DOCSLIB.ORG

Crimes Against Humanity Under Communist Regimes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Klas-Göran Karlsson and Michael Schoenhals Crimes against humanity under communist regimes Research review ISBN: 978-91-977487-2-8 Crimes against humanity under communist regimes Research review Klas-Göran Karlsson and Michael Schoenhals. ISBN: 978-91-977487-2-8 Crimes against humanity under communist regimes. Research review. Forum for Living History 2008. Authors: Klas-Göran Karlsson and Michael Schoenhals. Layout: Hampus Brynolf Print: Edita, 2008 Forum for Living History Box 2123 103 13 Stockholm [email protected] www.levandehistoria.se ISBN: 978-91-977487-2-8 © Forum för levande historia 2008 CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 A totalitarian platform 60 INTRODUCTION 4 A reception history platform 63 Terms 5 The People’s Republic of China 67 Terms of reference 6 Consolidation of the regime (1949- New trends in research – three analytical 1953): ‘Suppression of perspectives 8 counterrevolution’ 68 RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION 9 The hunt for ‘internal enemies’ and Soviet communist criminal history 9 ‘rightists’ (1954-1958) 73 The Red Terror 10 The ‘Great Leap Forward’ (1958-1961) 76 Dekulakisation 12 ‘The Great Proletarian Cultural The terror famine 13 Revolution’ (1966-1976) 81 Gulag 14 CAMBODIA 88 The Great Terror 15 Criminal history of Cambodia 88 The ‘punished peoples’ 18 Background 89 Anticosmopolitanism 19 Mass violence and its mechanisms 90 Sources and archives 20 The old against the new, rural against Four paths to knowledge 22 urban, utopia against history 92 Conquest 23 Ethnicity and race 93 The source and archive revolution 24 The end – and the beginning 93 The academic debate 26 Sources and archives 94 The three paradigms 26 The academic debate 95 Totalitarianism 27 A totalitarian regime 95 Research practice 28 A peasants’ revolution 97 Revisionism 29 A genocidal society 98 Research practice 31 History and culture 99 Postrevisionism 33 Reception history 102 Contradictions and paradoxes 36 SUMMARY 103 Victim studies and microhistories 38 The official history and the scientific The cultural change 41 interpretation patterns 104 Memories of the terror – reception Paradigm shifts 107 history perspective 44 Future research 110 Paradigms and transitions 46 Comparing communism and Nazism 48 Difficult questions and limited research 49 Good and bad intentions? 50 Three comparative perspectives 54 A historical platform 56 INTRODUCTION Klas-Göran Karlsson This report is an analysis of research carried out on of how they are manifested in leading academic crimes against humanity perpetrated by communist works. Bearing in mind the controversial nature of regimes. Michael Schoenhals is responsible for the the area of research, issues relating to the sociology section on research on the Chinese regime’s crimes and politics of science cannot be omitted from the against humanity. Klas-Göran Karlsson wrote the analyses. other sections. The report has been drawn up for the Forum for Living History, which in turn has been The research review is organised as follows: After this tasked by the government with ‘elucidating and introduction, there is an analysis of the terms that informing on communism’s crimes against humanity’. may arise and that have been used in research to The report is not only meant to document the classify the crimes of the communist regimes: terror development and front lines of research. It should also and genocide are discussed as well as crimes against function as a basis for a more extensive and outward- humanity. This is followed by a discussion of the focused information initiative from the Forum. terms of reference that are both necessary and Furthermore it should, as noted in the guidelines, desirable in a scientific study of this nature. One ‘analyse the need for additional and advanced research important issue here is that of which regimes and and, if necessary, initiate such research’. In terms of countries should be placed in the focus of the need for research, the final section points out historiographical analysis. Other terms of reference areas that have not been researched in depth and that relate to the chronological scope of the review, its have the potential to offer new knowledge and thematic scope, and its comparative perspective. Thus perspectives. However, the initiation of such research far, the question of comparative perspective has is outside the reasonable remit of a report writer. primarily concerned the sensitive issue of the extent to which the criminal histories of the Nazi and Soviet This research review does not claim to list all research communist regimes can and should be compared. on the communist regimes’ crimes against humanity. Bearing in mind the large number of books written The research review will then focus