Robotchy Narod. How- between 1932 and 1936, the RCMP put 170,000 per fingered by the Bishop—got a three- ever, thanks to the Canadian poor, single, working class, urban men into year sentence, and a $1,000 fine ($14,700 Labour Defense League, and forced-labour camps run by Canada’s army. in 2015). A campaign in his support quickly its petition—with 459,000 sig- such single men as more readily become united many radical Anglo labour activ- natures—all were released from prison in amenable to the designs of agitators.”32 ists with Ukrainian Canadian socialists.23 1934. (See pp.33, 45.) The camps themselves bred agita- The Ukrainian Left was well aware The Depression served as a conven- tors who led hundreds of strikes. They also that there were spies in their midst. A 1917 ient pretext for rounding up masses of Ca- formed the Relief Camp Workers’ Union issue of Robotchy Narod urged its readers nadians citizens who had long been seen (RCWU) which held many events at to tell Anglo-Canadians that “we are not as a threat to the establishment. Between ULFTA Labour Temples. As RCWU ‘Austrian’ or ‘Galician,’ or a wild, unedu- 1932 and 1936, more than 170,000 sin- leader Ronald Liversedge recalled, in cated people as portrayed by ‘our own na- gle, unemployed, urban men were forced “every crisis” of “the hungry thirties,” the tive’ undercover agents, who have sold out into army-run “Relief Camps.” As during WWI, authorities could not contain their “Ukrainian Labor Temple was a refuge and are traitors to our people.” On this split for labor in distress. In Vancouver, thou- phobia that this particular demographic between the USDP and the Ukrainian sands of relief camp workers at differ- Right, Avery noted that “those opposed to was prey to radicalisation by socialist agi- ent periods found at the Temple sleep- the Bolsheviks often appealed to Canadi- tators. Although the 1930s’ forced-labour ing accommodation.”33 an security agencies, supplying informa- program did not specifically target new- In 1938, when the RCWU’s succes- tion about Ukrainian socialists.”24 comers, many ended up in the camps. sor group held a month-long strike in Van- 42 Press for Conversion! (Issue # 68) March 2016 couver, Mounties threw tear gas into the OUN was “anti-Semitic, markedly military, 10. Aspire to expand the strength, riches, building and clubbed those who fled. authoritarian, and anti-democratic” and and size of the Ukrainian State even by Some 10,000 to 15,000 protested the po- was “outlawed in Poland for...campaigns means of enslaving foreigners.”44 lice brutality which injured dozens. “We of murder and terrorism.”37 So said Watson UNF support for OUN terror was tore up sheets to make bandages and set Kirkconnell, an Oxford-trained Canadian not mere rhetoric. Between 1928 and 1939, up a first-aid station in the Ukrainian La- poet, linguist, founder of Canada’s Bap- the UNF and Canada’s Ukrainian War Vet- bour Temple,” said Mildred Liversedge.34 tist Federation, Fellow of Canada’s Royal erans Assoc. (UWVA) raised $40,000 for Society and recipient of the Order of Ca- the “combat” and “liberation funds” of the Ukrainian Right Saluted Nazism nada.38 During his WWI military service OUN, and its precursor, the Ukrainian While ULTFA was central to struggles for he guarded two Ontario prison camps: Fort Military Organization.45 (This was the working-class justice during Canada’s Henry in Kingston, and “the internment equivalent of $600,000 in 2015.) The “hungry thirties,” the Ukrainian Right had camp for Ukrainians in Kapuskasing.”39 UWVA was founded in Winnipeg in 1928 a very different agenda. Martynowych has Although Kirkconnell did call the by veterans of the failed war for Ukrain- revealed what he called “disturbing” evi- UNF a “modified branch” of the OUN, he ian statehood (1918-1921). During that dence that by 1931, Canada’s largest parroted their rationale for supporting Na- war, Canada and a dozen other capitalist Ukrainian nationalist groups were pushing zism. “It was not that they favoured the countries invaded Soviet Russia to over- the notion that dictatorship is better than Nazi regime and its political ideals,” he throw the revolution. Later, it was the democracy. They also lavished much praise wrote in 1940. They merely “deduced the UWVA’s “dedication and hard work,” says on German Nazism and Italian Fascism. desirability of...German intervention” as the UNF, that led to its formation in 1932: Martynowych studied the three the best route to Ukrainian statehood.40 “The UNF was the child of the UWVA largest Ukrainian nationalist groups in The antiCommunism of Kirkcon- .... These...veterans were the true Canada: the Ukrainian Catholic Brother- nell—and his close friends among Cana- knights in shining armour who fulfilled hood, the Ukrainian National Federation da’s Ukrainian Right—was rooted in reli- their mission to God, their comrades- (UNF) and the United Hetman Organiza- gion. “Communism,” Kirkconnell wrote, in-arms and country!”46 tion. Their newspapers, leaders’ letters, is in “essence... a sin against the Holy Another key UNF member group as well as RCMP and External Affairs’ Ghost, and its deepest iniquities are iniq- in the 1930s was Canada’s Ukrainian Cath- documents show that from the early 1930s, uities towards God, and man in the image olic Brotherhood (UCB). Researcher An- Ukrainian veterans who fought the Sovi- of God.”41 In support of Canada’s ultrana- ton Shekhovtsov notes that only a small ets in the 1918-1921 civil war, tionalist Ukrainians, he said: minority of Ukrainian Catholic priests dur- “played a highly influential role in ma- “Some 99 per cent...are strongly reli- ing the interwar period opposed fascism. jor Ukrainian-Canadian organ-isations gious and detest the Communist group The rest were either “clerical collabora- [and] shared an affinity for Nazi Ger- [the AUUC] for its attempts to destroy tors” who “saw the OUN as an instrument Christianity among Ukrainian Canadi- many, sympathized with its domestic for proselytising the expansion” of their and foreign objectives, and displayed ans. They would as soon sleep with a an alarming indifference to the fate of rattlesnake as admit the atheist revolu- church, or, outright “clerical fascists” its Jewish victims.”35 tionaries to their councils.”42 whose “explicitly pronounced religious By 1931, Canada’s top rightwing Kirkconnell saw the UNF’s antiRed totalism...served to legitimate violence Ukrainian organisation, the UNF, was gospel as an asset in battling godless so- against the Ukrainian nation’s ‘foes.’” For cheering Nazi leaders and their programs. cialism, at home and abroad. The Chris- example, an editorial in the Lvov Diocese’s Its official weekly, Novyi shliakh (New tian narratives that he shared with the UNF, official paper stated on April 17, 1931: Pathway), said that in the Ukraine they helped justify their ties to Nazism and the “Ukrainian nationalism must be ready wanted to create, Jews would be denied OUN’s antiSemitic terror. to use all means of struggle against com- citizenship. By 1933, when Hitler was tak- The OUN, said Per Anders Rud- munism, not excluding mass physical ing legislative powers away from Parlia- ling, openly welcomed the Holocaust. To extermination, even at the cost of mil- ment, outlawing opposition parties and exemplify this, Rudling, a historian at Swe- lions of human lives.”47 dissolving unions, the UNF heralded Nazi den’s Lund University, cites an official Canada’s UCB was seemingly cap- victories over democracy and hailing Ger- OUN publication which stated: tured by just such “clerical fascists.” Its many as the model for Ukrainian national- “Jews will not have the right to own paper, Buduchnist natsii (Future of our Na- ists. “We may welcome with joy the tri- land. They will work as common la- tion), featured many proNazi and antiSe- umph of the new German world over the bourers. If not—as forced labour… He mitic diatribes. A 1939 article is described who does not speak our language, who by Martynowych as implying “that Hitler old world,” said the UNF, and “we can in does not call himself a Ukrainian ...this large measure model our own national lib- person is a zaida [slur for ‘outsider’] was the God-sent saviour of the German 48 eration struggle and our future nation- and your enemy and must leave the land people.” UCB leader, Father Wasyl building efforts on it.”36 or die on it. The Muscovite, the Pole, Kushnir, invoked that favourite Nazi bo- The UNF was founded and led by and the Jew were, are, and will always geyman, the Jewish-Red conspiracy. “Let 43 immigrants with close ties to the Organi- be your enemies!” our culture be national rather than serve zation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), a The OUN’s official “Decalogue of the international Jew,” preached Father European group promoting Ukrainian in- Commandments” included: Kushnir at the First Ukrainian Catholic dependence from the USSR, Poland and “7. You shall not hesitate to commit the Workers’ Congress in 1937.49 largest crime if the good of the cause Another member organisation of Czechoslovakia. In subservience to the requires it. the UNF was Canada’s United Hetman Or- OUN, the UNF openly supported sabotage, 8. The enemies of your nation shall be armed robbery and political killings. The met with hatred and deceit.... ganization (UHO), a Ukrainian monarchist March 2016 (Issue # 68) Press for Conversion! 