AGENTS FOR THE SALE OP MADRAS GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS.
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P. S. lt.ING &: SoN, o and 41 Great Smith Street, Westmlnoter, Lo~oJoa, S. w. Luuc &: Co., 46, Greac Russell Streec, London, W.C. B. QUARITCH, u, Gralcon Screet, New Bond Street, London, w. W. THACKER & Co., o, Creed Lue, London, E. C.
ON T.HE CONTINENT. ERNBST Laaoux, oB, Rue Bonaparte, Paris. MARTINUS NIJHOrr, The Hague, Holland. . MADRAS . DISTRICT. GAZETTEERS~
TANJORE
VQLUMEJ.
[3 sAillings 6 pent ~~------~- -1-----
1 ~0
TANJORE DISTRICT Scale of Miles
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Note.-The Cauvery and its branches have been for clearness' sake omitted. They are shown in the map of the dE--.-..:....._ .. ~ MADRAS DIS'"(RICT GAZETTEERS
BY F. R,, HEMINGWAY, I.C.S.,
EPIT&P BY W, FllANCIS, I;C,S.
MADRAS: REPRINTED HY THE SUPERINTENDENT, GOVERNMENT PRESS. .pREFACE
THIS Gazetteer of the Tanjore district has been prepared on a plan prescribed by Government according .to which statis tics have been relegated as. far as possible to a separate Appendix which is to be decennially revised. Under orders, the Arantangi division, which it is intended to separate from the district, has been excluded from consideration. The original ' District Manual,' written by Dfwan Baha dur T. Venkasvami Rao, was published in 1883. I desire to express my great obligations to that elaborate and accurate volume, which has been of very great service. . I have gratefully to acknowledge help· from many quarters. The account of the early history is based almost entirely on information supplied by Rai· Bahadur V. Ven kayya, M.A., the Government Epigraphist, whose kindness in reading and correcting my drafts and answering my questions I cannot too warmly acknowledge. The ~istrict officials have all given me their ready and cordial assistance, and so have many European and Indian resident.s of ·the district. In particular I desire to gratefully acknowledge the help I have received from the Rev. W. H. Blake, Mr. A. L. Morin, Mr. K. S. Srinivasa Pillai, Mr. T. M. Nallasvami Nayudu, Mr. C. T. H. Johnson, I.C.S., Mr. A. Banerji, I.C.S., Lt.-Col. Hakim, I. M.S., Mr. C. N. Subrahmanya Aiyar, Mr. H. S. Duncan, the Rev. A. H. Davey, Mr. B. W. B. T. Flemyng, Mr. F. Cardozo and Mr.. F .. D.P. Oldfield, I.C.S. All these gentlemen have generously placed at my disposal their personal experience as well as the records of their offices, and have materially assisted me in writing the Gazetteer. I must thank the Collector, Mr. R. F. Grimley, vi PREFACE. I.C.S., for placing his records at my disposal, and his Pers\.)nal Assistant, Mr. M. Arumugam Pillai, for the most constant and generous help in every way. I have also to thank Mr. E. Thurston, Mr. H. Moberly, I.C.S., Mr. C. Benson. Mr. A. Krishnaswami Aiyangar and Mr. L: Davidson, I.C.S., for reading the proofs and for many valuable suggestions.
F. R. H. PLAN OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGES I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION l-12 II. POLITICAL HisTORY ... 13-53 111. THE PEOPLE 54-90 IV. AGRICULTtraE .~ND IRRI.GATION ••• 91-113 V. FORESTS 114-115 VI. OCCUPATIONS AND TRADE 116-136 VII. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION 137-145 VIII. RAINF\LL AND SEASONS 146-153 IX. PUBLIC HEALTH. 154-159 X. EDUCATION x6o-166 Xi. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION 167-194 XII. SALT, ABKARI AND MISCELLANEOUS REVENU£ ••• 195-201 XIII. ADMINISTRATION OF jUSTICE 202-209 XIV. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT 210-214
XV. GAZETTEER Kumbak6nam Taluk 21S-U4 Mannar~udi Taluk us-uS Mayavaram Taluk 229-236 Nannilam Taluk 237-240 N egapatam Taluk 441-2.)0 Pattukk6ttai Taluk 251-253 Shiyali Taluk ... 254-260 Tanjore Taluk 261-280 Tirutturaippundi Taluk 281-284
XVI. KlRAIKKAL 285-291 -INVEX. TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION. PAGE GENERAL DESCRIPTION (page I)-Shape and boundaries-Taluks and chief towns (2)-Etymology of the name. NATURAL DIVISIONS-The delta The upland tracts (3)-The Vedaranniyam salt-swamp. HILLS· RIVERS -Cauvery and Coleroon-Their navigation-Islands and bridges (4) Floods-Fall and beds ··Other rivers-Sea ports. SCENERY (5)· SOILS. GEOLOGY (6)-Conformation of the delta-And of the upland tracts Action of the sea (7). MINERALs-Iron-Vallam stones-Building stone (8)-Lime-Miscellaneous. CLIMATE-Rainfall-Temperature - Humi· .Jity (9)-Winds. FLORA. FAUNA (10)-Agricultural cattle-Feeding of cattle-Cattle diseases (u)-Sheep and goats-Ponies-Wild animals Birds-Fish-Native hunting methods (12)-Snakes ... I-12