on the crimes on Soviet communism in particular, and on the terror against humanity committed by three communist of the last decade in the West and in post-Soviet regimes – the Soviet Union, China and Cambodia. Eastern Europe, this would be an impossible task. Each country and each criminal history is discussed Rather, its purpose is to identify and analyse the main individually. Introductory sections will describe the lines of research as they have appeared and been actual crimes committed and identify perpetrator developed, primarily in the leading academic groups and institutions as well as categories of publications of recent decades. These publications victims. The underlying circumstances and have mostly been written by historians, but also by mechanisms of the crimes will also be analysed. representatives of other humanities and social science Within this chronological context, the most disciplines, and in some cases also by authors and important research problems and areas of conflict will other intellectuals with no direct link to the academic be pointed out. Following short reports of the community. The review will include publications in situation in terms of access to relevant documentation the Scandinavian languages, English, French, and source material, there will be detailed analyses of German, Russian and Chinese. A research review the research carried out and research in progress on th such as this must make mention of some of the the crimes against humanity perpetrated in the 20 fundamental questions of scientific and historical century by the communist regimes selected. The key theory on the nature of scientific knowledge and on themes of each criminal history, as presented in the the driving forces of history, not as a goal in itself, but most prominent national and international research placing these questions in their historiographical and literature, will be exposed and analysed. On the analytical context. One idea is for these main outlines matter of Soviet terror – undoubtedly the most to be illustrated empirically, through concrete analyses extensive and well-developed area of research – it is possible to identify three well-defined schools of to the ideology have used it as a source of ideas that thought or paradigms, which correspond to different dress historical events as ‘objectively’ regulated by law, conditions in terms of societal development, which means that ‘victims’ along the way towards the development of scientific theory, and access to ideal communist society can be viewed as both relevant source material. It is also justifiable to devote necessary and legitimate. particular attention to the crimes of the Soviet communist regime, as the crimes of the Russian The term ‘crimes against humanity’, used in the Bolshevik and Soviet communist regime came first formulation of the title of this review, has been in use and as such, were the most ‘original’. The section on for a hundred years and is used in international legal the Soviet Union will also cover how research has and political discourse to describe the Young Turk tackled issues relating to the relationship between, on government’s brutal treatment of its Armenian one side, Stalin, Stalinist communism and the Gulag, subjects during the First World War in the declining and on the other side, Hitler, Nazism and Auschwitz. Ottoman Empire. It was codified for the first time As such, the classic debate on totalitarianism will be thirty years later, in the statute that formed the legal reviewed, and new research efforts on totalitarian ground for the International Military Tribunal in societies will be presented. A reception historical Nuremberg following the Second World War, and perspective will also be laid out: How have the was then broadly defined as ‘murder, extermination, societies affected by large-scale crimes against their enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts own citizens been affected by these crimes? How have committed against civilian populations, before or they dealt with them with the benefit of hindsight? during the war; or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds…’. This definition is very similar to In the final chapter, the analytical threads are drawn the one in the 1998 Rome Statute, the treaty that has together. The summary serves as a background for regulated the International Criminal Court (ICC) reflection on weaknesses and shortcomings in the since 20021. research carried out so far, and for a number of personal wishes for research in this area, which could This broad definition has the advantage in this realistically be carried out by the Swedish academic context that it covers all the widely varying types of community. inhumane actions carried out by communist regimes against their own people, and the various underlying Terms
Recommended publications
  • Exorcising Stalin's Ghost