43 group led by Michael Hethman. In the late ample, when ULFTA joined worldwide antiSemite, King greatly admired Europe’s 1930s, his letters, lectures and articles pro- Communist efforts to unite progressives in Nazi and Fascist leaders for their ardent moted Hitler, Mussolini, Franco and Japa- “Popular Fronts” against fascism, RCMP zeal in persecuting Communists.)54 nese militarism. Especially important, he spies reported that the delegates at its 1935 The Liberal’s most draconian ex- said, was Ukrainian cooperation with Na- convention spoke at every turn about cess in WWII was to intern tens of thou- zism in “the great armed struggle” of “na- “Fascism, war and the defence of USSR sands of Canadians in forty, army-run fa- tionalism” against “Judeointernationalist” ...also the freeing of political prisoners cilities. Some of the forced-labour camps forces, because Germany “inscribed the throughout the world, strikes, wage-cuts from WWI and the 1930s, were back in 50 and working conditions and how to destruction of Bolshevism on its banner.” abolish capitalism and fight fascism.”52 business, with a vengeance, holding sup- In 1936-1937, when Winnipeg During the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939, posed enemies of the state. Besides in- North elected a Communist school trus- many Ukrainian Canadian socialists vol- terning 22,000 Japanese Canadians, 632 tee, two Communist aldermen and a Com- unteered to fight against Franco’s fascist Italians and 847 Germans, the government munist MPP, the UCB teamed up with the regime. By 1938, at least 200 of these also forced about 2,300 Jewish and com- UHO. Their campaign blamed the “unbri- Ukrainian leftists had joined the Interna- munist refugees, who had fled Nazi Eu- dled greed” of “Jewish-Muscovite terror- tional Brigade’s Mackenzie-Papineau Di- rope, into Canadian POW camps. (See ists” and a “Bolshevik-Jewish clique” for vision. Half of them were killed in Spain.53 p.39.) King’s government also interned “suck[ing] the last juices out of” Ukraine. hundreds of Canadians who were deemed Their phobic scaremongering went so far World War II guilty of either pacifism or communism. as to warn that godless communists were Outlawing and Interning the Left This repression began in Septem- going to burn down Canadian churches and During WWII, Canada was again a virtual ber 1939 when Liberals dusted off the impose the death penalty on priests, nuns, dictatorship. In fact, Prime Minister Mac- Conservative’s 1914 War Measures Act. the faithful, and Ukrainian nationalists.51 kenzie King’s Liberal government was King’s cabinet escalated its war against In the 1930s, while Canada’s even more repressive than Borden’s Con- civil liberties by imposing the “Defence of Ukrainian Right was singing the praises of servatives had been during WWI. (King Canada Regulations.” This law waived ha- Hitler and fabricating phoney, incendiary wrote glowingly in his diaries about the beas corpus rights and allowed the intern- threats by imaginary blood-sucking Judeo- friendly meetings he had with Mussolini, ment without charge of anyone they even Communists, the Ukrainian Left was arous- Hitler, Gestapo-founder Hermann Göring, suspected might potentially act in a “man- ing government concerns with its unbend- SS Gruppenführer Konstantin von Neurath ner prejudicial to the public safety or the ing support for antiFascist causes. For ex- and other Nazis. Besides being a hardcore safety of the state.”55 Besides interning Glorifying Ukrainian-Canadian Veterans of OUN/UPA Terrorism By Richard Sanders “Ukrainian Nationalism was a Christian Karyn Ball and Swedish historian Per Rud- ince the 1930s, Canada’s Ukrain- movement whose roots lay in the world ling detail how the UCC and others have ian Right has included groups rep- view and spirituality of Ukrainian peo- “dismissed or minimised an increas- resenting the two main factions of ple.”3 The League of Ukrainian Canadi- ingly well-documented history of S Ukrainian nationalist participation in the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists ans is Canada’s leading Banderite group. Joining the UCC in 1959, it became a dom- pogroms and collaboration with the (OUN). This fascist European political/ Nazis in mass murder in order to con- military organisation embraced terrorism inant force in this government-created al- solidate a heroic-victim identity for as a strategy for achieving its goal of state- liance of Ukrainian nationalists bound by Canadian-Ukrainians....”8 hood. Testimony at the Nuremberg Tribu- their fervent antiCommunism. The League, Rudling and Ball describe how Ukrainian- nal showed that leaders of both OUN and its youth and womens’ groups, are still Canadian “ultranationalists” have often camps worked with the Abwehr, the mili- members of the UCC, whose “executive “resorted to a competitive victimology tary intelligence service of the Nazi Army’s committee is dominated by Banderites.”4 as they exaggerate the death count as- “Supreme Command.”1 Bandera’s followers see him as an sociated with the Ukrainian famine of One faction, known as the OUN- “eternal hero” of Ukrainian nationalism. 1932-33...[the Holodomor], in order to The cult’s myths obfuscate and deny the appropriate and supersede the Jewish M, was led by Andriy Melnyk. After com- genocide’s perceived moral capital.”9 OUN-B’s role in terrorism, mass murder, manding a company of Ukrainian rifleman The OUN-B used the mass atroci- ethnic cleansing and Nazi collaboration in the Austro-Hungarian Army during ties of Stalin’s secret police “as a pretext during the Holocaust,5 in which 90% of WWI, Melnyk spent the 1930s managing for pogroms across Western Ukraine, hold- Ukraine’s Jews were killed.6 Also subli- the huge forested estate of the Ukrainian ing Jews collectively responsible.”10 In mated is the OUN-B’s recourse to Judeo- Catholic Archbishop. Melnykites are rep- May 1941, when “the OUN-B...issued a Red conspiracy narratives. For example, a resented in the Ukrainian Canadian Con- blueprint for the nationalist uprising that resolution from its 1941 congress said: gress (UCC) by the Ukrainian National was to accompany the German invasion,” “Jews in the USSR constitute the most Federation (UNF). The UNF website says its fliers were crystal clear, saying: “Know it “was founded ...by members of the... Or- faithful support of the ruling Bolshevik regime, and the vanguard of Muscovite this! Moscow, Magyars, Jews—these are ganization of Ukrainian Nationalists, who’s imperialism in Ukraine.... The OUN all your enemies. Exterminate them.” The [sic] influences and vision remain a vital combats Jews as the support of the Mus- OUN-B called for a “dog’s death” for 2 part of the organization to this day.” covite-Bolshevik regime but ...gives no- “Muscovite-Jewish intruders,” and “intern- A militant OUN spinoff, the OUN- tice to the popular masses that the prin- 7 ment camps...for Jews, [and] asocial ele- B, was led by Stepan Bandera, the son of a cipal foe is Moscow.” ments.” Its slogans included: “Ukraine for Ukrainian Catholic priest. In 1954, he said University of Alberta professor 44 Press for Conversion! (Issue # 68) March 2016 leftists, 325 publications were banned. daily paper, Narodna Hazeta (People’s In June 1940, Canada outlawed 16 Gazette), he went into hiding for two groups and their publications. Eleven of months before being arrested. The Ukrain- these groups were antiFascist and proCom- ian Right benefited from the ban. Between munist, including ULFTA and its affiliate, December 1940 and April 1941, they be- the Canadian Ukrainian Youth Federation. gan published Narodnia Gazeta, “an anti- This draconian move was welcomed by Soviet weekly, sent to former subscrib- nationalist Ukrainians. They, said po- ers” of “Narodna hazeta in a bid to win litical scientist Reg Whitaker, “had their sympathies.”61 How they got been calling for years for the po- ULFTA’s mailing list is not ex- lice to smash their rivals’ organ- plained. In Krawchuk’s narrative of isations and deport the lot back the July 1940 arrest of 17 Ukrain- to the Soviet Union.”56 ian radicals, he describes going to Also banned were the Hazeta’s Winnipeg offices and be- Communist Party, the Young ing told: “police were just here look- Communist League, the League ing for the editors and rummaging for Peace and Democracy, and the through the offices.”62 Canadian Labour Defence League, In his book, Interned Without which all included many Ukrainian ac- Cause, about antiFascists like himself tivists. Other ethnically-based groups who were locked up in Canada’s WWII were also banned, including socialist as- prison camps, Krawchuk says leftwing in- sociations of Finnish, Russian, Polish, ternees included English and French Ca- Croatian and Hungarian activists.57 nadians, plus “Ukrainians, Jews, Hungari- Meanwhile, only five fascist groups Cover from a 1941 pamphlet by the ans, Germans, Scandinavians, a Finn and were banned, including the German Nazi 63 Cttee. for the Release of Labor Prisoners a Pole.” Most of antiFascists in the Kan- Party, the National Unity Party, and the Ca- anaskis prison camp, near Banff Alberta, nadian Union of Fascists.58 Even the In July 1940, Canada began what were Ukrainian. Another AUUC activist Ukrainian groups that hailed Hitler and Na- Peter Krawchuk called a “general arrest of interned there, Myron Kostaniuk, recalled zism went untouched, and there were no the leading cadre of the Ukrainian progres- that its Commandant, Lt.-Col. Watson, known arrests of UNF or UHO members.59 sive movement.”60 As editor of ULFTA’s “ordered that one communist be placed the Ukrainians” and “Death to the Musco- government to change “the War Veterans books.google.ca/books?id=iQAVAAAAYAAJ vite-Jewish commune!”11 Allowance Act by expanding eligibility to 7. Michael Marrus, The Nazi Holocaust. Part As the OUN-B’s paramilitary force, include...[the] OUN-UPA.”15 5, Vol.1, p.364. books.google.ca/books?id=dFqbKATiYz8C the UPA committed major atrocities dur- Rudling has also noted that 8. Ball and Rudling, Op. cit., p.38 ing it ethnic-cleansing of western Ukraine. “the Canadian government directly paid 9. Ibid. While Rudling and Ball say 3.3 mil- Yale History professor Timothy Snyder for OUN front groups, gave them tax- lion Ukrainians starved to death in the fam- exempt status, covered part of the pub- detailed how in 1943 the UPA killed ine, the UCC (and the Canadian govern- lication costs for their papers, and gave 40,000 to 60,000 Polish civilians in ment) often inflate this to over 10 million). grants to the construction of commu- 10. Per Anders Rudling, “‘The Honor They So Volhynia. They also wiped out most of the 16 nity centers.” Clearly Deserve:’ Legitimizing the Waffen- Jews who had survived the previous year References SS Galizien,” Journal of Slavic Military when 13,000 Ukrainian police aided some 1. Trials of war criminals before the Nuern- Studies, 26:1, 2013, p.121. 1,400 German police in murdering about berg Military Tribunals, Vol.6, p.252. www.academia.edu/2763263 200,000 Volhynian Jews.12 www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-06/ 11. Ball and Rudling, Op. cit., p.44. In 1942-1943, the UPA also killed tgmwc-06-56-12.html 12. Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of 2. About Us up to 40,000 Poles in east Galicia. In early Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, unfcanada.ca/aboutus/ Belarus, 1569-1999, 2003, pp.170, 162. 