CHAPTER II. POLITICAL HISTORY. EARLY HISTORY (page 13)-Connection with the Ch6las-Early references to them (14)-The country at beginning of the Christian era-Karikal Ch6la and his successors, ut and 2nd centuries A.D. (16)-Pallava supremacy and pressure from Cbalukyas, 7th century (18)-Brief supremacy of the Ganga-Pallavas and rise of the Ch6las, 9th and 10th centuries (zo) Predecessors of Rajar&ja I., eire. 8~84 (21)-Conquests of R&jaraja I., 985-1013 (22)-His domestic rule (24)-His successors-Rajendra Ch6la I., 1011-44 (25)-Rajadhiraja ~eva I., 1018-53-Rajendra Deva, 1052-64 (26)-Vira Rajendra Deva, xo6z-6g-Usurpation of the Ch6la ~hrone by Kul6ttunga I., eire. 1073 (28)-His reign (29)-Relations with Pandyas and Ceylon (30)-Gradual decline of the Ch61as (31)-Subjection to Pandyas and Hoysalas (32)-Conquest of the south by Malik Kafur, 1310 (34) General character of the Ch6las. VIJAYANAGAR PERIOD (35)-conquest by Vijayanagar, eire. 134o-Achyuta Raya's invasion of the south, eire. I 532 (37)-0rigin of the Nayak dynasty, eire. 1549 (38)-Sevappa Nayak, 1549- 72-Achyutappa Nayak, 1572-16I4-Raghunatha Nayak, from 1614 (39)-The Nayaks become independent of Vijayanagar-But subject to • the Muham!JI&dans (40)-Last troubles and fall of the Nayaks, 1673-Their reigns reviewed (41). THE MAR.hHA DYNASTY-Usurpation by Venkiji, 1675-His relations with 5ivaji, Mysore and the Mogul empire-Subjection to the Moguls (42)-Relations with Triehinopoly and Ramnad-Succes. sors of Venkiji, x687-1735 (44)-Revolutions of 1735-39. EUROPEAN PERIOD (45)-First interference of the British, 1749-Relations of Chanda Sahib with Tanjore (46)-He attacks Tanjore, 1749 (47)-Tanjore allied with the British and Muhammad Ali-Besieged by the French, 17 58 (48) Disa.greements between the allies-Tanjore reduced by the English, 1771 (49)-Taken and given to the Nawab, 1773-The Raja restored I 11" TABLE OF CONTENTS.
under new conditions, 1776 (;o)-Tanjore devastated by Haidar, 1781- Disaster to Colonel Braithwaite (51)-New treaties between Tanjore and the Madras Government-The a.ccession of Sarabh6ji-He transfers the administration of Tanjore to the British, 1799 (5z)-The dynasty dies out, 1855-Its character ·
CHAPTER ill. THE PEOPLE. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (page 54)-Density of population-Its growth Parent tongue (55)-Education, etc. RELIGIONs-The Jains-The Christians-The Roman Catholic Mission (56)-The Danish Tranquebar Mission (57)-The S.P.C.K. and S.P.G. (58)-The Leipzig: Evangelical Lutheran Mission (59)-The Wesleyan Mission-General characteristics of Christians·-Muhammadans (6o). THE HINDUS (6I)-Introductory Villages and houses-Dress (6z)-Tattooing (64}--Food-Amusements (65)-Superstitions (66). RELIGIOUS LIFE (67)-Position of Br.ihmans Village deities and devils (68)-Worship of trees (70)-Worship of snakes -Worship of cattle, earth and water-Festivals and large temples (71) -Vows-Religious factions (7z)-Maths. SociAL LIFE-Marriage cere- monies (73)-Funeral ceremonies (75). PRINCIPAL CASTES (77). TAMIL BR~HMANS (78)-Sub-divisions-Caste customs (8o)-General characteristics (81). OTHER C\STEs-Vellalans-Pallis or Vanniyans (8z)-Kallans (83)-McHakkarans (85)-Karaiyans (86)-N6kkans (87)- Valaiyans-'-Paraiyans (88)-Pallans (89) 54-90
CHAPTER IV.· AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION. PADDY CuLTIVATION (page 91)-Its importance-Seasons-Kinds of paddy (9z)-Unusual conditions of paddy cultivation (93}--Paddy sometimes not irrigated (95)-Sometimes sown broadcast-Advantages of transplan tation-Methods when paddy is· sown (96)-Pjeparati->n of seed-beds Preparation of fields (97)-Transplantation and care of crop (g8)-Second crop cultivation l99)-0ther wet crops. DRY CULTIVATION-Important crops-Methods-Padugai lands (100). MISCELLANEous-Agricultural implements-An agricultural institution in Tanjore (IOI)-Manure, its use and kinds-Threshing and storing grain (103). IRRIGATION-The Cauvery-Regulation between Cauvery and Coleroon (104}--Regu lation of water between main branches of Cauvery (106)-Irrigation from Coleroon-Distribution of water in delta (107)-Flood embankments (1o8)-Drainage-General adequacy of water-supply (109}--Economic effect of delta works-Tanks and wells (I 10)-Engineering establishment. ECONOMIC POSITION OF AGRICULTURISTS-Varam, Kuttagai and Pannai systems (nl)-Labour-Wages-Indebtedness of ryots (uz)- Emigration 91-113
CHAPTER V.
