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Four New Species of Kinorhyncha from the Gulf of California, Eastern Pacific Ocean

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Four New Species of Kinorhyncha from the Gulf of California, Eastern Pacific Ocean 1 Zoologischer Anzeiger Archimer September 2019, Volume 282, Pages 140-160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2019.05.011 https://archimer.ifremer.fr https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00501/61246/ Four new species of Kinorhyncha from the Gulf of California, eastern Pacific Ocean Cepeda Diego 1, *, Álvarez-Castillo Lucia 2, Hermoso-Salazar Margarita 2, Sanchez Nuria 1, 3, Gomez Samuel 4, Pardos Fernando 1 1 Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. José Antonio Novais St. 12. 28040 Madrid (Spain) 2 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510 México, D.F., Mexico 3 Laboratoire Environnement Profond, Institut Français de Recherche pour, l’Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Centre Bretagne - ZI de la Pointe du Diable, CS 10070 - 29280 Plouzané (France) 4 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Mazatlán. Cap. Joel Montes Camarena, Cerro del Vigía. 82040 Mazatlán, Sin., Mexico * Corresponding author : Diego Cepeda, email address : [email protected] Abstract : Several meiofaunal samples from the central and lower Gulf of California were studied. Four new species of kinorhynchs, Cristaphyes fortis sp. nov., Higginsium mazatlanensis sp. nov., Cephalorhyncha teresae sp. nov. and Echinoderes xalkutaat sp. nov., are described herein. Cristaphyes fortis sp. nov. may be distinguished from its most similar congeners by its more strongly developed pachycycli and ball-and- socket joints and the presence of unpaired paradorsal setae on segments 2, 4 and 6, two pairs of ventrolateral setae on segment 5, one pair of ventrolateral setae on segments 2–4, 6–7 and 10, and one pair of ventromedial setae on segments 8–9. Higginsium mazatlanensis sp. nov. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the combined presence of subdorsal setae only on segment 1 and lateroventral setae only on even segments. Cephalorhyncha teresae sp. nov. is unique within the genus by the presence of acicular spines in middorsal position on segments 4, 6 and 8, in sublateral position on segment 7 and in lateroventral position on segments 8 and 9, as well as tubes in subdorsal position on segment 2, and in lateroventral position on segment 5. Moreover, this species has primary pectinate fringes of segments 2–7 bearing a tuft of elongated spinous projections in middorsal position, which is unique among its congeners. Echinoderes xalkutaat sp. nov. belongs to a group of Echinoderes characterized by possessing type 2 glandular cell outlets in subdorsal, laterodorsal, sublateral and ventrolateral positions on segment 2, together with middorsal spines on segments 4–8, lateroventral spines on segments 6–9 and lateroventral tubes on segment 5, but the arrangement of the remaining type 2 glandular cell outlets (in midlateral position on segment 5, in sublateral position on segment 8 and in laterodorsal position on segment 10) and the cuticular composition of segment 11 (one tergal and two sternal plates) allow its morphological differentiation. Keywords : Kinorhynchs, meiofauna, biodiversity, taxonomy, Pycnophyidae, Echinoderidae Please note that this is an author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available on the publisher Web site. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 57 58 1. Introduction 59 Kinorhynchs, commonly known as mud dragons, are marine, holobenthic, meiofaunal 60 invertebrates that inhabit the upper centimetres of the bottom sea sediments (Neuhaus, 61 2013; Sørensen and Pardos, 2008). Species of kinorhynchs are distributed worldwide, 62 and can be found from shallow waters to the deep sea (Neuhaus, 2013). Despite the 63 apparent ubiquity of the phylum, only a few regions have been extensively sampled, and 64 little is known about the true diversity and biogeography of these invertebrates (Grzelak 65 and Sørensen, 2018; Neuhaus, 2013). Meiofaunal organisms are essential for the 66 functioning of marine food webs and ecosystem (Gerlach, 1971; Hakenkamp and 67 Morin, 2001; Schmid-Araya et al. 2002; Schratzberger and Ingels, 2017). The current 68 lack of knowledge that hampers biodiversity estimations of meiofaunal taxa (Appeltans 69 et al. 2012; Mokievsky and Azovsky, 2002) leads to the need of further taxonomic 70 studies in order to improve our understanding of meiofaunal marine communities. 71 The Gulf of California represents an important gap in our knowledge on the 72 distribution of Kinorhyncha from the eastern Pacific. The upper gulf has been recently 73 studied by Álvarez-Castillo et al. (2015; MANUSCRIPT2018). They reported the kinorhynch 74 Fissuroderes thermoi Neuhaus and Blasche, 2006 and the presence of ten additional 75 unidentified kinorhynch species of the genus Echinoderes and the family Pycnophyidae. 