1944, the UPA commander said that: 3. Anton Shekhovtsov, “By Cross and Sword: books.google.ca/books?id=QJhMhTKw-vgC “In view of the success of the Soviet ‘Clerical Fascism’ in Interwar Western 13. Cited by Per Anders Rudling, “Theory and forces, it is necessary to speed up the Ukraine,” in Clerical Fascism in Interwar Practice: Historical representation of the liquidation of the Poles, they must be Europe, 2008, p.64. wartime accounts of the activities of the totally wiped out, their villages burned... books.google.ca/books?id=KcfhAQAAQBAJ OUN-UPA,” East European Jewish Affairs, [O]nly the Polish population must be 4. Karyn Ball & Per A.Rudling, “The Under- Dec. 2006, pp.172. destroyed.”13 belly of Canadian Multiculturalism: Holo- www.academia.edu/380654 Despite such evidence, says Rud- caust Obfuscation and Envy in Debate about 14. Per Anders Rudling, “The OUN, the UPA ling, UCC president Paul Grod “remains... the Canadian Museum for Human Rights,” and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manu- committed...to the cult of the OUN and the Holocaust Studies, Winter 2014, p.47. facturing of Historical Myths,” The Carl www.academia.edu/12207336/ Beck Papers in Russian and East European UPA, vehemently and categorically deny- 5. Grzegorz Rossolinski, Stepan Bandera: Studies, No.2107, November 2011, p.37. ing Ukrainian nationalist involvement in Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian National- 15. Ukraine’s President Recognizes Ukraine’s the Holocaust.”14 For example in 2010, ist: Fascism, Genocide and Cult, 2014. Freedom Fighters, February 1, 2010. while praising Ukraine’s government for books.google.ca/books?id=SFH_BgAAQBAJ www.ucc.ca/2010/02/01/ukraines-president- 6. H.M.Troper, M.Weinfeld, Old Wounds: recognizes-ukraines-freedom-fighters exalting the OUN and UPA as national he- Jews, Ukrainians & the Hunt for Nazi War 16. Per Anders Rudling, personal communica- roes, Grod and the UCC asked Canada’s Criminals in Canada, 1988, pp.11-12. tion, April 29, 2015. March 2016 (Issue # 68) Press for Conversion! 45 with 11 fascists in each of the huts or shanties that held 12 people, [telling] the German representatives ‘to wipe the floors with them.’”64 (This was not Kostaniuk’s first internment. In 1932, he had served “seven months hard labour” for leading 600 people in Sud- bury’s May Day parade. While many of the marchers were clubbed by police and right-wing vigilantes, eighteen Finns and Ukrainians were arrested because the rally used a Red Flag instead of a Union Jack.65 For more about Kostaniuk, see p.51.) About 130 antiFascists were in- Winnipeg’s Ukrainian Labour Temple has been a hub of activism since 1919. terned during WWII: 39 at Kananaskis, It was among 108 Labour Temples confiscated by the government in 1940. Alberta, 70 at Petawawa, Ontario, and 20 King’s Liberal government then burned thousands of their books and sold some more in various prisons. About one-third of these socialist meeting halls to rightwing Ukrainian nationalist groups. of Canada’s communist internees were was applying unjust measures against Consolidating the Ukrainian Right 66 Ukrainian. Among the first antifascists Ukrainian antifascists and had confis- While “the Canadian government attacked

arrested was Jacob Penner,a Russian-born cated their property, it had honoured the left-wing Ukrainians exclusively,”77 it was Ukrainian friends of Hitler and Musso- Communist alderman who represented simultaneously working to strengthen the Winnipeg North from 1933 until 1960. lini and had handed over into their dis- position the Ukrainian Labour Temples Ukrainian Right. In 1940, the government J.S.Woodsworth, leader of the NDP’s pred- in a series of localities.”71 unified antiCommunists into the Ukrain- ecessor, the Co-operative Commonwealth In 1943, the Civil Liberties Asso- ian Canadian Committee (UCC). As the Federation, refused to help gain the release ciation of Toronto campaigned for the re- group’s own narrative of this now states: of Penner and other Reds from Canadian turn of 108 ULFTA halls that were seized “The federal government...moved to ar- prison camps. (See p.35.) in 1940.72 However, an outspoken voice bitrate differences within the [Ukrain- After Germany invaded the USSR ian Right] community. It sponsored a for the Ukrainian Right, Lubomyr Lu- meeting in Winnipeg, in November in 1941, the Canadian government had “a ciuk—a political science professor at Can- delicate problem,” said professors Gregory 1940, which led to the formation of the ada’s Royal Military College—falsely Ukrainian Canadian Committee, known Kealey and Reg Whitaker. While interned claimed that only 16 Labour Temples were as the Ukrainian Canadian Congress “pro-communist Ukrainians” were “vocif- seized. In reality, “[s]ixteen of the Labour since 1989. This national coordinating erously supporting the war,” Canada’s Temples were sold at prices that were up body...spoke for all but the Commu- “anti-Soviet nationalist Ukrainians” were to 85% less than the assessed property val- nists, who rejected it and were rejected by it...”78 not interned, although many had Nazi loy- ues,”73 said Suzanne Hunchuck. Luciuk 67 To Krawchuk, “fabricating the no- alties that “might be considered suspect.” did correctly note that some ULFTA halls torious UCC” in 1940 was a Canadian Even after Canada and the Soviets were “sold to rival Ukrainian Canadian or- government ploy to “mask the pro-Hitler were allied to fight Nazism, Canadian ganisations, mainly local branches of the orientation of the leaders...of the national- Communists remained locked up. This was UNF or Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrain- ist forces” as well as to “strike a blow...at “after most suspected German and Italian ian Orthodox parishes.”74 For example, the Ukrainian progressive movement.”79 fascists had been paroled,” said historian ULFTA’s Winnipeg, Montreal and Edmon- The ultraright UNF, being the John Thompson. Most Communists were ton Labour Temples were all “sold,” at fire- strongest grouping of Ukrainian national- not released for another year, and the last sale prices, to Canada’s proNazi UNF. ists at that time, had a major role in creat- was interned until September 1942. The The government burned thousands ing, organising and leading the UCC. An- RCMP commissioner justified this, said of books that they took from ULFTA li- other key group was Canada’s monarchist Thompson, because Canada’s “large for- braries in Calgary, Oshawa and Fort Wil- United Hetman Organization (UHO) with eign population” was a “fertile ground for liam. And, while half of ULFTA-Edmon- 68 its “uniformed members, and strong ties agitators.” In Krawchuk’s words, Com- ton’s 1000 books were burned, the rest to the Ukrainian Catholic hierarchy.”80 A munists remained interned because their were dumped. ULFTA libraries in Winni- secret 1941 RCMP report on the UHO, by “activity in the Canadian labour movement peg were sold for recycling as were five 69 Ukrainian undercover agent Michael ...was hostile to the ruling class.” tons of ULFTA Toronto’s books.75 Petrowsky, said its “evil spirit” centred The WWII-era repression of radi- The crusade against ULFTA forced around leader Michael Hethman. Although cals went far beyond holding them captive. the Ukrainian Left to reorganise itself, just Petrowsky was an antiCommunist play- Canada’s “Custodian of Enemy Property” as they had done during the First Red wright, translator and spy, he reported that stole from the Left to give to the Right. At Scare. In 1940, ULFTA reconstituted it- least one leftwing group’s printing press the UHO was a “potential danger”: self as the Association of United Ukrain- “This clique has anti-democratic and was confiscated for use by an antiCommu- ian Canadians. Between 1940 and 1945, nist paper.70 Far worse however was the pro-German tendencies.... These peo- it raised $700,000 from its members for ple secretly endorse Hitler’s invasion transfer of ULFTA buildings to the Ukrain- “Victory Bonds, the war effort and war or- of the Soviet Union. They still hope that ian Right. In Krawchuk’s words, at the phans of Ukraine.”76 (This was the equiva- Hitler will create a Ukraine with “very same time that the government lent of about $10 or $11 million in 2015.) [Hetman] Skoropadsky enthroned as 46 Press for Conversion! (Issue # 68) March 2016 the supreme leader....”81 Canadian community.”86 With both parents Gatekeepers, Spies and Terrorists Another group under the UCC ban- from Ukrainian Catholic clerical families Kaye epitomised the state’s post-WWII ner was the Ukrainian Workers League, led who were descended from nobility, he “gatekeepers” who strived to force new- by Danylo Lobay, a former ULFTA activ- served in Austria’s WWI Army. Then, comers into the mould of antiCommunism. ist. In 1949, the Winnipeg Free Press re- when fighting the Poles and the Soviets Iocovetta notes that while Cold-War citi- ported that the League was “Out to Battle (1919-1920), Kaye was the liaison officer zenship officials pretended to be “enlight- Red Influences” and that a Lobay resolu- at Britain’s military mission in Odessa, ened liberal integrationists who, unlike ear- tion to this effect was passed by the UCC’s Ukraine.87 In the 1930s, he worked for the lier assimilationists, would guide, not dic- Winnipeg Branch. The resolution asked Ukrainian Bureau, a nationalist centre in tate, newcomers’ adaptation” to Canada, “all loyal Canadian citizens to be on guard London England, funded by Prince Leon gatekeepers like Kaye shared the “ideo- against the destructive activity of Commu- Mazeppa von Razumovsky, a Ukrainian- logical agenda of a ruling elite that encour- nist elements...carrying on subversive US veteran of WWI, who claimed descent aged new groups to ‘flourish’ so long as work.” It praised Canadian and US gov- from Ukraine’s last Hetman (i.e., its su- they did not threaten the authority of the ernments for their “steadfast defence of the preme political/military ruler).88 dominant groups.” While bragging about Christian world against the inroads of the Martynowych described Kaye as a “Canadian democracy” and “freedoms,” Communists in the international forum.”82 moderating influence on Ukrainian nation- officials wanted “a loyal and obedient cit- Canada’s Ukrainian Catholic and alists, saying “totalitarian organizations izenry.” To get this they urged “Canadians Orthodox churches have always been cen- and ideologies that made idols out of the and newcomers...to spy on neighbours and tral to the UCC. Kushnir, who spouted anti- ‘worker’s state’ or ‘the nation’ were equally help quash signs of dissent.”94 Semitic and proFascist beliefs for the abhorrent to Kysilewsky.”89 While pri- And “spy” they did. For example, Catholic Brotherhood in the 1930s, be- vately concerned about Ukrainian chauvin- an RCMP informant, spying on a meeting came the UCC’s longest-serving president, ism, says Iacovetta, “Kaye and his ilk did at the Toronto Labour Temple in 1949, de- holding that position for 25 years, from the not say so publicly.”90 While Kaye helped scribed AUUC efforts to stem the tide of UCC’s creation in 1940 until 1953, and unite antiCommunists to create, organise fascist Ukrainians.95 Although between then again between 1959 and 1971. and lead the UCC, groups like the AUUC 1920 and 1945, immigration officials re- The Orthodox church was repre- —with their antiFascist vision of a “work- jected most east Europeans, in the late sented within the UCC by the Ukrainian er’s state”—were shunned and targeted. 