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Histological Features of the Placenta and Their Relation to the Gross and Data from Thoroughbred Mares1

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Histological Features of the Placenta and Their Relation to the Gross and Data from Thoroughbred Mares1 Pesq. Vet. Bras. 36(7):665-670, julho 2016 DOI: 10.1590/S0100-736X2016000700018 Histological features of the placenta and their relation to the gross and data from Thoroughbred mares1 Fernanda M. Pazinato2*, Bruna R. Curcio2, Cristina G. Fernandes3, Lorena S. Feijó4, Rubia A. Schmith5 and Carlos E.W. Nogueira2 ABSTRACT.- Pazinato F.M., Curcio B.R., Fernandes C.G., Feijó L.S., Schmith R.A. & Nogueira C.E.W. 2016. Histological features of the placenta and their relation to the gross and data from Thoroughbred mares. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 36(7):665-670. Departa- mento de Clínicas Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96160-000, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] The placenta is a transitory organ that originates from maternal and fetal tissues, the function of which is transporting nutrients from the mother to the fetus. The aim of this study was describe the histological features of placentas in healthy Thoroughbred mares at foaling and evaluate their relation with the gross placental and data of these mares. For this study 188 Thoroughbred mares were used. It was performed clinical observation for signs of placentitis during daily health checks and ultrasonic examination monthly to assess the fetus and placenta. All of the mares that exhibited clinical signs of placentitis were treated during gestation. The parturition was assisted, the placentas were grossly evaluated and samples were collected immediately after expulsion. The following data were considered for each mare: age, gestational age, number of parturition, time for placental expulsion, umbilical-cord length, placental weight and clinical signs of placentitis. Histological evalua- tion of the placentas revealed extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization of the epithelial areolar - sioncells, the presence mares ofwith inflammatory a vacuolated infiltrates placental and chorionic hypoplasia-atrophy epithelium were of the older microcotyledons. and had expe- Most of the gross placental findings were consistent with the histological results. In conclu not showed any clinical signs of placentitis during gestation. rienced a larger number of births. Great part of the mares with inflammatory infiltrates did RESUMO.- [AchadosINDEX histológicosTERMS: Histology, da placenta,placenta Thoroughbred e sua re- mares,de éguas vacuolization, Puro Sangue infiltrates. Inglês (PSI) a termo e avaliar sua re- lação com seus aspectos macroscópicas e dados de lação com a macroscopia da placenta e dados dessas éguas. éguas Puro Sangue Inglês.] A placenta é um órgão tran- O estudo utilizou 188 éguas PSI. Foram realizadas observa- sitório originado do tecido fetal e materno, com função de ções clinicas diárias para presença de sinais clínicos de pla- transportar nutrientes da mãe para o feto. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os achados histológicos das placentas e placenta. As éguas que apresentaram sinais clínicos de placentitecentite e ultrassonografia durante a gestação mensal foram para tratadas. avaliar saúdeOs partos do feto fo- 1 Received on February 5, 2016. ram assistidos, as placentas avaliadas macroscopicamente Accepted for publication on April 28, 2016. e coletadas imediatamente após sua expulsão. Como dados 2 Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas das éguas foram considerados: idade, tempo de gestação, (UFPel), Campus Universitário s/n, Capão do Leão, RS 96160-000, Brazil. - *Corresponding author: [email protected] primento de cordão umbilical, peso da placenta e sinais 3 Departamento de Patologia Animal, UFPel, Campus Universitário s/n, clínicosnúmero dede placentite.partos, tempo A avaliação de eliminação histológica da placenta, das placentas com Capão do Leão, RS 96160-000, Brazil. demonstrou extensiva vacuolização citoplasmática das cé- 4 Research Scholar, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 507 E. Green Street, IL 61820, USA. lulas do epitélio coriônico das regiões areolares, presença 5 Departamento de Reprodução Animal e Radiologia, Universidade Es- - cotilédones. A maior parte dos achados macroscópicos da Distrito de Rubião Junior s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618970, Brazil. placentade infiltrados foram inflamatórios condizentes ecom hipoplasia-atrofia os resultados de de histolo micro- tadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (Unesp), Av. Prof. Montenegro, 665 666 Fernanda M. Pazinato et al. gia. Como conclusão, a vacuolização do epitélio coriônico charge and premature udder development. Transrectal palpation and ultrasonic examination were performed monthly to assess - the fetus and placenta. The combined thickness