    Exorcising Stalin's Ghost

    TURNING BACK TOTALITARIANISM: Exorcising Stalin’s Ghost Matthew R. Newton The Evergreen State College N e w t o n | 1 "During times of universal deceit, telling the truth becomes a revolutionary act." --George Orwell The death of Joseph Stalin left the Soviet Union in a state of dynastic confusion, and the most repressive elements of the society he established remained. After Nikita Khrushchev secured power in the mid-1950s, he embarked on a campaign to vanquish these elements. While boldly denouncing Stalin’s cult of personality and individual authority in his ‘Secret Speech’ of 1956, he failed to address the problems of a system that allowed Stalin to take power and empowered legions of Stalin-enablers. Khrushchev’s problem was complex in that he wanted to appease the entire Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1956 and yet legitimize his position of power. The level of embeddedness of Stalinism in the Soviet Union was the biggest obstacle for Khrushchev. Characterized with the “permanent” infrastructure of the Soviet Union, Stalin’s autocratic rule was intertwined with virtually all aspects of Soviet life. These aspects can be broken down into four elements: Stalin’s status as an absolute champion of Communism, and his cult of personality; the enormous amount of propaganda in all forms that underlined Stalin as the “protector” of the Soviet Union during threat and impact of foreign war, and the censorship of any content that was not aligned with this mindset; the necessity and place of the Gulag prison camp in the Soviet economy, and how it sustained itself; and the transformation of Soviet society into something horrifically uniform and populated with citizens whom were universally fearful of arrest and arbitrary repression.
  • I Was First Assigned to the American Embassy in Moscow in 1961

    I Was First Assigned to the American Embassy in Moscow in 1961

    Remembering Vasya Aksyonov With Bella Akhmadulina and Vasily Aksyonov Photo by Rebecca Matlock I was first assigned to the American Embassy in Moscow in 1961. This was when the “Generation of the Sixties” (шестидесятники) was beginning to rise in prominence. It was an exciting development for those of us who admired Russian literature and were appalled at the crushing of creativity brought on by Stalin’s enforced “socialist realism.” I read Vasya’s Starry Ticket with great interest, particularly since it seemed to deal with the same theme as the American writer J.D. Salinger did in his The Catcher in the Rye—a disaffected adolescent who runs away from humdrum reality to what he imagines will be a more glamorous life elsewhere. I then began to follow the stories Vasya published in Yunost’. “Oranges from Morocco” was one that impressed me. Much later, he told me that the story was inspired by an experience while he was in school in Magadan. The original title had been “Oranges from Israel.” He was instructed to replace Israel with Morocco in the title after the Soviet Union broke relations with Israel following the 1967 war. Although I was a young diplomat not much older than Vasya, my academic specialty had been Russian literature and I was eager to meet as many Soviet writers as possible. In fact, one of the reasons I entered the American Foreign Service was because it seemed, while Stalin was still alive, one of the few ways an American could live for a time in the Soviet Union and thus have direct contact with Russian culture.
  • Annual Report 2018

    Annual Report 2018

    2018Annual Report Annual Report July 1, 2017–June 30, 2018 Council on Foreign Relations 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065 tel 212.434.9400 1777 F Street, NW, Washington, DC 20006 tel 202.509.8400 www.cfr.org [email protected] OFFICERS DIRECTORS David M. Rubenstein Term Expiring 2019 Term Expiring 2022 Chairman David G. Bradley Sylvia Mathews Burwell Blair Effron Blair Effron Ash Carter Vice Chairman Susan Hockfield James P. Gorman Jami Miscik Donna J. Hrinak Laurene Powell Jobs Vice Chairman James G. Stavridis David M. Rubenstein Richard N. Haass Vin Weber Margaret G. Warner President Daniel H. Yergin Fareed Zakaria Keith Olson Term Expiring 2020 Term Expiring 2023 Executive Vice President, John P. Abizaid Kenneth I. Chenault Chief Financial Officer, and Treasurer Mary McInnis Boies Laurence D. Fink James M. Lindsay Timothy F. Geithner Stephen C. Freidheim Senior Vice President, Director of Studies, Stephen J. Hadley Margaret (Peggy) Hamburg and Maurice R. Greenberg Chair James Manyika Charles Phillips Jami Miscik Cecilia Elena Rouse Nancy D. Bodurtha Richard L. Plepler Frances Fragos Townsend Vice President, Meetings and Membership Term Expiring 2021 Irina A. Faskianos Vice President, National Program Tony Coles Richard N. Haass, ex officio and Outreach David M. Cote Steven A. Denning Suzanne E. Helm William H. McRaven Vice President, Philanthropy and Janet A. Napolitano Corporate Relations Eduardo J. Padrón Jan Mowder Hughes John Paulson Vice President, Human Resources and Administration Caroline Netchvolodoff OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, Vice President, Education EMERITUS & HONORARY Shannon K. O’Neil Madeleine K. Albright Maurice R. Greenberg Vice President and Deputy Director of Studies Director Emerita Honorary Vice Chairman Lisa Shields Martin S.
  • State-Sponsored Violence in the Soviet Union: Skeletal Trauma and Burial Organization in a Post-World War Ii Lithuanian Sample