1940s and early 1950s, gatekeepers al- Self-Reliance League (USRL). After form- lowed 30,000 to 37,500 largely ultraright, ing in 1927, it “quickly emerged as the The “Second Red Scare” antiSoviet Ukrainians to enter Canada.96 After WWII, Kaye’s efforts to capture the leading rival” of ULFTA socialists. The Lobbying for this mass influx was hearts and minds of newcomers came un- USRL’s founding president, Wasyl Swys- Canada’s Ukrainian Right, which informed der a new bureaucratic cover, namely Citi- tun, had—at age 20—been J.S.Woods- the Liberal government that: “These dis- zenship and Immigration Canada’s Citizen- worth’s chief researcher for his government placed persons, if assisted to settle in Ca- ship Branch. (See p.33.) Kaye’s posting report, Ukrainian Rural Communities in nada, would spearhead the movement and as its chief liaison officer (1945-1954) cor- 97 1917. As a key USRL activist within the combat Communism.” And “combat” responded with Canada’s “Second Red Nazi-leaning UNF, Swystun helped create they did. Luciuk describes their welcomed Scare.” During that period, he “continued the UCC in 1940. He was the Vice Presi- impact on Ukrainian Canadian socialists: to put plenty of energy into fighting the dent of its Presidium and the first Chair- “Canada’s civil servants and gate- Ukrainian-Canadian left and seeking ways man of its coordinating body. However, keepers... had certain expectations of undermining it.”91 about the role these militantly anti- in 1943, Swystun quit the UCC. By 1946, As Iocovetta has noted, Citizenship communist and anti-Soviet political he had joined the AUUC in decrying UCC Branch worked with refugees would play in undermining the support for Ukrainian Nazis.83 “anti-Communist groups and commu- influence of the Ukrainian Canadian The UCC was brought together by nities in an effort to combat communism Left. Their presumption was well the Nationalities Branch of the Liberal gov- and undermine and discredit left-wing founded, and they were...well served, ernment’s War Services Department. ethnic Canadian groups and their news- for shortly after the displaced persons Throughout WWII, said historian Franca papers.... [W]ith the help of journalists, began arriving..., these ‘newcomers’ ac- [they] openly denounced the Commu- tively challenged pro-Soviet groups like Iacovetta, the Branch “engaged in politi- the Association of United Ukrainian nist press, directly encouraged the anti- cal surveillance” and “censorship” of the 98 Communist newcomers...to start their Canadians [AUUC].” “ethnic left wing press.”84 Key to the gov- own newspapers and then sought to bol- Fresh from the Nazi’s unfinished, ernment’s creation of the UCC were two ster their role as ‘democratic tools’ of antiRed war in Europe, some ultraright friends of the Ukrainian Right: Tracy integration.”92 Ukrainian newcomers were open to using Philipps, an upper-crust British imperial- Iocovetta cites a speech in which violence. On Thanksgiving Sunday 1950, ist, soldier and spy; and Watson Kirkcon- Kaye preached that Communism was “a the Toronto Labour Temple was bombed nell, the WWI prison-camp guard turned Godless religion...with all the violent at- during a children’s concert. The attack lev- poet-academic, who is called “the archi- tributes of a militant” faith, using propa- eled part of the hall, injured eleven, and tect” of the Nationalities Branch.85 ganda to “arouse mass psychoses.” Ironi- coincided with an AUUC campaign to stop Another Branch bureaucrat with a cally, Kaye himself was inciting mass fears the immigration of far-right Ukrainians.99 major hand in creating the UCC was Vladi- of a devilish Red Menace bent on world Scared that involvement in “the mir Kysilewsky (anglicised, Kaye). Iaco- domination. As Iocovetta said, Kaye’s Left might well endanger life and limb,” vetta calls Kaye an “active leader within work “reflected the anxieties and hysteria and “increasingly worried about the the nationalist, antiCommunist Ukrainian- of Canada’s political and social elites.”93 RCMP, which, allegedly, was collaborat- March 2016 (Issue # 68) Press for Conversion! 47 ing with the Ukrainian nationalists, shel- AUUC fought over Canada’s admis- tering them from exposure,” many left sion of thousands of veterans from the AUUC in “fear of falling prey to ter- the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division rorism.” The government, said Luciuk, of the SS (1st Galician). This Nazi allowed “nationalists a chance to emas- SS Division is what the UCC now culate their opponents,” and “debilitate... euphemistically calls the “1st Divi- that element within the Ukrainian Cana- sion UNA.” This whitewashed name dian society which had long represented was only given to the Galician SS nothing but trouble for the authorities.”100 on April 25, 1945, a mere 13 days While the post-war incursion of before its surrender to the Allies.102 ultranationalists had a terrifyingly malev- After WWII, while most of olent impact on Canada’s Ukrainian Left, Ukrainian the 15,000 captured Galician-SS it was a godsend for the Right. The in- Insurgent Army Waffen-SS Galicia soldiers were interned by British flux swelled their antiCommunists’ ranks, In 1940, the Liberal government helped to forces at a camp in Rimini, Italy, breathed life into the government-created create the Ukrainian Canadian Congress thousands were in US camps in Ger- UCC, and fuelled Cold War phobias. (UCC). This consolidated Canada’s nationalist, many and Austria. Although the US Ukrainian Right and marginalised the Left. freed its share of these Nazi veter- Nazi SS Veterans come to Canada After WWII, the Liberals brought thousands ans in 1947, Britain moved its 8,000 Canada’s postWWII newcomers in- of Nazi-linked Ukrainian veterans to Canada. Ukrainian SS veterans to the UK.103 cluded thousands of Ukrainian veterans Their groups joined, and still belong to, the UCC. In 1946, Canadian and Brit- from military formations tied to Nazism. ish political, military and intelli- These groups, still venerated by Canada’s Veterans 1st Division UNA [Ukrainian Na- gence officials allowed UCC president Ukrainian Right, are now listed as national tional Army] National HQ.”101 (See Kushnir to visit interned Galician SS vet- members of the UCC: (1) The “Society of “Waffen-SS Galician Division...” below.) erans in Europe. The UCC campaign to Veterans of Ukrainian Insurgent Army– The irreconcilable split between the bring these veterans to Canada was op- UPA [Ukrayins’ka Povstans’ka Armiya]” Right and Left camps of Ukrainian Cana- posed by the AUUC which called them (see pp.44) and, (2) The “Brotherhood of dians peaked in 1950, when the UCC and “war criminals” and “former collaborators Waffen-SS Galician Division still Revered by Canada’s Ukrainian Right By Richard Sanders ated, financed, trained and armed by the engaged “in mass executions of Ukraini- fter its creation by Reichsführer Nazis, the Galician SS was integral to the ans, Jews, and Poles...under a pretext of Heinrich Himmler, recruitment German military. Commanded by fanati- anti-partisan actions,”6 says University of for the Galician SS began in May cal Brigadeführer Fritz Freitag, all Gali- Ottawa political scientist Ivan Katchanov- A 1943. While over 70,000 Ukrainians vol- cian SS troops took this vow to Hitler: ski. In February 1944, the Galician Divi- unteered, but only 13,000 made the cut. “I swear before God this holy oath, that sion’s 4th SS police regiment helped kill in the battle against Bolshevism, I will Ukrainian Catholic and Orthodox 500 to 1,500 civilians in Huta Pieniacka, give absolute obedience to the com- Poland, where 120 houses were incinerat- churches helped rally this SS Division and mander in chief of the German Armed then supplied it with military chaplains. Re- Forces Adolf Hitler, and as a brave sol- ed. While children were killed in front of ligious, ethnic and political symbols were dier, I will always be prepared to lay their parents, hundreds were herded into congealed to inspire hatred of Jews and down my life.”3 barns and burned alive. In March, this same Communists. For example, a 1944 Easter Recruits swore this “holy oath” after a re- regiment helped kill hundreds of villagers greeting from the Galician SS—depicting ligious service led by military chaplain hiding in a monastery in Podkamien, Po- a smiling couple in traditional dress—said: Vasyl’ Laba. After coming to Canada, Laba land. These crimes were part of the “paci- “Christ has arisen! Only with the faithful was the Ukrainian Catholic “vicar at the fication” of eastern Galicia. Poles were tar- brotherhood of the Waffen-SS can we save Edmonton eparchy from 1950 and became geted for hiding Jews or for aiding the lo- Ukraine from judeocommunist domi- honorary member of the Ukrainian War cal communists who were fighting the Na- nance!”1 And, as Volodymyr Kubijovy, the Veterans Association in Edmonton.”4 zis.7 These SS operations “destroyed 20 Ukrainian-Polish politician who helped In Murderous Elite, on Waffen-SS villages,” killed more than “5,000 innocent create the Galician SS, proclaimed in 1943: history, James Pontolillo details a litany of people, and shipped... 