FORESTS. FORESTS (page 114)-Area small-Local distribution-General characteristics -Economic administration (us)-Establishment II4-II S TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii , CHAPTER VI. OCCUPATIONS AND TRADE. PAGE OCCUPATIONS (page 116)-Census statistics-Agricultttre-Pasture. WEAVING (117)-Silk-Mixed silk and cotton (118)-Cotton cloths (119)-Tape- Cotton carpets-Silk and woollen carpets and cumblies-Weaving methods-Castes employed (120)-Dyeing and preparation of silk Colouring matter-Mordants (121)-Processes-Cotton dyeing (I22) European fJI!t'sus native dyes-Decline. of the weaving industry-Chintz stamping (I23)-Wax-printing (I24)-Mats (I25). METAL WORK- Tanjore 'swami work '-Domestic vessels. OTHER FINE ARTS (126) Jewellery-Painting-Pith work-Musical instruments (I27)-Carving and moulding. MISCELLANEous-Rope-Oil (128)-Tanning- Baskets- Bangles (I 29)-Shoes-Scents-B uilding-Printing-The Negapatam railway workshops. TRADE (I30)-Rail-borne trade-Sea-borne trade- Trade of Negapatam-Ryots' trading methods (I32)-Paddy husking•. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (I33)-Tables of weight-Mea.Sures-Ljquid measures (134)-Mea.sures of space-Measures of time (I3S)-Metbods of telling the time ••• JI6-I36
CHAPTER VII. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. RoADS (page 137)-Genera.l characteristics-Scarcity of metal-Avenues (138)-Bridges-Ferries. WATER CARRIAGE (139)-Canals-The Sea-' Rivers. ACCOMMODATION FOR TRAVELLERS (I40)-Bungalows-The Raja's chattrams-Their wealth and expenditure (I4I)-Other chattrams. RAILWAYS (I42)-Their growth and position-The District Board Rail. way-Its origin (143)-Recent extension (I44)-Terms of working- Branch lin-Proposed extension of railways (145). MISCELLANEOUS ••• IJ7-I45
CHAPTER vm. RAINFALL AND SEASONS. RAINFALL (page I46). FAMINE (I47)--Tanjore practically immune-Early scarcities-Famine of 1781 (148)-Scarcity in I876-77. FLOODS AND CYCLONES (I49)-Cyclone of I68I-Flood of I8S3 (rso)-Hurricane and flood of 1859 (ISI)-Cyclone of I87I--Flood of I874-Flood of I88o Flood of I882-Great flood of I884 (I52)-l<'loods of I887, I89I and I893 -:Floods of I896 and I898 (ISJ)-Hurricane of I899-Conclusion ..• . .. I46-IS3
CHAPTER IX. PUBLIC HEALTH. GENERAL HEAL1'H (page I54)-Cholera-Its causes-Small-pox (ISS)-Vacci nation-Fever (IS6)-0ther diseases-Vital statistics-Sanitation (I 57). MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS-The Raja Mirasidar hospital, Tanjore (IS8) The Prince of Wales' Medical school, Tanjore-The Municipal hospital, Kumbak6nam ... IS4·IS9 iv TABLE OF CONTENT~
.Cl:IAPTER X. EDUCATION. tAGB EDUCATION (page 16o)-Statistics of literacy-Quality of education (r6r} Nature of the schools (162)-Unaided schools-Miscellaneous institutions (163)-The Government College, Kumbak6nam-5aint Peter's College, Tanjore (164)-The Findlay College, Mannargudi (165) ••• 16o-r66
CHAPTER XI.
LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION. EARLY SYSTEMS (page 167)-The Ch6las-The later Maratha kings-Attempted reforms of Tulsaji and Muhammad Ali (168)-The Dabir Muri-Failure of Tulsaji (169)-The Pathak SyStem t170). ENGLISH METHODS (171) Amdni administration of 18oo-o4-Annual rents of I8o4-07-Triennial lease, 1807 (172)-Quinquenniallease of 181o-Continued in 1815 (173) Money rents retained-The mirdsi tenure (174}-A village rent settlement -Difficulty with the ryots (175}-The assessment to vary with prices The Ohlngu settlement, 1822-23 (176)-lts gradual application (178) Subsequent modifications (179)-A survey and settlement ordered, 1826 (18o)-Survey and Mottamfaisal settlement, 1827-30 (18x)-Only partially introduced-Its extension in 1859 (182)-Dry lands (183)-State of things previous to recent Settlement (184). THE NEW SETTLEMENT (185) Carried out, 1889-92-General features (x86}-Survey excess-Irrigation sources-Dry lands-Process of assessment-General results (187}-Tree revenue (189)-Cost of Settlement-Comparison with former Settlements (190). INAMS (191}. ZAMINDARfl (193}. VILLAGE ESTABLISHMENT. REVENUE ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS (194) ••• 167-194
CHAPTER Xll.
SALT, AllKARI AND MISCELLANEOUS REVENUE. SALT ADMINISTRATION (page 195)-Development of the present system Number and character of factories (196)-Production and quality" of salt Vedaranniyam spontaneous salt (197)-Quantity of .salt produced-Fish curing yards (198)-Manufacture of saltpetre. ABKARI, ETc.-Arrack Toddy (199)-0pium and hemp drugs. CusTOMs-Land transit duties- Sea customs (zoo). INCOME·TAX, STAMPS (201) .,, .,, 195-201
CHAPTER Xill.
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE. CIVIL JusTICE (page zoz)-Development of courts-Courts now existing (203)-Litigation, REGISTRATION. CRIMINAL JUSTICE (204)-Courts now existing-Grave crime rare-Its causes (205)-History of the !uival system-Its prevalence now (206)-Its present character-Criminal classes (207). ·POLICE-Former systems-The old and the new talaiyaris (zo8) Present Police establishment, jAILs-The District Jail-Subsidiary jails (209) ... 202-209 TABLE OF CONTENTS. v CHAPTER XN.