of the uterus and tóriosfoi característica não demonstraram de éguas maissinais velhas clínicos e com de placentite. maior número placenta (CTUP) was measured at the placenta-cervical junction de partos. Grande parte das éguas com infiltrados inflama using a 5-MHz linear transducer (SonoVet600, Medison Co.Ltd, TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: Histologia, placenta, éguas Puro Sangue The CTUP was considered normal when the values was less than 8mmSeul, KR),between starting days at the271 fifth and month 300 days of pregnancy of gestation, until less delivery. than Inglês, vacuolização, infiltrados.INTRODUCTION 10mm between days 301 and 330, and less than 12mm after day 330 of gestation, as describe by Renaudin et al. (1997). The placenta is a transitory organ that originates from ma- Mares with clinical signs of placentitis, like vulvar discharge ternal and fetal tissues, the function of which is transpor- and premature udder development, ultrasonographic changes to ting nutrients from the mother to the fetus, as well as pro- placental separation and/or thickening of the CTUP were treated moting metabolic changes and maintaining the pregnancy - by performing endocrine functions for the production of ® hormones (Leiser & Kaufmann 1994). The equine placen- with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (25 mg/Kg® - IV,Schering q 12 h; PlouTris- ta is a microcotyledonary diffuse epitheliochorial organ sulfin - Ouro Fino Saúde Animal, Cravinhos, SP-BR) and flunixin that is attached to the entire endometrium. The microco- meglumine (1.1 mg/Kg IV, q 12 h; ®Banamine - Merck Animal Health Cor- tyledons that cover almost the entire surface of the diffuse porategh Saúde headquarters, animal, São Summit, Paulo, SP-BR) NJ-BR) for until 10 delivery. days and altrenogest (0.088 mg/Kg, PO, q 24 h; Regumate allantochorion allow gaseous and hemotrophic materno- Managing parturition. From thirty days prior to the date of delivery, the mares were maintained in paddocks near the mater- fetal exchange (Abd-Elnaeim et al. 2006, Wilsher & Allen nity barn until the moment of delivery. After the chorioallantois 2012). ruptures, the mares were brought into the stable for assisted foa- The development and function of the placenta directly ling. Immediately after their expulsion, the fetal membranes were affect the growth and well-being of the fetus in utero. Then, - - ation. The two surfaces of the chorioallantois was examined for abnormalitiesweighed and were of the then color, placed areas in devoidan “F” shapeof microcotyledonary for gross evalu 2005).deficits Deviationsin either the in thestructure appearance or the of function the placenta of the from pla villi, thickened areas and presence of exudate on the chorionic thatcenta considered will be reflected normal in provide fetal development information (Wilsherof importance et al. surface (Schlafer 2004). Samples with 3x3cm dimension were to both the mare and the foal (Morresey 2005). Neonatal obtained from nine points for each placenta, being: the pregnant horn, the non-pregnant horn, the uterine bifurcation, the uterine body, three parts of the umbilical cord, and the cervical star area. of the placenta, using histopathology to recognize placental When placentas showed grossly lesions it was collected two sam- impairmentsrisk identification that wereshould not include obvious a duringsystematic gestation, evaluation besi- ples in each point, one in the lesion and another in the transition des many mares did not show clinical signs of gestational area. Any other placental tissue with suspicious lesions was also compromise (Le Blanc et al. 2004, Schlafer 2004). By this way, some features in the histophatological evaluation of - placenta it’s useful to identify problems could have had du- ck)sampled. were mountedAll of the onsamples glass slideswere fixedand wereusing stained formalin using 10% hema prior- ring pregnancy. In the other hand, some gross features can toxylinto processing and eosin. for histology.The samples Histological showed vacuolizationsections (3- to on 5-μm the cho thi- be questionable lesions. rionic epithelium in histologic evaluation were also stained using - periodic-acid-Schiff (PAS) reagents. The slides were evaluated using optical microscopy, the cho- tion with gross evaluation of placenta and clinical charac- rioallantois membrane was examined to integrity of chorionic teristicsWe hypothesized of the mares. that:(ii) Older (i) histologic mares show findings particularities are rela and allantois epithelium, arrangement of microcotyledones, pre- in histopathological features. (iii) Degrees of placental in- sence of alterations in all components of chorioallantois membra- - cal outcomes of the mares. atrophy for microcotyledones. Placentas were considered with flammationThe aim ofare this associated study was with describe different the grossly histological and clini fea- thesene, as histologicalinflammatory features
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