20,000 civilians off “The Fuehrer of the Great German “extermination operations” in which Gali- to Germany as slave laborers.”8 Reich has agreed to the formation of a cian SS units “murdered thousands of in- After being largely routed by the separate Ukrainian volunteer military nocent civilians.” For example, in the sum- Soviets in July 1944, the Galician SS was unit under the name SS Riflemen’s Di- mer of 1943, Division members joined replenished and redeployed to Slovakia. vision ‘Halychyna’ [Galician].... You There it joined other SS units in suppress- must stand shoulder to shoulder with the “anti-partisan operations in Poland which unbeatable German army and destroy, resulted in the wholesale murder of inno- ing the Slovak National Uprising which once and for all, the Jewish-Bolshevist cent civilians.” Later that year, “division- was fighting the Nazi’s clerico-fascist pup- monster.”2 al elements assisted in the deportation of pet regime. The Galician SS helped kill Not only did it join the Nazi war Polish Jews to KL [concentration camp] Slovak civilians, and burned villages that against the Soviet Army, the Galician SS Auschwitz for extermination.”5 were helping partisans and hiding Jews.9 also murdered Jews, Communist partisans While fighting in German-occupied Although the Galician SS was de- and villagers trying to protect them. Cre- Poland in January 1944, the Galician-SS clared a criminal organisation at the Nu- 48 Press for Conversion! (Issue # 68) March 2016 with German occupation authorities.”104 antiRed credentials of the Galician SS or communism in general was soon rebrand- The Canadian Jewish Congress also de- its Ukrainian Canadian admirers. At issue ed as the West’s worst enemies. nounced this flood of former SS soldiers. are the vehement denials of those who Throughout the Cold War, the In 1950, the Liberals opened Can- blindly refuse to see that this Nazi SS di- Ukrainian Canadian Left was continuous- ada’s gates to welcome between 1,200 and vision was “pro-Nazi.” A concerted effort ly targeted for surveillance and internment. 2,000 veterans of the Waffen-SS Galician is required to remain unconscious of this In contrast, the Ukrainian Right continued Division.105 This was heralded as a human- obvious reality. As Rudling says, Cana- to receive the very generous support of its itarian victory by Canada’s Ukrainian da’s Ukrainian Right has “an ideological allies withinthe Canadian government. Right, which still continues to salute these narrative, based upon selectivity, omission, In 1950, while the UCC rejoiced veterans as heroes of the noble, antiCom- and focusing on (and inflating) crimes that Mackenzie King’s Liberal government munist crusade for Ukrainian nationhood. committed by others against [their]... im- had released thousands of Ukrainian SS The repeated mantra of Ukrainian agined community.” Such mythmaking, he veterans from UK internment camps by nationalists is that the Galician SS did not says, “passes over in silence atrocities com- granting them Canadian citizenship, it be- aid the Nazis but merely fought Canada’s mitted by the OUN, UPA, Waffen-SS Gal- gan a top-secret plan to intern thousands Soviet allies in order to gain Ukrainian izien, and other Ukrainian armed forces in of Canadian citizens who were active in freedom from the evils of communism. the service of Nazi Germany.”107 the AUUC and other left-leaning groups. They were, as Myroslav Yurkevich put it, This long-hidden, Cold-War pro- “anti-Soviet, not pro-Nazi.” To prove this, The Cold War gram was in operation from 1950 until the Yurkevich (senior editor of the Canadian Profunc: Internment/Surveillance early 1980s. Each year during those dec- Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the Uni- While the 1945 armistice ended WWII, it ades, successive Liberal and Conservative versity of Alberta) quoted from Galician- did not stop the war against communism governments tasked the RCMP to prepare SS recruitment bulletins calling for the de- that the Nazis had spearheaded. Although detailed lists of Canadians who were to be struction of “the Bolshevik monster, which Canada’s Soviet allies suffered 30 million rounded up in case of war, insurrection, is insatiably drinking our people’s blood.” deaths, and the Red Army was instrumen- public disorder or some vague “national Yurkevich said this rhetoric was “inflated, tal in defeating fascism, the USSR and emergency.” Underpinning this govern- but...perfectly accurate.”106 ment program of No one disputes the mass captivity was remberg war crime trials, Can- Journal of Slavic Mili- ada’s Ukrainian Right has al- tary Studies, Sept. 2012, ways memorialised these p.343. WWII vets as anticommunist www.tandfonline.com 4. Ibid. heroes. They have done this in 5. James Pontolillo, a myriad of ways from speech- Murderous Elite: Waffen es, media releases and ceremo- SS and its Record of nies to public monuments and Atrocities, 2009. academic endowments. For ex- forum.axishistory.com/ ample, the University of Alber- viewtopic.php?f=6&t= ta’s Canadian Institute of 163468 Ukrainian Studies (CIUS), ad- 6. Ivan Katchanovski, ministers four endowments to “The OUN, the UPA, Heinrich Himmler (Nazi SS Reichsfuehrer and head of the Gestapo) and the Nazi-led Geno- honour leading Waffen-SS vet- cide in Ukraine,” 2010, 10 inspecting the Waffen-SS Galicia Division on June 3, 1944. erans who came to Canada. pp.27-28, cited by Rud- The CIUS also publishs the Encyclopedia venerated as heroes and pillars of the ling 2012, Op.cit., pp.358-359. of Ukraine, which claims “there has community.” 7. Ibid., pp.346-356. never...been a Ukrainian anti-Semitic or- Canadian governments, says Rud- 8. Pontolillo, Op. cit., pp.51-54. ganization or political party.”11 ling, have “helped...develop and retain their 9. Michal Šmigel and Aleksandr Cherkasov, Historian Per Rudling says the myths, facilitated their history writing, “The 14th Waffen-Grenadier-Division of the Waffen SS Galicia “has been the object of [and] funded their activities down to the SS ‘Galizien No.1’ in Slovakia (1944- 13 1945): Battles and Repressions,” Bylye intense myth making” and is “glorified” construction of nationalist monuments.” Gody, 2013, No. 28(2), p.66. by Canada’s Ukrainian Right. “A sanitized, References bg.sutr.ru/journals_n/1374766084.pdf ideological narrative of the unit’s history 1. Per Anders Rudling, “‘The Honor They 10. Rudling 2012, Op. cit., p.331 has become an integral part of the Ukrain- So Clearly Deserve’: Legitimizing the 11. Per Anders Rudling, “The OUN, the UPA ian diaspora’s culture of memory,” says Waffen-SS Galizien,” The Journal of Slavic and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manu- Rudling, and “ritualized veneration of the Military Studies 26:1, 2013. facturing of Historical Myths,” The Carl Beck Papers, November 2011, pp.21,58. unit became part of the ideological train- www.academia.edu/2763263 2. “WJC urges Ukrainian Orthodox Church carlbeckpapers.pitt.edu ing of many diaspora youth organiza- 12. Rudling 2013, Op. cit., pp.115, 135 12 leader to act against glorification of Nazi tions.” Their rendition of history relies soldiers,” August 22, 2013. 13. Per Anders Rudling, “Multiculturalism, on a “self-serving historical mythology”: risu.org.ua Memory, and Ritualization: Ukrainian Na- “Even the Ukrainian Waffen-SS veter- 3. Per Anders Rudling, “‘They Defended tionalist Monuments in Edmonton, Al- ans’ investment in a fascist Europe was Ukraine’: The 14. Waffen-Grenadier-Divi- berta,” Nationalities Papers, September denied, and they remain respected and sion der SS (Galizische Nr. 1) Revisited,” 2011, pp.737, 756. March 2016 (Issue # 68) Press for Conversion! 49 the notorious War Measures Act of 1914. “[I]t is not the Nazi The program’s name was Profunc, nor the Fascist but the radical a contraction of “prominent functionaries.” who constitutes our most Although usually described as a plan to in- troublesome problem.” tern Communist Party (CP) leaders, it was (1941) much more. The government’s sights were aimed not just at top CP officials, or even “[T]he first task of this key activists in what RCMP functionaries Force [the RCMP] is a colossal one called “the Communist movement.” Pro- in that we must detain or maintain surveillance func used the Red Scare as a pretext to over approximately 16,000 Communist Party monitor tens of thousands of people in- members, and something over volved in peace, solidarity, labour and oth- 50,000 sympathizers.” er issues. (For examples, see pp.7 and 35.) (1950) In short, Profunc was not just about intern- ing top Communists, it was about spying As RCMP Commissioner (1938-1951), WWI veteran Stuart Taylor Wood on and subverting a large social movement. oversaw the genesis of Canada’s Cold-War Profunc program. In a “Top Secret” 1950 letter de- ! His father, Zachary Taylor Wood, fought Métis and Cree during the Northwest scribing Profunc’s origins, RCMP Com- Rebellion (1885), and was Acting Commissioner of North-West Mounted Police. missioner S.T.Wood told Liberal Justice ! His grandfather, Lt.Col. John Taylor Wood, a Confederate Naval and Army hero Minister Stuart Garson that in case of war, during the US Civil War (1861-65), escaped to Canada after the South’s defeat. “the first task of this Force [i.e., the ! His great-grandfather, US President Zachary Taylor (1849-50), owned a Missis- RCMP] is a colossal one in that we must detain or maintain surveillance over ap- sippi plantation with 81 slaves, was a War-of-1812 Major, fought in the Indian proximately 16,000 Communist Party Wars (1820s-30s) and was a Maj.Gen. in the Mexican-American War (1846-47).

