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Diplomová Práce Republika, Která Přežila Sebe Samu

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Diplomová Práce Republika, Která Přežila Sebe Samu Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích Filozofická fakulta Historický ústav Diplomová práce Republika, která přežila sebe samu. Císaři julsko-klaudijské dynastie a jejich vnitřní politika. Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Stanislav Doležal, Ph.D. Autor práce: Bc. Stanislav Cisarik Studijní obor: HISn Ročník: 2. Prohlašuji, že svoji diplomovou práci jsem vypracoval samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů a literatury, uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění souhlasím se zveřejněním své diplomové práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG, provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách, a to se zachováním mého autorského práva k odevzdanému textu této kvalifikační práce. Souhlasím dále s tím, aby toutéž elektronickou cestou byly v souladu s uvedeným ustanovením zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. zveřejněny posudky školitele a oponentů práce i záznam o průběhu a výsledku obhajoby kvalifikační práce. Rovněž souhlasím s porovnáním textu mé kvalifikační práce s databází kvalifikačních prací Theses.cz provozovanou Národním registrem vysokoškolských kvalifikačních prací a systémem na odhalování plagiátů. …………… ………………………………… Stanislav Cisarik Na tomto místě chci především poděkovat svému vedoucímu práce, PhDr. Stanislavu Doležalovi, Ph.D., za veškeré rády, připomínky, trpělivost a čas, který mi věnoval v rámci psaní této práce. Také bych chtěl poděkovat rodině, přátelům za podporu. Speciální poděkování patří i Mgr. Michaele Býnové a Mgr. Petře Kyryanové. Anotace Tématem překládané diplomové práce jsou císařové julsko-klaudijské dynastie. Práce se věnuje jednotlivým krokům, které císařové první dynastie podnikli, aby proměnili stávající republikánské zřízení v tzv. principát. Hlavní otázkou je analýza vztahu jednotlivých císařů a společenských elit, především senátu. Na vztah císaře a senátu je nahlíženo ve dvou rovinách, a sice císař-senát jako celek a císař-senátoři jako jednotlivci. Práce se rovněž dívá na rozdělení jednotlivých provincií mezi moc senátu a moc císaře a případné zásahy do tohoto rozdělení. V neposlední řadě bude v práci rozebrán postoj císařů vůči jejich předchůdcům. Annotation The subject of the thesis are the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. The author is dealing with steps that Emperors of the first dynasty took to change the current republican establishment in the so called principate. The main point is the relationship between the Emperors and the social elite, primarily the senate. On the relationship between the emperor and the senate is viewed in two levels, namely the emperor and the senate as whole and the emperor and the senators as individuals. The thesis also analyses the dividing of the roman Provinces between the power of the senate and the power of the emperor as well as the intervention in this dividing. The attitude of the Emperors towards their ancestors is also part of the work. Obsah Úvod ............................................................................................................................................. 7 1. Augustus (27 př. n. l. – 14 n. l.) ............................................................................................ 14 1.1 Definice Augustova postavení .......................................................................................... 19 1.2 Úřady a volby na počátku císařství ................................................................................... 22 1.3 Správa impéria .................................................................................................................. 28 1.4 Augustus a senát ................................................................................................................ 32 1.5 Konspirace proti císaři ...................................................................................................... 36 1.6 Hledání nástupníka ............................................................................................................ 41 2. Tiberius (14–37 n. l.) ............................................................................................................. 48 2.1 Převzetí moci ..................................................................................................................... 48 2.2 Tiberius, senát a impérium ................................................................................................ 52 2.3 Nástupce ............................................................................................................................ 57 2.4 Přesun císařského dvora na Capri, Seianův pád (26-31 n. l.) ............................................ 60 2.5 Poslední léta ...................................................................................................................... 64 3. Caligula (37–41 n. l.) ............................................................................................................. 67 3.1 Převzetí moci ..................................................................................................................... 67 3.2 Caligulova politika ............................................................................................................ 69 3.3 Provincie ........................................................................................................................... 72 3.4 Popravy, konfiskace, konspirace proti císaři ..................................................................... 73 3.5 Caligula a senát na sklonku vlády ..................................................................................... 77 4. Claudius (41–54 n. l.) ............................................................................................................ 81 4.1 Převzetí moci ..................................................................................................................... 81 4.2 Claudius a senát ................................................................................................................ 85 4.3 Konspirace proti císaři ...................................................................................................... 89 4.4 Impérium a provincie ........................................................................................................ 92 4.5 Nástupce ............................................................................................................................ 95 5. Nero (54–68 n. l.) ................................................................................................................... 98 5.1 Převzetí moci ..................................................................................................................... 98 5.2 Nero, úřady a senát .......................................................................................................... 101 5.3 Provincie ......................................................................................................................... 104 5.4 Konspirace proti císaři .................................................................................................... 105 5.5 Konec vlády .................................................................................................................... 108 Závěr ........................................................................................................................................ 111 Seznam literatury a pramenů ................................................................................................ 115 Prameny ................................................................................................................................ 115 Literatura ............................................................................................................................... 117 Úvod Období konce římské republiky a počátku císařství přirozeně přitahoval pozornost historiků. Za tento zájem může zejména odkaz, který po sobě jedinci, kteří řídili dějiny této doby, zanechali, zejména v podobě monumentálních staveb, které přežily až do dnešních dnů. Svůj na podíl zajímavosti mají zajisté také písemné, ikonografické a archeologické nálezy z této doby. Autor se ve své bakalářské práci věnoval období krize římské republiky a svoji práci zakončil rozborem možností, které Oktavián mohl zvažovat poté, co zvítězil nad Markem Antoniem v bitvě u Aktia v roce 31 př. n. l. Autor využije poznatky ze své bakalářské práce, na kterou volně navazuje prací diplomovou. Jádrem práce budou postavy pěti císařů julsko-klaudijské dynastie.1 Autor se nejprve zaměří na okolnosti, které vedly k transformaci republiky v principát a využije rozdílů mezi oběma zřízeními pro jejich komparaci. Centrální otázkou bude analýza kroků, které první císařové podnikli, aby republikánský režim přeměnili s ohledem na vlastní požadavky a nutnost. Tímto způsobem autor vymezuje pojem vnitřní politika císařů. Pod označením vnitřní politika chápe autor dále také vztah císaře a společenských elit, především senátu. S tím souvisí také rozdělení jednotlivých provincií mezi senát a císaře.2 S ohledem na to, že se autor v práci věnuje vládě pěti císařů, lze předpokládat, že každý z nich bude mít vlastní koncepci vlády z hlediska ekonomického, vojenského a zahraničně-politického, ovlivněnou vlastními zkušenostmi, případně doporučeními ze strany poradců císaře či senátu. Autor také předpokládá, že císařové postupně začali otevřeně používat svoji moc mimo hranice, které stanovil Augustus. Tím narušili
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