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT. PAGE LocAL SELF-GOVERNMENT (page 210)- Local bodies enumerated-Income and expenditure of local boards-The Mnnicipa;ity of Tanjore (2U) Kumbak6nam Municipality (212)-Negapatam Municipality-Ma1avaram Municipality (213)-Mannargudi Municipality-Proposals to constitute Tiruvalur and Tranquebar Municipalities (214) .•• 210-214
CHAPTER XV. GAZETTEER. .
KUMBAK~NAM TALUK (page 215)-Aduturai (216)- Alangudi- Amaravati (217) - Anakkudi-tirumigesvaram-Kumbak6nam- N achiyark6vil (220) Pandanallur (221)-Papanasam-Rajagiri -Sv'amimalai-Tirumang:..lakudi - Tiruppanandal (222) - Tiruppirambiyam - Tiruvadamarudur- Tiru valanjuli {223)-Valangiman (224)-Vinayagateru. MANNARGIJDI TALUK (225) -K6vilvenni-Kuttanallur-Mahadevapatnam- M,nnargudi (226) Nidamangalam (22.8) - Peruvalandan ,..- Tirumakk6ttai. M.bAVARAM TAL UK ~229)-- Anatandavapuram-Dharmapuram-K6nerirajapuram (230) -Korukkai-Kuttalam-Mayavaram (231)~Parasalur(232)-Tirukkadaiyur -Timvaduturai-Tranquebar. NANNILAM TAL UK (237)-Ammayappan- Divangudi-K6iltirumalam-Kudavasal (238) -Nannilam-Peralam (239) -Srivanjiam-Tiruchankattangudi-Tiruppagalur-Tiruvilimalalai (24o). NEGAPATAM TAL UK (241)-Ettukudi-Kivahir-Nagore (242)-Negapatam (243)-Tiruva!ur (248) - v'el8nganni (250), PATTUKK~TTAI ·TALUK ( 25 I )-Adirampatnam-Madukkur ( 252) -Parakkalak6ttai-Pattukk6t tai -Perumagalur {2 53)-Saluvanayakkanpatnam-St\tubavachattram-Tam bikkinallavan-k6ttai. SHIYALI TALUK (254)-Acbalpuram·-Devicotta (:JS5)-Kaveripatnam (256)-NangU.r (257)- Sayavanam {258)- Shiyali Tirumailadi {259)-Tirumulavasal-Tirunagari-Tiruvenkadu-Vaidisvaran k6yil (260), T.\NJORE TALUK {261)-Ayyampettai (262)-Budalur-Gan darvak6ttai- Kandiyur -- K6viladi (263)-Mannarasamudram (264) Nemam- Orattanadu-Tanjore (265~-Tirukkattuppalli (275)-Tiruvadi (276)-Vallam (279). TIRUTTURAIPPUNDI TALUK (28I)-Idumbavanam Ka!lim6du-Muttupet-Point Calimere (282)-Tillaivilagam (283)- Tirntturaippundi-T6pputturai (284)-Vt\daranniyam ... 215-284
CHAPTER XVI. . . . KARAIKKAL. KARAIKK~L (page 285)-General-Land Revenue-Offered to the French, 1738 .(286) -And ceded to them-Treachery. of Saiyaji (287)-The French put in possession by Chanda Sahib, 1739 (288)-Acquiescence by Saiyaji and Pratap Singh (28;1)-Cession of additional territory, 1741--lmportance of the town in the Anglo-French wars (290)-Captured by the English, 1760 -Subsequent history-Relations with British India-Trade (291) .. 285-291 ~93
INDEX.
A Ambur, battle of, 46. Amdut-ul-umra, 268, Abkari, 198. Ammachattram, 219, !'cha!esvara shrine at Tiruv:Uur, 249· Ammanga nevi, 29. Acbalpuram, 254· Ammapatnam, u2, u3. Achyuta Deva of Vijayanagar, 37, 38, 273. Ammayappan, 237. ~chyutappa Nayak, 38. Am6ghavarsha J, 20 note, 222 note. Amusements, 65. Adam (measure), 134· 1"a&ardium occidet~tale, 10. .Adanur, 89, note. · ~naikkara Chattram, 129, 259. ~dappar river, 3, 139, 284. Anaimangalam, 248. Adk/,am, 229 note, 232. Adhirajaraja-mandalam, 35 note. ~nakkudi-tirunagesvaram, 216, 217, Adhi Rajendra, 28. A,a,~da Ra,ga Pillai's Diary, 286, 288 Adirampatnam, tum of the coast at, 1 ; notes. port of, 4 ; named aftet a Pandyan king, Anantapur district, 39· 39; salt factories at, 196, 197 ; fish-cur Anatandavapuram,# ' 79 note, 229. ing at, 198; union, 210; described, 251. Anbil,'36, Aditya I, 20 note, 21. Andhras, the, 14, 18 note. Anicuts, 1030 104, 138, Aditya II (Karikala), 22. Animals, 10, 130. Administration in Ch6la days, 35· Anna Sahib, 44· Adoptions by dancing-girls, 86. Antelope, IJ, Aduturai, 128, 216. Anwar-ud-din, 46. Agamudaiyans, 120, 283. Appa, Paraiyan subdivision, 