    State-Sponsored Violence in the Soviet Union: Skeletal Trauma and Burial Organization in a Post-World War Ii Lithuanian Sample

    STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE IN THE SOVIET UNION: SKELETAL TRAUMA AND BURIAL ORGANIZATION IN A POST-WORLD WAR II LITHUANIAN SAMPLE By Catherine Elizabeth Bird A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Anthropology- Doctor of Philosophy 2013 ABSTRACT STATE-SPONSORED VIOLENCE IN THE SOVIET UNION: SKELETAL TRAUMA AND BURIAL ORGANIZATION IN A POST WORLD WAR II LITHUANIAN SAMPLE By Catherine Elizabeth Bird The Stalinist period represented one of the worst eras of human rights abuse in the Soviet Union. This dissertation investigates both the victims and perpetrators of violence in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist period through a site specific and regional evaluation of burial treatment and perimortem trauma. Specifically, it compares burial treatment and perimortem trauma in a sample (n = 155) of prisoners executed in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (L.S.S.R.) by the Soviet security apparatus from 1944 to 1947, known as the Tuskulenai case. Skeletal and mortuary variables are compared both over time and between security personnel in the Tuskulenai case. However, the Tuskulenai case does not represent an isolated event. Numerous other sites of state-sponsored violence are well known. In order to understand the temporal and geographical distribution of Soviet violence, this study subsequently compares burial treatment and perimortem trauma observed in the Tuskulenai case to data published in site reports for three other cases of Soviet state-sponsored violence (Vinnytsia, Katyn, and Rainiai). This dissertation discusses state-sponsored violence in the Soviet Union in the context of social and political theory advocated by Max Weber and within a principal-agent framework.
  • 20Th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015

    20Th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015

    IPE International Perspectives 74 in Adult Education 20th Century Mass Graves Proceedings of the International Conference Tbilisi, Georgia, 15 to 17 October 2015 Matthias Klingenberg / Arne Segelke (Editors) International Perspectives in Adult Education – IPE 74 The reports, studies and materials published in this series aim to further the develop- ment of theory and practice in adult education. We hope that by providing access to information and a channel for communication and exchange, the series will serve to increase knowledge, deepen insights and improve cooperation in adult education at international level. © DVV International 2016 Publisher: DVV International Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes e. V. Obere Wilhelmstraße 32, 53225 Bonn, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)228 97569 - 0 / Fax: +49 (0)228 97569 - 55 [email protected] / www.dvv-international.de DVV International is the Institute for International Cooperation of the Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e. V. (DVV), the German Adult Education Association. As the leading professional organisation in the field of Adult Education and development cooperation, DVV International provides worldwide support for the establishment and development of sustainable structures for Youth and Adult Education. Responsible: Christoph Jost Editors: Matthias Klingenberg/Arne Segelke Managing Editor: Gisela Waschek Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the publisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The publisher asks to be provided with copies of any such reproductions. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National­­ bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available at http://dnb.ddb.de ISBN: 978-3-942755-31-3 Corporate design: Deutscher Volkshochschul-Verband e.V.
  • Fourteenth Annual University of California Undergraduate Research Conference on Slavic and East/Central European Studies

    Fourteenth Annual University of California Undergraduate Research Conference on Slavic and East/Central European Studies

    FOURTEENTH ANNUAL UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH CONFERENCE ON SLAVIC AND EAST/CENTRAL EUROPEAN STUDIES APRIL 30, 2011 UCLA Jonathan Blaisdell [email protected] Majors: Russian Studies, Political Sciences, Central and East European Languages and Cultures Minor: North African and Middle Eastern Studies, UCLA “The Threat of Russian Disintegration” One major concern for Russia during the early 1990’s was a looming fear of massive territorial fragmentation and erosion of power. Moscow was presenting itself as being incapable of governing effectively and many regions within the Russian Federation felt disinclined to hand over their tax revenues to the central budget. Many regional leaders proclaimed a reluctance to invest in what seemed to be shaping into another failed Russian central authority. President Yeltsin found himself dealing with a very real and fragile situation, which could have easily ended in the complete disintegration of the Russian Federation. In modern Russia, Putin has moved towards a more centralized, authoritarian regime. However, the establishment of a “power vertical” has not been a cure-all remedy against the possible disintegration of the modern Russian state. Through a deeper analysis of Yeltsin’s and Putin’s regimes, this paper will challenge modern concerns of disaggregation of the existing Russian political system. Nadya Dorsht [email protected] Major: Russian Studies, UCLA “The Russian Energy State: An Economic and Legal Assessment” After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation was no longer the bastion of a superpower the world once feared. Plagued by economic troubles, ethnic movements, and mass immigration, Russia was to experience a myriad of phenomena, some novel and others perpetuated from the former regime, that would dictate Russia’s political and business landscape !1 for the next two decades.
  • The Russian Legitimation Formula - 1991-2000