76 However, the central and lower gulf has received little attention, and the kinorhynch 77 species composition of this part of the Gulf remains unexplored. The present 78 contribution increases our knowledge on the diversity of Kinorhyncha in the central and 79 lower Gulf of California with the description of two new Pycnophyidae and two new 80 Echinoderidae species. 81 82 2. Material andACCEPTED methods 83 Sediment samples were collected at two localities in the central Gulf of California and 84 one locality off Mazatlán, Sinaloa State, northwestern Mexico, lower gulf (Fig. 1; Table 85 1). 86 Samples from the central gulf were collected on February 11, 2007 during the 87 course of oceanographic cruise Talud X on board of R/V El Puma (Universidad 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 88 Nacional Autónoma de México). A sediment sample was collected at each station using 89 a box corer, from which three replicas were taken using an acrylic corer of 9.2 cm of 90 internal diameter and 19.5 cm long. The upper 3 cm layer of the sediment was 91 recovered and preserved in 96% ethanol. Specimens of Kinorhyncha were firstly 92 separated from the sediment particles and remaining meiofaunal organisms. Sample 93 “St15” is located at 1570 m depth and the sediment was mainly composed of mud 94 (sand: 4.49%, silt: 84.00%, clay: 11.96%) with a low content of organic matter (8.37%). 95 Sample “St18” is located at 1440 m depth and the sediment was also composed of mud 96 (sand: 17.20%, silt: 71.62%, clay: 11.19%) with a low content of organic matter too 97 (7.13%). 98 The sediment sample from Mazatlán was taken at a sampling station located 99 about 8.7 km south of Mazatlán on May 18, 2018 (sample “L3”). The sample was taken 100 with a meiobenthic dredge during the Workshop “Técnicas de muestreo, morfología, 101 taxonomía y análisis genético en meiofauna: Copépodos harpacticoides (Crustacea, 102 Copepoda) y Kinorrincos (Cephalorhyncha, Kinorhyncha) como modelos”, that took 103 place at the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología at Mazatlán. Sample “L3” is 104 located at 5 m depth and the sediment was mainly composed of sandy mud. Meiofaunal 105 organisms were separated from the sedimentMANUSCRIPT using the bubble-and-blot method 106 (Higgins, 1964), and kinorhynchs were preserved in 100% ethanol. 107 All the studied kinorhynch specimens were picked up under a Motic® SMZ-168 108 stereo zoom microscope with an Irwin loop and treated with a series of 25%, 50%, 75% 109 and 100% glycerin for light microscopy (LM). The specimens were mounted on glass 110 slides with Fluoromount G® sealed with Depex®. The specimens were studied and 111 photographed using an Olympus® BX51-P microscope equipped with differential 112 interference contrast (DIC) and an Olympus® DP-70 camera. Measurements were 113 obtained with Olympus cellSens® software. Line drawings and image plates were 114 prepared withACCEPTED Adobe® Photoshop CC-2014 and Illustrator CC-2014 software. 115 The type material was deposited in the collection of the Smithsonian National 116 Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington. 117 118 3. Results and discussion 4 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 119 Taxonomic account 120 Class Allomalorhagida Sørensen et al., 2015 121 Family Pycnophyidae Zelinka, 1896 122 Genus Cristaphyes Sánchez et al., 2016 123 3.1 Cristaphyes fortis sp. nov. 124 (Figs. 2–5 and Tables 2–3) 125 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1909D377-717B-4708-AA5F-176EA50569F8 126 3.1.1 Type material 127 Adult male holotype (USNM 1558492) collected on February 11, 2007 in the central 128 Gulf of California, eastern Pacific (St15): 27º42´00´´N, 111º38´00´´W; 1570 m depth; 129 mounted in Fluoromount G®. One adult male paratype (USNM 1558494) with same 130 collecting data as holotype, and two adult females paratypes (USNM 1558495- 131 1558496) collected on February 12, 2007 in the central Gulf of California, eastern 132 Pacific (St18): 27º09´08´´N, 111º39´57´´W; 1440 m depth; mounted in Fluoromount 133 G®. MANUSCRIPT 134 3.1.2 Diagnosis 135 Cristaphyes with middorsal processes on segments 2–10; process of segment 10 shorter 136 and thinner than previous ones. Unpaired paradorsal setae on segments 2, 4 and 6. 137 Paralateral seta on segment 1; laterodorsal setae on segments 2–9, although those of 138 segments 5–7 and 9 may be absent or only present on one side; lateroventral setae on 139 segments 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10; two pairs of ventrolateral setae on segment 5 and one pair on 140 segments 2–4, 6–7 and 10; paired ventromedial setae on segments 8–9. Pachycycli and 141 ball-and-socket joints strongly developed, thick and stout, distinctly visible on segments 142 2–10. ACCEPTED 143 3.1.3 Etymology 144 The specific epithet from the Latin “fortis”, strong or stout, refers to the markedly thick, 145 robust pachycycli and ball-and-socket joints of the new species. 146 3.1.4 Description 5 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 147 See Table 2 for measurements and dimensions, and Table 3 for summary of location of 148 cuticular processes, setae, glandular cell outlets, spines, nephridiopores and sensory 149 spots.
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