89, Agara Tirukk6lakkal, 258. Appar, 71,240, 271, 277·· Agastya, 284. Arantangi, 137, 144. Agastyampalli, 284. Arasalar river, 152, 220, 28 5, 291. Agricultural and industrial institution at Arasavanangadu, 79 note. Tanjore, 93, 101. Arasu, 70. A(:!ricultural implements, 100. Arbuthnot & Co., Messrs., 132. Agriculture, 91-103. Archreological Survey of India, Vol. XXV Agriculturists, economic condition of, no; of the reports of, 247. trading methods of, 132. Arcot, Nawab of, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48. ~balya, IS4. Acot Torai, 198. Ahavamalla, 26, 27. Ardllamtt,yam, 192. Arecanuts, 131. Aiyanar, 68. Arinjava, 22. Akkaraikuppam, 198. Ariyahir, 10, U7• Alagiri, 41. Arkonam, 266. Alambadi cattle, 10. Arni, 41, 42• Alangudi, 147, 216. Arpakkam, 32. Albiruni, 266. Arrack, 198. Albissia Lebbek, liS· Artoearpus ,·,tegrifola'a, 10. Albiszia odoratissima, 115. Arundhati, 75· Asesham, 228. Alkondar, 277. Ashtasahasram Brahmans, 78. Alkondar J'aradesi, 278. Asiatic Steam Navigation Co., 132. Allahabad inscription, 18. As6ka, edicts of, 14. Alii arasd,.i, 74· Assessments, at Karaikkal, 258. See also Alluvium, 6, 7- Survey and Settlement. Aloe, fibre, 120, 124, 128 ; rope, 128, 280. Asvamedha sacrifice, 26, Alum, 121, 123, 124- Ativlra Rama, 39, 251. Amd,i system, 168, 171, 183, 190. Aurora, wreck of, 7• Amar Singh, 51, 52, 53. 2~3· Auvaiyar, 1S· Amaravati, river, 109 ; vtllage, 79 note, J AV&daiyark6vil, 144, 145, 252, 217· Avanti, 16. Ambalakk:iran, 88. Amban:idn Kallans, 84. Avaram bark, x:z8. iNDEX.
Avenues, ro, 138. Brihatlsvam temple, 269. AVIlr, 216. British India Stea.m Navigation Co., 132, Ayya, Paraiyan subdivision, 89. 291. Ayyampetta.i, Alagiri N a yak defeated at, Buck, black, II, 114, 283. 41 ; its weaving, I 18, I 19, 120; Patnul Budalur, 262, 268. karans, 120; dyeing, 120, 121, 122; Buddhist temples, 24, 248. ma.ts, 12S; union, 210; described, 262. Buffaloes, 10. Building, 129; stone for, 8. Bukka, I, 36. B Bullocks, 130. Ba~rgarus caruleus, I2, Babul tree, 122. Burglary, 207. Baburajapuram, 120. Burma, ancient trade with, IS; Ch6la Badami, I9. supremacy extended tn, 23; naval Balijas, 120. expedition in the eleventh century to, Bamboos, IO, 62, roo. 25; Jain pilgrims to Negapatam from, Banas of Tiruvallam, 21, 23. SS; emigration to, 112, II3; chintz Bangalore, 41, 42, 44, 127. trade with, I23; rubies from, 126; Bangles, 129. present trade with, IJI. Banks for agriculturists, I 12. Burnell, Dr. A. C., Sout4 Indian Palao Banyan tree, 70. graplt.J' by, 217; Tanjore palace library Bartolomeo, 28 S· catalogued by, 272. Jlaskets, 129 • . Bassia longifolia, 128. Batavia, 4I. Batoi, 14. c Bava Pandit, 170. Bava Sahib, 44· Cadell, Mr., 7, r6s, r82. · Bavanna. Pandit, 170. Calcutta, Danish mission in 58; ·siikJrom, Beef, 64. 120; gunny-bags from, IJI. Bellary district, 23, 24, 39· Calimere, }'oint, turn of the coast at, I ; Bell-metal vessels, 125, 261. port of, 4, 5 ; game near, 11 ; pony. Belvola country, 26 note. breeding near, 11 ; bathing at, 71; Benares, II], 222, 230, 276. tobacco cultivation near, 99 ; forest l! ench courts, 203, 204. reserve near, II4; healthiness of, 154; Best & Co., Messrs., 132. fish-curing at, 198 ; described, 282. Betel leaves, cultivation of, 6o, 99, 221, Ca/oplt.yl/um ;,ophyl/um, 128. 225; nuts for, I3I ; quantities in which Ca.mbu, 99, 100, 103, 187, sold, I34· Canals, 4t 139. Bhavani river, I09, Candy, 133· Bijapur, 40, 41, 42. Cariukalla, 285. Biluva tree, 283. Carp, II. Biluvavana.m, 283. Carpentry, 163, 209. Birds, II. Carpets, 119, 120. Bishop of the Pondicherry Mission, :n9. Carpet snake, 12.