    The Russian Legitimation Formula - 1991-2000

    THE RUSSIAN LEGITIMATION FORMULA - 1991-2000 Carolina Vendil The Government Department LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Thesis submitted for PhD degree Supervisor: Professor Dominic Lieven Advisor: Professor Rodney Barker - 1 - UMI Number: U174000 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U174000 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ti-f£$£ IP ^6^771 Abstract The Russian legitimation formula contains the arguments the Russian leadership advanced to promote its state-building project between 1991 and 2000. The period of investigation coincides with Yeltsin’s presidency. The focus is on how the legitimation rhetoric was adjusted both to changing circumstances over time and to three main audiences: the Russian domestic population, the Russian domestic elites and the international community. In order to analyse the contents of the legitimation formula a framework was developed which divided the different arguments used by the Russian leadership into six main categories (democratic, national, charismatic, eudaemonic, external and negative arguments). The material selected for analysis had to relate to basic features of statehood.
  • 740-01 Jones

    740-01 Jones

    Spring 2018: History 740 T 6:30-9:20 MHRA 3204 Selected Topics in European History: Readings in Soviet History Instructor: Jeff Jones [email protected] Office: 2139 MHRA Phone: 334-4068 Office Hours: T 1:00-2; W 2:00-3:30; Th. 9:30-10:30 and by appointment Course Description This course is a graduate-level reading seminar on the historiography of the Soviet period from the Revolutionary/Civil War period, through the 1920s, the Stalin period (1928- 1953), and the era of Khrushchev’s reforms (1956-1964) to the stagnation of the Brezhnev years (late 1970s/early 1980s), the Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989), and the collapse of the USSR in late 1991. Specifically, the course is divided into three sections: Revolution/Civil War/Stalinism; The Great Fatherland War & After; and The Post-Stalin Period. The course mixes some classic titles from the field with recent scholarly research focusing on several different themes with a wide variety of methodologies, theories, and approaches to history. Student Learning Outcomes Upon successful completion of this course students will be able to: Identify and thoughtfully discuss some of the key issues of debate in Soviet history; Critically appraise varying historical arguments and formulate their own interpretations; Critically read and distinguish between different methodologies and “read between the lines” of differing points of view; Participate in a respectful and thoughtful manner in discussions of a variety of topics; Apply principles and generalizations learned in this class to other problems and situations. Course Activities Participation 20% 4 Book Reviews (2-3 pages; 12-point font; double-spaced) 10% each Historiographical/Research Essay (18-22 pages; 12-point font; double-spaced) 30% Oral Presentation 10% Participation In a small, discussion-based seminar of this nature class participation is crucial.
  • Death at KATYN

    Death at KATYN

    ) ' ..... 1 IJ DEATH AT- KATYN DEAtH AT KATYN Published by NATIONAL COMMITTEE of AMERICANS of POLISH DESCENT 105 EAST 22ND STREET NEW YORK, N. Y. Printed in U.S.A. I THE GRAYES OF KATYN The wooded region lying around Kosgory. near Smo­ MAGNA EST VERITAS ET PRAEVALEBIT lensk, j.s known to the local population as the Katyn This bookl~t is composed of two parts. The first is a Forest. Today this forest-land in one vast cemetery. In mass graves, piled systematically layer on layer, lie the resume of all the facts so far available which bear on the bodies of thousands of Polish officers captured by the massacre of thousands of officers, flower of the Polish Soviet Army in the autumn of 1939. More than 3,000 of Army, whose murdered bodies were found lying in mass these bodies have already been disinterred, and there is graves near Smolensk, in the spring of 1943. The second reason to believe that the total number may exceed section is the personal narrative of a P'blish officer who 8,000. These men who, as prisoners of war, wer.e under by good fortune escaped the fate of his comrades-in-arms. the protection of the provisions of the Hague Conven­ tion and of the enactments of the Geneva agreements, The Publishers. were murdered in cold blood. one by one, by a single shot accurately fired into the base of the skull. Who Murdered The Polish Officers? For more than a year the question of who is responsible for this mass murder at Katyn has been the subject of controversy in the press of the world.
  • The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: an International Legal Study, 45 Case W

