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Three Eras of Citizen-Rights in Canada: an Interpretation of the Relationship Between Citizen-Rights and Executive Power

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Three Eras of Citizen-Rights in Canada: an Interpretation of the Relationship Between Citizen-Rights and Executive Power Three Eras of Citizen-Rights in Canada: An Interpretation of the Relationship Between Citizen-Rights and Executive Power by Kathleen Elizabeth Tsuji B.A., University of Victoria, 2009 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Sociology Kathleen Elizabeth Tsuji, 2013 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Three Eras of Citizen-Rights in Canada: An Interpretation of the Effects of Citizen- Rights on Executive Power by Kathleen Elizabeth Tsuji B.A., University of Victoria, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Peyman Vahabzadeh, (Department of Sociology) Co-Supervisor Dr. Kevin Walby, (Department of Sociology) Co-Supervisor iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Peyman Vahabzadeh, (Department of Sociology) Co-Supervisor Dr. Kevin Walby, (Department of Sociology) Co-Supervisor In Canada’s recent history, the cases of Kanao Inouye, Omar Khadr, and Maher Arar shed light on the relationship between citizen-rights and sovereign power, a problem which this thesis studies through its three-pronged strategy of analysis. First, it takes a postmetaphysical approach to the problem of exceptionality as it has been explored in the works of Jacques Derrida, Gianni Vattimo, and Reiner Schürmann. Their responses to the problem of exceptionality provide a framework that enables this thesis to capture the relationship between citizen-rights and sovereign power in relative detail. Second, it applies Schürmann’s epochal theory in order to offer a historical periodization of citizen- rights in Canada that highlights the effect of sovereign power on citizen-rights. Lastly, in light of its philosophical and theoretical framework, it interprets the Inouye, Khadr, Arar cases in order to account for the effect of Charter rights on sovereign power. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. vi Introduction: The Paradox of Citizen-Rights in the Modern Nation State and Outline of the Thesis ............................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1: Homo Sacer and the State of Exception .......................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Law, Proceduralism and the Politics of Fear .................................................. 24 Event, Risk and Exceptionalism ................................................................................... 25 Conceptualizing the Contingent Events of 9/11 ....................................................... 25 From Threat to Risk .................................................................................................. 26 The Decline of Modernity, History and Foundational Metaphysics ............................. 30 Falling Back into Metaphysics ...................................................................................... 33 Exceptionalism: The Law, Singularity, and the Infinite Deferral of Justice ................ 35 Justice is the condition of possibility of law ............................................................. 38 Law is the condition of possibility of justice ............................................................ 39 Law is the condition of impossibility of justice ........................................................ 40 Justice is the condition of impossibility of law ......................................................... 42 The Conditions of Injustice ........................................................................................... 44 The Implications of Weak Thought for Ethics, Justice and Law .................................. 45 The Implications of Weak Thought For Ethics ......................................................... 47 The Implications of Weak Thought For Justice ........................................................ 48 Chapter 3: Journey to Thesis, Inspiration, Research Design, Methods and Application .. 52 The First Phase of Research: Selection of the Cases .................................................... 53 Sampling Strategy ......................................................................................................... 58 Case Study Research ..................................................................................................... 59 Research Design: Holistic Multiple Case Study Design ............................................... 61 Enacting Approaches to the History of Citizen-Rights in Canada from an Epochal Theory ........................................................................................................................... 63 Epochal Theory ......................................................................................................... 63 Deconstruction .......................................................................................................... 66 The History of Being in the West: the Secularization of Law and Justice ............... 66 Data Collection ............................................................................................................. 68 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................ 71 Description of the Cases ........................................................................................... 72 Within-Case Analysis ............................................................................................... 73 Cross-Case Analysis ................................................................................................. 75 Assertions and Generalizations ..................................................................................... 76 Chapter 4: Three Eras of Citizen-Rights ........................................................................... 77 Context: The BNA Act and the Structure of the Government of Canada .................... 78 v (1) The Era of Implied Rights (1867-1959) .................................................................. 81 The Restrictive Interpretation Technique ................................................................. 82 The Power Allocation Technique ............................................................................. 82 Canada’s History of Internment ................................................................................ 86 (2) The Canadian Bill of Rights Era (1960-1981) ........................................................ 90 (3) The Charter Era (1981-present) ............................................................................... 93 The Possibilities for Justice in the Charter Era ............................................................. 96 Chapter 5: Contexts and Cases ....................................................................................... 100 The Context of Kanao Inouye’s Story ........................................................................ 100 Kanao Inouye .......................................................................................................... 102 The Contexts of the Khadr and Arar Cases ................................................................ 107 Omar Khadr ............................................................................................................ 109 Maher Arar .............................................................................................................. 116 Chapter 6: Interpretations and Implications of the Inouye, Khadr and Arar Cases From the Standpoint of the History of Citizen-Rights in Canada ............................................ 123 Within Case-Analysis: Kanao Inouye ......................................................................... 123 Within Case Analysis: Omar Khadr ........................................................................... 130 Within-Case Analysis: Maher Arar ............................................................................ 138 Cross-Case Analysis ................................................................................................... 149 Discussion and Conclusion ............................................................................................. 151 Using Radical Phenomenological Categories to Asses the Impact of the Charter ..... 151 Retrospective Analysis ............................................................................................ 151 Prospective Analysis ............................................................................................... 156 Transitional Analysis .............................................................................................. 163 Summary, Implications and Future Paths of Inquiry .................................................. 165 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 169 vi Acknowledgments Although this thesis bears my name, one person never
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