Black-buck, II, II4t 283. Cars of temples, 127, 218, 223 1 248. Blackburn, Mr., 274· Cart hire, I 4 s. Blankets, 1 19, 262, Cashew trees, 10. Boats, s, I 38. Cassz'a auricu/ata, 128. Bombay, bullocks of, ro; silk from, 120; Castes, 77--90, 120, 207. salt from, 197. Castor oil, 128. Botany of the district, 9· Casuarina, 114. l!ourbon, 291. Cats (jungle and civet), II, l!rahma, temple to, 217. Cattle, ro, 70, II], 128, 207, 265. Brahmans, their houses, 62 ; dress, 63-4 ; Cauvery river, delta of, 2 ; described, 3 ; social position, 67 ; worship of devils navigation on, 3 ; value of flood water and village deities, 69 and cobras, 70; of, 6 ; ancient sluices and canal from, Tamil speaking section of, 78-81 ; grants 16 ; dam across, 39, 47, 48 ; sacredness to, 191, 192; numerical strength of, of, 71; value of the silt of, 101, ro:z; 219, 26s, 283; • mid-day Paraiyans,' sec irrigation from, 103 ; floods in, J so, tion of, 238. ISI; drinking-water supply li'bm, 157; Braithwaite, Col., so, Sl, :a:zs. runs near Kumbak6nam, 220; Tula Brass vessels us. festival on, 231, Bride-price, 70. Cauvery-Kodamurutti dam, xo6. Bridges, IOS, 138, 224. Cauvery-Vennir regulators, ros, ro6, 152. Brihachamam Brahmans, 78. Cayenne, 291. INDEX. 295 Ceylon, Ch61a invasions of,. 14; ancient Churches, Roman Catholic, 56 ; Pro relations with South India of, IS, 30; tes:ant, 59; at. Kumbak6nam, 219; ancient trade with, IS; Killivallavan May.avaram, 23I ; Negapatam, 247; marries a princess of, 17 ; Pandyan T~n}ore, ~73; Tranquebar, 235; and invasion of, 20 note ; victories of Aditya VelanganDl, 250. I over, 21 ; subdued by Rajaraja I, 23, Civil justice, 202. 24; lost to the Ch61as, 29 ; takes part Clerk, Mr. G. P., ISS. in the war of the Pandyan succession, Climate of the district, S, 154 31 ; emigration to, II2, 113; present Clive, Lord, 45, 256, 26:z. · trade with, 130, 13I, 25I, 2SI, 29I. Clock-tower, at Tanjore, 275. Chakkiliyans, 64. Coal, IJI. • Chakrapani temple, 21S. Cobras, I2, 70. Chalukyas, I9; Eastern, I9, 23, 25, 26, Cocoanuts, groves in the delta, 2 ; occur 27; Westem, I91 20, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, rence of, 9, 23S, 2SI ; ropes made from 32. fibre of, I27; oil from, 128; trade in, Chanda Sahib, Trichinopoly seized by, 43; IJI, 253 ; measures for, 134; toddy his interference in Tanjore politics, obtained from, I99· 45-7, 267, 2S7-9; attack on K6viladi, Coimbatore district, IO, 2I, 35 note, I2S, 263. Coins of Rajaraja I, 30. Chandav6Ju, 31 note. Coleroon river, boundary of the district, Chandragiri, 39• I ; and of the delta, 2 ; described, 3; Chantrey, 272. fish in, II ; Col, Braithwaite's aisaster Charamaodel, 37· on the banks of, 5 I ; irrigation from, Chat trams, 39, 140 ; at Kallim6du, 28I ; 103-Io61 I IO ; bridge over, I3S, 224; Kol!umangudi, 239 ; Kumhak6nam, 219; floods in, I 53 ; island in, 224 ; mouth of, Nidamangalam, 22S ; Orattanadu, 264 ; 255· Peruvalandan, 22S ; Setub:ivachattram, Colleges, 59, I6J. 253; Svamimalai, 22I ; Tanjore, 273 ; Colombo, I29, 259, 265. Tiruvadamarudur, 223; Tiruvadi, 27S; Commercial weights, I33· and Vaidisvarank6yil, 260, Commissioners of I 798, report of, 53, I67. Chembians, 83. Communication, means of, I37· Chengammal, 227. Commutation prices, I77. Cheras, origin of, I3 ; wars of the Ch6Jas Comorin, Cape, 22.
with, rs; defeated by Karikal Ch6la, Conjeeveram, I41 IS, 19; 22, 30, 34, 37, J6 ; their relations with his successors, SI, 218. 17; and the Ch:ilukyas, 19; Parantaka Constables, 20S. I marries a princess of, 21 ; Rajacija's Conventions with the French, 29I. expedition against, 23 ; rebellions Cooly, I34· among, 25; wars of Rajadhiraja Deva Coorg, 3, 23. I against, 25; Vira Rajendra Deva's Cope, Captain, 255· victories over, 26, 27 ; Kul6ttunga I Copper vessels, I25. suppresses a rebellion of, 29. Coromandel, subject to Vijayanagar, 37· Chettis, I20, 257· Cotton, 99, 119, I22, I2S, I30, 2So. Chidambaram, temple at, 2I, 22; Saiyaji Cotton, Sir Arthur, 104. an exile at, 44; devotee of, S9 ; festival Crape, Roelant, 233 1 270, at, I 55 ; its connection with Parakkala Crime, 204. k6ttai, 252 ; treaty of, zS6, 2S9. Criminal justice, 203. Chillumbrum. See Chidambaram, Crystais, 7, 126. China pagoda, 24S. Cubit, I34· Chingleput district, 17, IS, 197· Cucumbers, IOO. Cltimoatn!latn, S6. Cuddalore, s8, IJO. Chintz-stamping, 123, 246. Cuddalore sandstones, 7. Ch6das, Telugu, 16, 33· Curds, I34• Chokkanatha of Madura, 40, 279. Cyclones, I 491 I 5 I, I 53• Ch6Ja-Arum61i, 22 note, Clt6la B .. aAmaltatti, 223. Ch6la-Fandya, 30. D Ch6lam, 64, roo, 103. Ch61as, 13-39 passim, 167. See also Dabir Muri, I68, I76, I90. Inscriptions. Dabir Pandit, I68. Ch6lendra-simhachaturvedimangalam, 30.· Dacoity, 207. Cholera, I 52, I 54· Dakshina Kailasa shrine, 27S. Ch61iya, Brahmans, 7S; Vellalans, 8I, Damalcheruvu, battle of, 46. Cltowkis, :zoo. , Dancing-girls, 63, 86. Christian V of Denmark, 236. Dane, figure in the Tanjore temple of a, Christians, 55-6o. 270· INDEX.