    The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: an International Legal Study, 45 Case W

    Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 | Issue 3 2012 The rC ime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Karol Karski, The Crime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study, 45 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 703 (2013) Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Journals at Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law by an authorized administrator of Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Volume 45 Spring 2013 Issue 3 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During WWII: An International Legal Study Karol Karski Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law·Vol. 45·2013 The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles The Crime of Genocide Committed Against the Poles by the USSR Before and During World War II: An International Legal Study Karol Karski* The USSR’s genocidal activity against the Polish nation started before World War II. For instance, during the NKVD’s “Polish operation” of 1937 and 1938, the Communist regime exterminated about 85,000 Poles living at that time on the pre- war territory of the USSR.
  • New Security Architecture’ in Europe: a Critical Examination of the Concept

    New Security Architecture’ in Europe: a Critical Examination of the Concept

    Russia and its ‘New Security Architecture’ in Europe: A Critical Examination of the Concept CEPS Working Document No. 310/February 2009 Andrey S. Makarychev Abstract The paper first summarises Russia’s present critique of the international security architecture and its aspiration to build something new and better. The author then presents a matrix of four models of international society as a framework within which to try and discern what Russia may be seeking. While it is clear that Russia objects to one of these models, that of a unipolar US-led world, its current foreign policy discourse and actions offer no clear guidance as to what its aims are in this regard, as there are confusions and contradictions in the different elements of official Russian discourse. CEPS Working Documents are intended to give an indication of work being conducted within CEPS research programmes and to stimulate reactions from other experts in the field. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed are attributable only to the author in a personal capacity and not to any institution with which he is associated. ISBN 978-92-9079-852-1 Available for free downloading from the CEPS website (http://www.ceps.eu) © Centre for European Policy Studies, 2009 Contents Russia’s critique of the existing security architecture and the search for a new one .................... 1 Four models of international society............................................................................................. 4 Russia and the four models ........................................................................................................
  • Russian Civilization in the 20Th Century

    Russian Civilization in the 20Th Century

    General Education Course Information Sheet Please submit this sheet for each proposed course Department & Course Number Russian 90B Course Title Russian Civilization in the Twentieth Century Indicate if Seminar and/or Writing II course 1 Check the recommended GE foundation area(s) and subgroups(s) for this course Foundations of the Arts and Humanities • Literary and Cultural Analysis X • Philosophic and Linguistic Analysis • Visual and Performance Arts Analysis and Practice Foundations of Society and Culture • Historical Analysis • Social Analysis Foundations of Scientific Inquiry • Physical Science With Laboratory or Demonstration Component must be 5 units (or more) • Life Science With Laboratory or Demonstration Component must be 5 units (or more) 2. Briefly describe the rationale for assignment to foundation area(s) and subgroup(s) chosen. This course has been a GE in the above category since 1985 (first as Russian 99B, more recently as Russian 90B). When I started teaching it as a Writing II course, Russian 90BW, it remained a GE course. Unbeknownst to me, however, Russian 90B was dropped from the GE list. I did not discover this until last year, when because of reduced funding, I could not teach it as a Writing II course and offered it as Russian 90B. The content of Russian 90B and Russian 90BW is identical; only the writing assignments differ. All I am requesting is that Russian 90B be reinstated as a GE course. Because I will be teaching it in the spring, I would appreciate your acting on my request as soon as possible. 3. "List faculty member(s) who will serve as instructor (give academic rank): Michael Heim, Professor Do you intend to use graduate student instructors (TAs) in this course? Yes No X If yes, please indicate the number of TAs 4.