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Placentitis in Horses — a Major Cause of Late Term Foetal Loss — Placentitis in Horses — A Major Cause of Late Term Foetal Loss — RIRDC Publication No. 10/156 RIRDCInnovation for rural Australia Placentitis in Horses A Major Cause of Late Term Foetal Loss by Joan Barbara Carrick October 2010 RIRDC Publication No. 10/156 RIRDC Project No. PRJ-000744 © 2010 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-075-7 ISSN 1440-6845 Placentitis in Horses: A Major Cause of Late-term Foetal Loss Publication No. 10/156 Project No. PRJ-000744 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the RIRDC Publications Manager on phone 02 6271 4165. Researcher Contact Details Joan Barbara Carrick Scone Veterinary Hospital 106 Liverpool Street Scone NSW 2337 Phone: 02 6454 1333 Fax: 02 6545 2903 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Electronically published by RIRDC in October 2010 Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au or phone 1300 634 313 ii Foreword Foetal losses and intensive care of critically ill neonates cost the horse industry an estimated $10 million to $20 million each year. Placentitis or inflammation of the placenta is most often caused by infection. A major problem for horse breeders is that in many cases, placental pathology presents no clinical signs until the condition is so far advanced that effective treatment is difficult and frequently inadequate. Hence, placentitis is an extremely difficult condition to prevent and treat, primarily due to lack of knowledge about the development and progression of the condition. Improved understanding of the incidence and development of placentitis is critical, so that appropriate monitoring and prevention programs can be initiated in order to reduce the significant economic losses to the industry. This study clearly demonstrates that detailed placental and foetal ultrasound examinations of broodmares in the field can be readily accomplished. Utilisation of the information collected to direct treatment of the mares resulted in an increase in the number of healthy foals produced by mares with a previous history of abortion or premature labor. This technology allows the early identification of brood mares that are at risk of pregnancy loss or delivery of a compromised foal so that early treatment can be initiated. In addition, the early initiation of treatment in this study dramatically improved neonatal foal health and survival. During the past three breeding seasons, many progressive thoroughbred breeders who participated in this research or were aware of the program have initiated proactive ultrasound monitoring of mares with a poor breeding history or of extremely high value. Widespread adoption of the program by horse breeders will significantly reduce reproductive wastage in the equine breeding industry. This project was funded by industry contributions which were matched by funds from the Australian government through RIRDC. This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications and it forms part of our Horse R&D program, which aims to assist in developing the Australian horse industry and enhancing its export potential. Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii Acknowledgments The assistance and support from owners, managers and staff at the thoroughbred brood mare farms involved in the project is gratefully acknowledged. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance from the staff at Scone Veterinary Hospital, particularly, Dr Cameron Collins who convinced his clients to participate in the study, and Drs David O’Meara and Chris Quinn who examined numerous placentas. The assistance of Dr Angela Begg who assessed the histopathology of the placental samples is greatly appreciated. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance of Dr Arron Hodder and Dr Catherine Chicken who reviewed this report. Abbreviations CUPT Combined Utero-Placental Thickness cm Centimetres mm Millimetres ml Millilitres ng Nanograms mmol Milimoles TMPS Potentiated Sulphonamide Antibiotic iv Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ vii Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Assessment and Treatment of the High Risk Pregnant Mare. .......................................................... 2 Treatment .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Prevention Monitoring Program ....................................................................................................... 4 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 6 Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Mare Selection .................................................................................................................................. 7 Ultrasound Examination ................................................................................................................... 7 Foal Health and Placental Assessment ............................................................................................. 9 Mare Treatment................................................................................................................................. 9 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 9 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 11 Mare Treatment............................................................................................................................... 11 Foal Health Outcomes from High Risk and Normal Mares ........................................................... 11 Placental Pathology of High Risk and Normal Mares .................................................................... 13 Placental Pathology and Neonatal Foal Health .............................................................................. 14 Ultrasound Parameters of High Risk and Normal Mares ............................................................... 17 Ultrasound Parameters Associated with Gestational Age and Treatment ...................................... 19 Ultrasound Parameters Associated with Foal Health and Placental Pathology .............................. 21 Incidence of Abnormal Scans and Placental Pathology ................................................................. 23 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 26 Overall Objectives
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