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For: the Principal, Teachers, Titikaveka College Parents and Teachers Association (PTA) Committee Kia Orana

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For: the Principal, Teachers, Titikaveka College Parents and Teachers Association (PTA) Committee Kia Orana http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz ResearchSpace@Auckland Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: • Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. • Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of this thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. • You will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from their thesis. To request permissions please use the Feedback form on our webpage. http://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/feedback General copyright and disclaimer In addition to the above conditions, authors give their consent for the digital copy of their work to be used subject to the conditions specified on the Library Thesis Consent Form and Deposit Licence. INVESTING IN OUR YOUNG PEOPLE: AKAUPOKOTUANGA I TA TATOU MAPU NO TE AU TUATAU KI MUA NETI OKOTAI TAMARUA HERMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social and Community Health, University of Auckland 2013 ABSTRACT Although most young people engage in positive life activities and become healthy adults, some become involved in risky behaviours. This has long been a concern for families, health professionals, policy makers and academics. Despite considerable research and the construction of a range of theories and interventions very little research has been done about young people in the Pacific, including in the Cook Islands where this thesis is based. The aim of this study is to address concerns about young people by developing a health promotion model in a Cook Islands context for young people in the Vaka Takitumu, a specific district of Rarotonga, and to contribute to scholarly debates on youth development. As a key step in developing this model, my research examined the health and wellbeing experiences of young people in the Cook Islands within a socio-ecological framework. This was guided by Community Based Participatory Research and Participatory Action Research approaches. This investigation explored the health behaviours of young people and how cultural identity, spiritual and health beliefs, and social networks impact on these behaviours. A community assessment was conducted with twelve focus group interviews, twenty key stakeholder interviews, and twenty key informant interviews, to examine concepts of health, the positive contributions by young people to themselves, their families and their communities; the issues and concerns faced by young people; and strategies for solving or minimising the impact of the issues and concerns identified by the participants. The results of this step suggested that a new paradigm using the Pu Ara Model which depicts a “health promotion” and “positive youth development” approach was powerful in the Cook Islands context. Young people voiced their need to be part of the big picture and to be part of the solution. The Pu Ara model emphasise strength-based and positive development outcomes. Young people need to belong, and be connected to family and communities to thrive. They also need to be empowered, have a voice, and learn the competencies and leadership skills to prepare them for adulthood, so they can engage and participate in meaningful activities and decision making, take responsibility for their actions and actively participate in civic discourse. This reflects a major shift in thinking in the Cook Islands, in that adults need to work in close partnership with young people in iii providing opportunities, learning experiences, and support. Ultimately, the implementation of the model needs a multi-sectoral collaborative effort by everyone, including young people, in the community. Keywords: Young people, community, health, wellbeing, health promotion, positive youth development, Pacific, Cook Islands, Vaka Takitumu. iv DEDICATION I wish to dedicate this thesis firstly to my husband Dr.Tamarua Teariki Herman. Thank you very much for all your love, understanding and encouragement for me throughout this most challenging journey. I truly value and appreciate all that you have done for me, and also for taking care of our children, grandchildren and especially my mother. Thank you for your patience and support. To my Mother Tuainekore Arapai Okotai Kairua, thank you for your continuous words of encouragement to study hard from the day I first started school in Manihiki to the end of this PhD journey in Aotearoa New Zealand. I have always treasured your words of encouragement and have instilled them into my children too. I hope I have made you proud in achieving this degree. Finally, I especially wish to dedicate this thesis to the memory of my late Father Okotai Adama Kairua. I honour you with this thesis knowing that your encouragement for me to continue with studying as much as I possibly can, has finally fulfilled my goal and your dream in achieving this doctorate degree. My only regret though is that you are not here to witness and celebrate this special occasion with our families. Nevertheless, you will always be remembered and treasured by all your children, grand, and great grandchildren especially every time our families get together. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research journey has been an enriching and rewarding experience. However I would not have been able to complete this without the assistance and support of many people. So first and foremost I want to thank several people in Rarotonga especially in Vaka Takitumu for without you all, this thesis would have been just a dream. In particular I would like to thank the “Pu Ara o Takitumu,” Pa Tepaeru Teariki Upokotini Marie Ariki, Kainuku Kapiri-te-Rangi Ariki, and the Ui Mataiapo in particular Raina Mataiapo, Mokare Mataiapo, Kautai Mataiapo, Maoate Mataiapo and Taraare Mataiapo for your assistance and support for my research. I especially want to pay tribute to the late Te Tika Mataiapo Dorice Reid who shared with me her cultural knowledge, passion and enthusiasm in helping our young people attain better health and future. I also want to pay special tribute to the late Professor Papa Ron Crocombe who provided mental and psychological mentoring for me to keep on and continue with my doctoral odyssey. I especially want to thank all those key stakeholders and young people in Vaka Takitumu and Titikaveka College, and the key informants from other areas in Rarotonga who participated in this research, meitaki maata for your willingness to sharing your views, ideas and stories with me. Most importantly this thesis would have been virtually impossible without the help, support and expert guidance of my two dedicated and professional Supervisors Dr Jennifer Hand of the Department of Social and community Health, and Associate Professor Julie Park from the Department of Anthropology. I was very lucky to have had you two as my Supervisors, and I am truly indebted to you both for taking me as your student through this most challenging but rewarding academic journey. Your individual and joint knowledge, encouragement, enthusiasm, and cultural understanding and belief in me, is instrumental and that is what kept me going in producing this thesis. I could not have asked for better mentors and friends, so thank you and meitaki maata Jennifer and Julie. This thesis would not have been completed without sufficient funding. Therefore I would like to acknowledge the Health Research Council of New Zealand for giving me the financial support of a Pacific Islands Postgraduate scholarship to complete this thesis. I would also like to thank former HRC Pacific Health Project Managers Dr Ngamau Wichman-Tou who introduced me to the HRC Pacific Health Scholarship Scheme, and Everdina Fuli who kept me informed of HRC developments relevant to my scholarship. To vii the current Pacific Manager Dr Nuhisifa Seve-Williams, thank you also for providing guidance and assistance with HRC financing protocols. A special thank you also to the Le Va Scholarship Scheme who provided funding for one year of my thesis programme. I also want to acknowledge my cultural advisors who are Cook Islands traditional leaders and Orators who have contributed to the cultural aspects of my thesis. In the Cook Islands, thank you to Raina Mataiapo Papa Tuti Taringa, and Mokare Mataioapo Papa Motu Kora who provided me with the cultural heritage and meanings of the Pu Ara o Takitumu and other important stories about Vaka Takitumu. Thank you also to Makiuti Tongia for your guidance and interpretations of some Cook Islands terms, and also for the interesting news update via your most informative ‘karere.’ A special meitaki maata to Mrs Henrica Wilson Ben for providing the translation of the title to my thesis. I also value the cultural contributions by some cultural experts who are living in Auckland. Firstly I would like to pay tribute to the late Papa Rangi Moekaa, who assisted with certain Cook Island Maori Translations in my thesis. Many thanks also goes to Papa Tere Tarapu and his wife Mama Mii for the poem about the Mapu of Vaka Takitumu. Thank you also to Tepoave Raitia, Sadaraka Puroku and Maitu Karora Wichman for your cultural advice on certain cultural words and customs that I did not fully understand. Meitaki maata kia kotou to tatou au Tumu
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