members, and something over 50,000 110 sympathizers.”108 above these prominent functionaries.” “Ethnic Organizations” was bookended by For decades, even before Profunc, Ottawa-based historian John Clear- two leftwing Ukrainian groups. The first the Mounties had been amassing thousands water, who uncovered the Profunc files, was the AUUC, while the last was the of files on the radical Left. “The PRO- said that when the plan began in 1948, the Workers’ Benevolent Association (WBA). FUNC program was not created out of thin Liberal cabinet’s defence committee sug- Created in 1922 by the AUUC’s forerun- 111 air,” said the CP in 2010, “it was a more gested interning 2,500. At its peak (1954- ner, the WBA provided health insurance, organized and sweeping version of earlier 1962), annual lists “approved” for intern- a retirement home and an orphanage for repression.” Putting Profunc into its his- ment, averaged 2,700 names. The RCMP its members. Although “frowned on” by torical context, it noted that the also created annual lists of activists for Canada’s Communist Party, which said “mass suppression of civil rights and whom not enough evidence existed to jus- “such tactics would undermine the class democratic freedoms has been a con- tify their internment. For example, in 1954, struggle by placating the working class,” stant political factor from the origins of the Profunc list had 6,558 names, but only the Ukrainian Left “continued to promote this country. The military defeat of the 2,710 of these were to be rounded up.112 and expand”114 the WBA. The WBA grew Métis resistance struggles, the War Under Profunc, the RCMP planned beyond its Ukrainian roots in Manitoba to Measures Act, the mass internments of to strike a sudden blow against the radical include Russians, Ruthenians and Poles in ethnic groups during the First and Sec- ond World Wars, relentless police at- Left by carrying out mass arrests across six provinces. By 1963, when the WBA tacks against the labour movement.... Canada. Thousands were to be taken from was joined by the Independent Mutual [F]rom its very beginnings, the Cana- their homes and forcibly interned on “M- Benefit Federation (IMBF), it also had dian capitalist state has used the police, Day,” or “Mobilization Day.”113 Activists Czechs, Hungarians and Slovaks.115 (The military, courts and spy agencies against were not targeted for committing any IMBF was also on Profunc’s list of “sub- 109 its ‘enemies.’” crimes. They were to be held captive—in- versive” groups to be banned.) To create Profunc, the RCMP used definitely and without trial—for their le- Profunc also targeted specific “Eth- their files on those “known or suspected gal political beliefs and actions. Those nic Organizations” for Canadian leftists of to be part of the Communist movement.” who resisted would face severe discipline Bulgarian, Finnish, German, Jewish, From these files they selected those to “be and could be shot dead if trying to escape. Lithuanian, Macedonian, Polish and Rus- considered for internment should a national Profunc also specified which sian heritage.116 Since the early 1900s, emergency demand this action.” The groups would be banned. First on the list Ukrainian socialists had worked on many RCMP initially used a “card index system” was the Communist Party of Canada. Since progressive campaigns with these same that “listed and graded” activists “accord- its creation in the early 1920s, it consisted radical groups and their forerunners. ing to their importance in the movement.” largely of Ukrainians, Finns and Jews. The Leftwing Ukrainians also found This system for “carding” Communists, Quebec party, and the Young Communist their way onto Profunc lists through activ- “subversives” and their “sympathesizers,” Leagues, were likewise outlawed. Profunc ism in what the RCMP labelled “Front evolved into “the Profunc system.” In a also targeted four so-called “Front Organ- Groups.” For example, in 1950 the AUUC “Top Secret” 1957 document about Pro- izations” and seventeen “Ethnic Organiza- helped found the Canadian Peace Con- func, the RCMP said “the object of the sys- tions.” All were to be outlawed during a gress. The AUUC describes it as having tem is to eventually card every known and war, or vaguely-defined emergency. emerged in the 1950s as “one the strong- suspected subversive in Canada over and Profunc’s alphabetical listing of est and most consistent supporters of the 50 Press for Conversion! (Issue # 68) March 2016 For decades, Mary Kardash was a leading light of dissidents during “an attack or other hos- radical socialist groups banned in two Red Scares. tile action against Canada by a foreign power,” or “an insurrection, apprehended The RCMP’s Profunc program targeted the leaders insurrection or widespread public disorder of these groups for surveillance and internment. in Canada.”123 Dovetailing with the War Measures Act, SIP used the fear of an emer- Mary was active in the Young Communist League gency—whether real or imagined—as a and was repeatedly elected to the Winnipeg pretext for the mass roundup of progres- School Board, as the Communist Party candidate sives seen as potential enemies of the state. from 1960 to 1970, and from 1977 to 1986. Internment is Dead, She was also active in other groups targeted by Profunc: Long Live Internment the Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Assoc. (ULFTA), In terms of the laws and institutions used the Assoc. of United Ukrainian Canadians (AUUC), to spy on and “immobilize” Canadian ac- the Canadian-Soviet Friendship Society, tivists, the 1980s was a period of great flux, and the Congress of Canadian Women. at least on paper. Profunc seems to have ! Mary’s parents were Ukrainian peasants who came to Canada in 1909, after the been replaced by SIP around 1983. A year failed Russian revolution. Both became active in Canada’s Communist Party. later, the RCMP’s “countersubversion” and ! Her father, Myron Kostaniuk, served seven months hard labour for leading Sud- “national security” roles were absorbed by bury’s May Day parade in 1932. In 1940, he was among the many antiFascist the newly-formed Canadian Security In- Ukrainians who were forced to work in Canada’s WWII internment camps. telligence Service. At that time, tens of ! Mary’s husband, ULFTA and AUUC activist Bill Kardash, lost a leg in the Spanish thousands of secret RCMP files were trans- Civil War. He was an elected communist in Manitoba’s Legislature (1941-1958). ferred to the National Archives. These files, dealing largely with surveillance of the peace movement.”117 However, because like her father Myron Kostaniuk. (See radical Left, now occupy more than a kilo- the Peace Congress included communists, pp.45-46.) (In 1940, Mary wed Bill metre of the Archives’ shelf space. many progressives were loath to support Kardash, a wounded Spanish Civil War vet In 1988, Canada’s 1914 War Meas- it. For example, the NDP’s predecessor, who was Winnipeg North’s Communist ures Act was finally replaced by the Emer- the Co-operative Commonwealth Federa- Party MPP between 1941 and 1958. Mary gencies Act. Despite this, Canada’s top- tion (CCF), had—since its creation under too was elected as a Communist Party poli- secret security elites did not really change leader J.S. Woodsworth—opposed all co- tician. She represented Winnipeg North their spots. Neither is it likely that Cana- operation with any groups linked to com- on the Winnipeg School Board for almost da’s new spy agency replaced the red spots munists. The CCF executive told its mem- all of the years between 1960 and 1986.121) which had long occupied the centre of the bers that they could not also belong to the Mary Kardash was also among the RCMP’s political, target sheets. Peace Congress. They also threatened dis- progressive Ukrainians who worked with While Canada’s Emergencies Act ciplinary action against any CCF members the Canada-USSR Association, another so- specifically prohibits “detention, impris- who signed the Helsinki Peace Appeal. called “Front Group” pegged for surveil- onment or internment...on the basis of race, This international petition circulated by the lance and internment by Profunc. She was national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, Peace Congress in 1950, demanded a on the National Council of the Canadian sex, age or mental or physical disability,”124 worldwide ban of all nuclear weapons and Soviet Friendship Society and a key activ- it does not rule out “politics” as an accept- said their “first use” should be treated as a ist in its Winnipeg branch in the early able basis for interning Canadians. war crime.118 With AUUC help, the Peace 1950s. Besides including communists, it Adding to this legal framework to Congress gathered 300,000 Canadian sig- also had members from “many... ‘progres- allow politically-based internment is Cana- natories. (Of the 400 million who eventu- sive, ethnic’ groups” such as the AUUC, da’s so-called “AntiTerrorism Act,” which ally signed the Appeal, most were citizens the United Jewish People’s Order, the Fed- became law in June 2015. Like the 1914 of the USSR, China and eastern Europe.)119 eration of Russian Canadians and the Finn- War Measures Act, Conservatives passed 122 Other so-called “Front Groups” that ish Organization of Canada. All of these Bill C-51 with the overwhelming support were on Profunc’s radar also benefited groups were on Profunc’s list of “Ethnic of Liberal Party MPs. Under this new law, from the Ukrainian Left’s strong support. Organizations” to be watched and interned. “terrorism” is rendered to include “inter- For example, the Congress of Canadian Throughout the Cold War, progres- ference with the...economic or financial Women (CCW), like the Peace Congress, sive Ukrainians remained in Profunc’s stability of Canada.” This equates terror- was created in 1950, promoted anti-war crosshairs. But, by the mid-1970s, the ism with Aboriginal, labour, peace and/or initiatives and had key AUUC activists. RCMP’s Security Service (SS) had a plan eco-activists whose efforts “interfere” with Thanks to the CCW’s ties to the AUUC, to replace Profunc with the “Special Iden- the profitability of arms bazaars, oil/gas said historian Rhonda Hinther, “a unique tification Program” (SIP) which it said was pipelines, the Tar Sands, or any other harm- “a system of identification through brand of feminism emerged influenced by ful manifestation of corporate capitalism. Progressive Ukrainian women’s experi- which...those persons and organizations that pose a threat to Canada’s internal Canada’s new law also specifically ences with class and gender roles.”120 security...can be immediately immobi- targets anyone who is “unduly influencing Among the CCW’s feminists was lized during times of national or inter- a government” by “unlawful means.”125 As Mary Kardash. She was a communist and national emergency.” such, nonviolent protests in the tradition a leading voice in ULFTA and the AUUC, The idea was to “immobilize” (i.e., intern) of Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., as March 2016 (Issue # 68) Press for Conversion! 