Danes, the, 233, 235. Emigration, 55, III, 112, 247. Danish East India Co.; 41, 233. Encyclopredia Britannica, 71, 248. Danish Tra.nquebar mission, 57· Epigraphist, reports of Government, 53· Dansborg, the, 233, 236. Ettukudi, 24I. Darasuram, 2I8, ·2I9. Eugeniafambola,a, 10, 115. Dargas, 6I, 243, 252, 275, 282. European settlements, 41. Dasavarman, 26. Evangelical Lutheran Mission. See Date trees, 199· Lutheran Mission, Deer, spotted, II. Excise. (salt) system, 195; modified form Delta of the Cauvery, 2, 5, 6, 9; Chapter of, 196. IV passim. • Executive Engineers, 1 IO. Deputy magistrates, 204. Exhibition, Madras Industrial, 119.
Deputy tahsildars, 204. E"ports from the district, IJ01 197· Deva Raya, 36. Eyinar, 14. Devanadi, 246. Devaram, 2I6, 222, 225, 258, 263. F Devicotta, 45, 46, 255. Devils, 69. Factories, salt, 196. Dhara, 29. . F"amines, I47-49, 216, 240, 264. Dharmapuram'math, 229, 230, 232, 239· :Fans, 127. Dholl, 99, 100, 280 ; seeds of, 133· Fatima, 282. Dindigul, II7. Fauna of the district, 10. Dinusu assessment, 183. Felis chaus, II. Diseases, I 54-5, 260 ; of cattle, II. Fenger's Histo1'y of the T,.a,quelJal' Dispensaries, 59, 157· Missiolt, 58, 235 note. Distance, mea~ures of, 134· Fergusson's l,dia,. ami Easter-n A,.chitec- District Board, 2IO. tu,.e, 270. District Board Railway, 14]-5• Ferishta, 34· District Court, 202, 203. Ferries, 138. District Jail, 208. Festivals, 71. District Magistrate, 204. Fever, 156. District M unsifs, 203. Ficus Be.,l{alensis, 70. Dlvangudi, 55, 237. .F1i:us ,.eli'giosa, 70. Dh·isional charges, 194. Figs, 10. Divisional Magistrates, 204. Findlay, Rev. W. H., 166; college named Dost Ali, 46. after him, 59, 166. Drainage, of the delta, 108 ; of Kumba Fish, II, 26 5· k6nam, 220; of Negapatam, 246; of Fish-curing yards, 19S. Tanjore, 2II, 275. Flaxman, 272. Dramas, 66. Flood embankments in the delta, xo8. Drawing, 126; schools for, 163. l'Ioocls, 149, 153, 220. Dress, 6z. }"lora of the district, g. Dry land, cultivation of, 99; settlement Food, 64; of cattle, 10. of, 183, I86, I87, 188. Foote, 1\lr. Bruce, 137. Duck, II. Forests, 114- Dull's histo,.y of the Ma,.athas, 42. Fort Dauphin, 290. Dumas, M., z86, 287, 288, 289. F"ort Lewis, 290. Dupleix, 46, 47- Forts, built by Nayak kings, 41; rarity Dutch, the, 41, 242, 244, 247, 286, 289. of, 61 ; at Devicotta, 255, 256; Dyeing, II7a 120, 122. Karaikkal, 290; Kircan Gurree, 286; Mah:idevapatnam, 225 ; Negapatam, E 245 ; Pandanallur, 221 ; Pattukk6ttai, 252; Tanjore, 52, 265, 266, 271; Tiruk. Earth salt, 198. kattuppalli, 275; Tranqu~;bar, 233; and Earth worship, 70. Vallam, 280. Earthenware vessels, 247· Foxes, n, 64. Echis ca,.,·11ata, 12. France, lace from, ll7• Economic condition of agriculturists, 110. Frederick, Cresar, 38, 56, 244, 266. Etiai, I33· French, the, 255, 256, 263; also Chapter Edakkudi Vada.padi, 260. XV[ passim. Education, 160, 162, 2II, 2I2, 213. Funeral ceremonies, 75-77• Ek6ji. See Venkaji. Elam, 15. G Elephantiasis. I 56, 220, 262, 276. Elliott, Sir Walter, 248. Gajabahu, 13 note. Embroidery, 66. Gall-nut, 123, 124, 128. INDEX. 297