51 well as native blockades and “unlawful” and trip-wire detonators”129 for use by bia.) Responses from Canada’s four main labour actions—could put totally peace- Ukrainian soldiers and volunteer militias. parties to UCC election-campaign ques- ful activists into the crosshairs for pre- In contrast, the AUUC has opposed tions show more similarities than differ- emptive arrest, as if they were terrorists. all support for the warfighting goals of ences. In fact, they answered almost iden- Many Ukrainian leftists opposed Ukraine’s “far right,” which it calls “a se- tically on more than two thirds of the ques- Bill C-51, and the AUUC opened its La- rious threat.” Its National Executive has tions.135 All four parties share the UCC’s bour Temples to those organising against called on Western governments: bellicose antiRussian narratives and its this latest state obsession with curbing civil “to stop encouraging, aiding and abet- ardent anticommunism. For example, there liberties to protect corporate power. For ting the far-right groups in Ukraine. A is all-party support for having a “Victims example, Wilfred Szczesny, a 55-year vet- fascist Ukraine will pose no less a dan- of Communism” monument in Ottawa. eran of the AUUC, who is editor-in-chief ger to the world than did Nazi Germany, Considering this political unity, Canada’s of its paper and the CEO of Ontario’s Com- also encouraged by western countries UCC-friendly foreign policies are likely to munist Party, was instrumental in planning for many of the same reasons, includ- continue apace under the Liberals. a Toronto protest on the National Day of Action against Bill C-51 in March 2015. Feeling sad and repressed? Rather than opposing Bill C-51, the UCC demanded that the government use the Anti-Terrorism Act to fight Ukraine’s Held captive by fear? proRussian separatists. The UCC website’s Isolated and alone? only mention of Canada’s new law is an Got labour pains? “Urgent Call to Action!” to “Stop Terror- ism in Ukraine!” This UCC demand, made in July 2014, stated that “Canada must im- mediately give military equipment and You may be training to Ukraine” and use the Act to stop “Kremlin-backed terrorist activity.”126 suffering from In April 2015, the UCC “applaud- ed” Canada’s promise to join the US in Dr.Norman Bethune aiding Ukraine’s far-right, coup-installed regime with military hardware, and by de- ploying warships for provocative NATO exercises, and sending 200 troops to train Ukraine’s Army and National Guard.127 Symptoms may include: unemployment, poverty, hunger, homelessness, The latter in particular contains antiSemi- loss of free speech, fear of enclosed spaces, barbed wire or of being interned, tic, neoNazi and white-supremacist fight- and the paranoid feeling of being watched for having radical political ideas. ers tied to two of Ukraine’s extremist par- You may need to exercise your democratic rights. Ask your doctor, ties: Svoboda (formerly the “Social-Na- tional Party”) and Right Sector. union or an anti-war group about becoming more active! During its 2014 Independence Day Lest we forget the untold billions who are Victims of Capitalism Celebration in Toronto, the UCC facilitated fundraising for Ukraine’s far-right, anti- ing the expectation that it would be a Dictating the Narrative communist paramilitary forces by allow- weapon aimed eastward.”130 on Ukrainian Internment ing a Right Sector booth staffed by cam- UCC president Paul Grod praised Government support for the UCC is well- ouflage-clad militants. Decorated with im- “Canada’s leadership as Ukraine’s great- illustrated by their joint effort to frame the ages of OUN leader Stepan Bandera, the est supporter” and “staunchest interna- narrative around Canada’s WWI-era in- booth’s goal included funding the purchase tional champion.” But this, he said, “will ternment policies. During the 2014 cente- of weapons for their warriors.128 This UCC not be enough.”131 The UCC has repeat- nary of WWI, 100 official plaques were event, featuring speeches by Ontario’s Lib- edly asked Canada to also provide lethal unveiled to remember Canada’s internment eral Premier and the Tory Minister of Im- weapons to Ukraine.132 In June 2015, the camps. This resulted from efforts that be- migration, was attended by then-Toronto Conservatives declared their interest in gan after the “Internment of Persons of Mayor Rob Ford and NDP mayoral candi- selling prohibited weapons to Ukraine, Ukrainian Origin Recognition Act” was date Olivia Chow, the widow of Jack such as automatic assault rifles.133 Then, passed in 2005. This law named the UCC, Layton. Such multiparty support for UCC during the 2015 election, the government the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties As- events reflects the fact that mainstream Ca- assured the UCC that if re-elected they sociation (UCCLA) and another national- nadian political parties are courting the would allow these weapons exports.134 ist Ukrainian-Canadian group as co-part- vote of ultraright Ukrainian nationalists. The Liberal government has been ners in a $10-million, state-funded “pub- The UCC also works closely with vague about whether it will follow through lic education” program.136 With unanimous Army SOS, a group that has raised more on Conservative promises to allow prohib- support from the Liberals and the NDP, the than $1 million for Ukraine’s war effort. ited arms sales to Ukraine. (During the law excluded the Ukrainian Left from the It has admitted funded aerial drones, election, the Liberals and NDP both agreed process. This belittled the AUUC’s historic Humvee jeeps and “parts for sniper rifles to honour similar contracts with Saudi Ara- importance and sidelined its input into 52 Press for Conversion! (Issue # 68) March 2016 crafting the official rendition of events. under one umbrella all the national, pro- also against ultranationalist Ukrainians The media gatekeeper for this vincial and local Ukrainian Canadian or- who share the establishment’s rabid fear project, Prof. Lubomyr Luciuk of the Roy- ganizations.” The UCC also claims that it of socialism, especially in its untamed athe- al Military College (RMC) in Kingston “represents the Ukrainian Canadian com- ist and anticapitalist iterations. Ontario, is the UCCLA’s former president, munity,” and that it “has been leading, co- Ukrainian Canadian radicals have chair and research director. He has en- ordinating and representing the interests of also had to contend with the ethnocentrism gaged in “continuous championship” of the one of Canada’s largest ethnic communi- of leftleaning progressives. Despite its Nazi-linked OUN(B), UPA and Waffen-SS ties (1.2 million) for 70 years.”141 Clearly good qualities, the Social Gospel—which Galician Division.137 (According to Luciuk, however, the UCC has never represented dominated Canada’s early mainstream pro- his father was “covertly provisioning” socialist-minded Ukrainian groups like the gressive culture—was preoccupied by mis- OUN(B) units and “providing security” for AUUC, but has done its utmost to work sionary ambitions such as the Canadiani- their headquarters during WWII. Luciuk’s with government to deride and derail them. sation, civilisation and Christianisation of mother was “secretary and courier for the The government’s 2005 “Recogni- “strangers,” including First Nations. So- nationalist leadership” of the OUN.138) tion” Act, while providing public recogni- cial Gospellers helped vilify newcomers, Luciuk’s RMC credentials have tion and support to the UCC and other na- especially Ukrainians who had escaped the long been enlisted to shepherd the official tionalist Ukrainian organizations, has also repression of imperial monarchies, and narrative on WWI-era internment. (Cana- served to consolidate the official narrative were framed as godless, socialist radicals. da’s Parliament created the RMC in 1874 on WWI internment. The Act’s stated pur- The Social Gospel’s righteous narratives to provide training in “military tactics, for- pose is to promote “public understanding of assimilation were key to the regressive tification, [and] engineering.”139 Appropri- of...the consequences of ethnic, religious process that enabled good, well-meaning ately, the military—for whom Luciuk or racial intolerance and discrimination.”142 citizens to blindly accept the injustice of works—designed, fortified, engineered While this sounds progressive, it turns our internment, just as they had worked so dili- and staffed Canada’s prison camps with gaze away from the important role of class, gently to facilitate the mass captivity and guards and commanders, not only during economics and politics in targeting Ukrai- cultural genocide of Aboriginal peoples WWI and WWII, but during the 1930’s nians for internment during the WWI/Red who they saw as barriers to progress. forced-labour, “Relief Camps” as well.) Scare era. The Act’s narrative ignores the By partnering with the Ukrainian The Ukrainian Canadian effort to fact that almost all internees were unem- Right to memorialise WWI internment, the secure financing from the government to ployed, working-class east European men government has effectively whitewashed redress WWI internment, began in earnest who had been forced into Canadian cities Canada’s persecution of radical socialists. during the late 1980s after Japanese Ca- by the economic recession of 1913-1915. Their alliance has ensured that the official nadians reached a settlement with the AngloProtestant elites were ex- story covers up embarrassing references to Mulroney government for their internment tremely fearful that these men, largely the political and class phobias that helped in WWII. In 1988, AUUC activist Wilfred Ukrainians, were ripe for radicalisation by form the Canadian state’s real reasons for Szczesny, though agreeing that the govern- dangerous alien agitators seeking a social- repeatedly interning leftwing radicals. ment should apologise, said that channel- ist revolution. Driven by their growing pho- To render an alternative version of ling compensation payments through the bia that anticapitalist labour organisers, this history, the Canadian Society for UCC would be a “travesty of justice”: antiImperialists and anti-war activists were Ukrainian Labour Research sponsored a “The Ukrainian Canadian Committee, a dire threat to the established order, Ca- public symposium in June 2015, on “Ci- apparently, is starting with an initial re- nadian authorities used WWI as a conven- vilian Internment in Canada.” Held at the quest for a grant exceeding half a mil- ient pretext to round up thousands of peo- AUUC’s Winnipeg Labour Temple, the lion dollars just to research the whole ple whom they considered potential ene- event linked WWI and WWII internment question. This is the same UCC that dis- mies of the state. The elite’s virulent anti- with the 1970 October Crisis, the War on criminates against a significant section Red phobia—which had been cultivated Terror, eco-protests and the mass arrests of the Ukrainian Canadian community, even before WWI by narrative gatekeepers of activists at global summits held in the same UCC some of whose members in the Social-Gospel tradition—grew to a Canada. By bringing together these ren- think that Ukrainian Canadian history feverish pitch after Russia’s 1917 Bolshe- ditions of history, the Ukrainian Canadian starts after their arrival following World vik revolution. This Canadian psychopa- Left has helped to build a counternarra- War Two, the same UCC whose con- thy was acted out in a war to physically tive about the ongoing crimes of mass cap- stituent organizations fell under the con- contain radicals, not only in forced labour tivity that have long permeated our so- trol of the post-WWII immigrants and camps on the homefront, but overseas with called “Peaceable Kingdom.” set about excluding (by expulsion or the allied military invasion to contain the derision) the very part of the commu- spread of revolution in Soviet Russia References/Notes nity (that is, the earlier immigrants) (1919-1921). By that time, the elite’s anti- 1. Orest T.Martynowych, “Sympathy for the whose cause they have now supposedly Red phobia had gone viral and Canada’s Devil: The Attitude of Ukrainian War Vet- begun to champion. To charge the UCC polite mainstream society was taken hos- erans in Canada to Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1939,” in Rhonda Hinther and with the administration of a compensa- tage by an ideological framework that has Jim Mochoruk (eds.) Re-Imagining Ukrain- tion payment to the community would now lingered for almost a century. ian Canadians: History, Politics, and Iden- 140 indeed be a travesty of the justice.” Since before WWI, the Ukrainian tity, 2011, p.173. The UCC, which calls itself “the Canadian Left has struggled not only books.google.ca/books?id=H1R b6Owne6gC voice of Canada’s Ukrainian community,” against state-sanctioned witch hunts by 2. Peter Krawchuk, Our History: The Ukrain- states unequivocally that it “brings together xenophobic, AngloProtestant elites, but ian Labour-Farmer Movement in Canada, March 2016 (Issue # 68) Press for Conversion! 53 1907-1991, 1996. 27. About AUUC books.google.ca/books?id=KcfhAQAAQBAJ www.socialisthistory.ca www.auuc.ca/about.htm 48. Martynowych, Op. cit., 2011, p.198. 3. Orest T.Martynowych, Village Radicals 28. Bob Ivanochko, “Ukrainian Labour Farmer 49. Ibid., p.191. and Peasant Immigrants: The Social Roots Temple Association,” Encyclopedia of Sas- 50. Ibid., p.182. of Factionalism among Ukrainian Immi- katchewan. 51. Ibid., pp.190-191. grants in Canada, 1896-1918, 1978. (MA esask.uregina.ca 52. RCMP Report, Mar. 26, 1935, “ULFTA 29. Gen.Andrew McNaughton, who became thesis, Univ. of Manitoba) Mass Organizations Convention Winni- www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ Canada’s Minister of Defence (1944-1945) peg,” in Rhonda Hinther, “Sincerest Revo- ftp04/MQ36804.pdf and Ambassador to the UN (1948-1949), lutionary Greetings”: Progressive Ukrai- 4. Martynowych, Op. cit., 1978, passim. was the paternal grandfather of nians in Twentieth Century Canada, 2005, 5. Krawchuk, Op. cit. Lt.Gen.Andrew Leslie, who became p.73. (PhD thesis, MacMaster, History). 6. Orest T.Martynowych, Ukrainian Section Trudeau’s military policy advisor in 2013 macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/14231 of the Socialist Party of Canada/Social and is now an MP and Liberal Party whip. 53. Ibid., pp.73-74. Democratic Party of Canada, undated, p.1. 30. Canada: A People’s History, Vol.2 54. Diaries of W.L.Mackenzie King, Sept. 27- umanitoba.ca books.google.ca/books?id=2fcXAAAAYAAJ 28, 1928 (on Mussolini) and June 23-29, 7. Krawchuk, Op. cit. 31. In Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: 1937 (on Hitler, Göring and von Neurath). 8. Ukrainians in Canada, Immigration and A History of British Columbia, 1991. 55. Defence of Canada Regulations (DCR), Settlement patterns, p.3. books.google.ca/books?id=JbYe6fCOSTAC Section 21(1), p.29. www.ucc.ca/ukrainians-in-canada/ 32. Finlayson to A.E.Millar, Oct. 6, 1933. Ben- archive.org/stream/defenceofcanadar1939cana 9. Krawchuk, Op. cit. nett Papers. In Brown, When Freedom was 56. Reg Whitaker, “Official repression of Com- 10. William Walling, The Socialism of To-Day, Lost: The Unemployed, the Agitator and the munism during World War II,” Labour, 1916, p.238. State. p.49. Spring 1986, p.156. www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/The 33. Ronald Liversedge, Recollections of the On journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/LLT/article/view/ _Socialism_of_To-Day_1000226794/253 to Ottawa Trek, 1973, p.43. 2492/2895 11. Martynowych, Op. cit., undated, p.2. books.google.ca/books?isbn=0773583068 57. DCR, 1940, pp.46-47. 12. Don Avery, “Ethnic and Class Tensions in 34. Irene Howard, “The Mothers Council of archive.org/stream/defenceofcanadar1940cana Canada, 1918-20: Anglo-Canadians and the Vancouver: Holding the Fort for the Un- 58. Ibid., Section 21(1). Alien Worker,” J.H.Thompson and F.Swyripa employed, 1935-1938, BC Studies, Spring- 59. Michelle McBride, From Indifference to (eds.), Loyalties in Conflict: Ukrainians in Summer 1986, p.283. internment: An examination of RCMP re- Canada during the Great War, 1983, p.83. ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/ sponses to Nazism and Fascism in Canada books.google.ca/books?id=OyuRz9ov2g0C viewFile/1234/1278 from 1934 to 1941, 1997, p.50. (MA, His- 13. Orest T.Martynowych and Nadia Kazy- 35. Martynowych, Op. cit., 2011, p.174. tory, Memorial Univ., Newfoundland) myra, “Political Activity in Western Canada, 36. Novyi shliakh, April 25, 1933. Cited by www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ 1896-1923,” in Manoly Lupul (ed.), A Her- Martynowych, Op. cit., 2011, p.181. ftp04/mq23157.pdf itage in Transition, 1982, p.93. 37. Watson Kirkconnell, Canada, Europe and 60. Krawchuk, Op. cit., 1985. umanitoba.ca Hitler, 1939, pp.86, 142. 61. “Narodna hazeta,” Encyclopedia of 14. Ross McCormack, Reformers, Rebels and books.google.ca/books?id=meRmAAAAMAAJ Ukraine, Vol.3, 1993. 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(Issue # 68) March 2016 f144ff8a2738 www.timeandspace.lviv.ua/files/session/ Friendship Society, 1949-1960, 2008, 74. Lubomyr Luciuk, Searching for Place: Himka_Central_European_Diaspora_65.pdf p.241. (MA thesis, History, Carleton.) Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada, and 97. “Admission to Canada, Resolution, 24 www.curve.carleton.ca/theses/28113 the Migration of Memory, 2000, pp.38-39. May, 1948,” Dep’t of Citizenship and Emi- 123. Special Identification Program (“Secret”), books.google.ca/books?id=6srpcaGeuvcC gration, in Rossolinski, Op. cit., p.314. Jan.10, 1977. In Profunc_04.pdf 75. Hansard, 1943, Vol.5, p.4848. 98. Luciuk, Op. cit., p.251. profunc.ca books.google.ca/books?id=-0JOAAAAMAAJ 99. Hinther and Mochoruk, Op. cit., p.238. 124. Emergencies Act, p.1. Michael Martin, The Red Patch: Political 100. Luciuk, Op. cit., pp.253-254. 125. Bill C-51, June 18, 2015. Imprisonment in Hull, Quebec during World 101. National Members 126. “Urgent Call to Action! 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Vic Satzewich, The Ukrainian Diaspora: August 27, 2014. Studies, Winter-Spring 2003, p.105. Global Diasporas, 2002, p.103. newcoldwar.org books.google.ca/books?id=sO0VAQAAMAAJ books.google.ca/books?id=SfWBAgAAQBAJ 129. Mark MacKinnon, “Bypassing official 82. “Call for Alertness: Ukrainian Meet Warns 105. Howard Margolian, Unauthorized Entry: channels, Canada’s Ukrainian diaspora fi- of Communist Menace,” Winnipeg Free The Truth about Nazi War Criminals in nances and fights a war against Russia,” Press, December 12, 1949, p.3 Canada, 1946-1956, 2000, p.132. Globe and Mail, February 26, 2015. newspaperarchive.com/ca/manitoba/winnipeg/ books.google.ca/books?id=5fdmAAAAMAAJ www.theglobeandmail.com winnipeg-free-press/1949/12-12/page-3 106. Myroslav Yurkevich, “Galician Ukraini- 130. “Statement from the AUUC National Ex- 83. Wasyl Veryha, The Ukrainian Cdn. Cttee.: ans in Germany Military Formations,” in ecutive Committee regarding the situation Its Origin and War Activity, 1967, Yury Boshyk (ed.), Ukraine during WWII: in Ukraine as of March 2, 2014” pp.97,159. (MA thesis, History, Ottawa) History and its Aftermath, 1986, p.81. www.auuc.ca www.ruor.uottawa.ca/bitstream/10393/21445/1/ books.google.ca/books?id=YMk8366ZFQcC 131. Paul Grod, “Canadian Values are Ukrain- EC55314.PDF 107. Pers Ander Rudling, “‘The Honor They ian Values,” June 9, 2015. 84. Franca Iacovetta, Gatekeepers: Reshaping So Clearly Deserve’: Legitimizing the www.ucc.ca/2015/06/09 Immigrant Lives in Cold War Canada, 2006. Waffen-SS Galizien,” Journal of Slavic 132. UCC Briefing Note: The Case for Mili- books.google.ca/books?id=2TrcBQAAQBAJ tary Assistance to Ukraine, Sept. 3, 2014. 85. Watson Kirkconnell Military Studies, 26:1, 2013, pp.136-137. www.academia.edu/2763263 www.ucc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NATO- www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com 108. Letter from S.T.Wood to Stuart Garson, BRIEFING-NOTE-UCC-Sept-3-2014.pdf 86. Iacovetta, Op. cit., p.12. (“Top Secret”), February 15, 1950. “Ottawa open to giving Kiev military aid if 87. Orest Martynowych, “Vladimir J. (Kaye) web.archive.org/web/www.cbc.ca/fifth/2010- consensus achieved among allies,” Globe Kysilewsky and the Ukrainian Bureau in 2011_includes/episodes/enemiesofthestate/ and Mail, February 11, 2015. London, 1931-1940,” Sept. 28, 2007, p.2. images/February%2015,%201950.pdf 133. Consultation regarding the possible addi- 88. “Ukrainian Bureau,” March 9, 2011. 109. “End the Policy of Mass Repression in tion of Ukraine to the Automatic Firearms www.ukrainiansintheuk.info Canada,” People’s Voice, Nov.1-15, 2010. Country Control List, June 11, 2015. www.peoplesvoice.ca/Pv01no10.html 89. Martynowych, Op. cit., 2007, p.13. www.international.gc.ca/controls-controles/fire 90. 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