Gallois Mantbaur &: Co., Messrs., 132. Ua~hour1, 3, S"l at Negapato.m, 245; .Adi· Game, 114. rampatnam, 252 ; Tirumulav:isal, 259 ; Games, 65. Muttupet, 282 ;- T6pputturai, 284; and Ganapati, Kakatiya king, 26o. Karaikkal, 291. Gandaraditya, 22. Haridr:inadi tank, 227. Gandarvak6ttai, sandstones n~ar, 7 ; late Hariha.ra II, 36. rite at, 8 ; blankets made at, 1 IO; area Harischandra, story of, 66. and peshkash of, I93 ; described, 262, Harris, Mr., 189, 194. Ganga-Pallavas, 17, 20. Havinodu-Valanadu, I6 note. Gangai.konda-ch6la, 25. Hhnagaf'bha, 21. · Gangai-konda-ch6lapuram, 24 ,25, JO, 34, Hemavati, 278. 266. . Hemp drugs, 199• ~." Gangai-konda-ch6la·valan4du, 35 note. Hides and skins, 117, 128, 131, 133• • Gangas of Mysore, 21, 23, 29. High schools at Kumbak6nam, 22c;1. Ganges river, IS, 25, yi, :118, 2JI, 239, Hills, 3· 280. . Iii/sa fish, II. Garden lands, I83. Hindus, 61-90. Garlands, artifici;Ll, 127. Hindust:itll.,.6o. Garuda (stone) at N achiyark6vil, 2SI. Hiranya Kesikal, 78. Gautamiputra, I!! note. History of the district, IJ-53· Gedde, Ove, 233, 235. Hiuen Tsiang, 19. . Geology of the district, 6. Horse-gram, IOO, 103. Ghee, I31, I34o Hospitals, I41, 157, 227, 246, 28I. Gingee, 38, 39, 40, 41. Hostels, I64, 165. Gingelly oil, 121, 128. Hottur, 24 Gnana Sambhanda Desikar, 219. Hough's Hi#ory of Ck,-;stianit:>• in India, Goanese Catholic missionaries, 56. 56. Goats, 11. House-breaking, 207. Godavari district, I9· House-tax, 210. Golconda, 40, 4I• - Houses, 61. Goldsmiths, weights of, 133· Hoysala Ba\lalas, 32, 33, 35, u6, G6pa, Tin1ma, 36. Hughes, Admiral, 234, 244• G6pala Rao, Rai Bah:idur T., 164 note; Hughes, Mr. W,, 274· library named after him, 220. Hultzscb, Dr., I3 note, 20. · G6p:Uan, 227. Humidity of the district, 8, 9· G6palapatnam, S· G6palarayan tank at Mannargudi, 227. Goppana, 35 note. , . G6pralayam tank at Mannugudt, 227. Idaiyans, 10, u6. G6vinda Dikshitar, 39· · Idasapatnam, 282, Grain, 9I-I03, I3I, I34. ldumhan, 281. (ffdmapf'aVat'lileam, I93· ldumbiW.nam, z8I. Grand Anicut, 34, 103, 104, 15, 138. lluppai, 10, I28. Grant, Mr., I94. Imports to the district, 130, 131, 197• Grazing, 10. Inams, I9I. Great South of India Railway Company, Income-tax, zoo, I42. Indebtedness of ryots, I 12. Ground-nut, cultivation of, 99, leo, IOJ ; Indian A~ttiquaf'J, 248. oil, I28; trade in, IJO, I3Zo 2z6, rz6s, ·Indigo, I2I, 122, 123, 124. 280. Indra., 84, 90. . Guadaloupe, 291. Industries, II7-30, 220, 227, 246, 274- Guericke, 247, 272. . Tnscriptions, a.t Alangu.di, 2I6; Allaha~a.d, Gujarat, 1!! note, SS· Ill • Anbil, 36 ; Arp:ikkam, 32 ; ConJee· Gunny bags, 130, 131. ver~m 18 • Gangai-konda-ch6lapuram, Gypsum, 8. 34; Guja:at, 18 ~o!e 1 Hottur,. 23_, .Kalahasti, 2I ; Kandtyur, 263,; K6vtladt, H 264 • K6vilvenni, 225; Kuttalam, &30 I Haidar Ali, ptruggle with, 48, 49; invades Lalgudi 20 • Mahendragiri bill, 25; Manmlr::.S..mu'dram, 264; Ma.nnargudi, the district, so, 147, 170, 205, :&7S ; 226. Nachiyark6vil, 221 ; Negapatam, Schwartz sent to, sS; Mah:ideve,pat nam held by, :125 ; threatens the Da:nes, 248 ~ Nemam, 264; Pandanallur,. 22.1 : Pattukk6ttai, 43, 253 ; Sc;.ldalat, z.o 234 , occupies Nagore, 242; grants 1t tc;> the 'Dutch, 244 ; captures Pattukk6ttai, note· Shiyali, 258; S6mur, &I i Sn· ;12, 36; • raids Tanjore, 169. rang~m, S~chindram, :u ; 253 Sv:imima.lai, 2:n ; Ta.nJore tow&l, 36. l7t Hanu~an, image of, a83. 38 INDEX.
38, 39, 266, 270, 273 ; Tillaistanam, 20 Jayan-konda-ch61a-mandala, 35 note. note; Tinnevelly, 34; Tiruchanampundi, Jayankondanatha temple, 226. 264; Tirukkalikunram, .21 ; Tirukkat Jayasimha, Cb:ilukyan king, 25 ; Cbaluk- tuppalli, 32, 275 ; Tiruppalatturai, 36; yan prince, 26. Tiruppayana.m, 279; .Tiruvada.ma.rudur, Jewellery, 126, 208, 223. 221, 223; Tiruva.di (S. Arcot district), Jodi, 19:z. 34 note; Tiruvadi {near Tanjorel, 29, Jubilee chattram at Nannilam, 239· 277 ; Tiruvalanjuli, 223; Tiruvalur, Justice, administration of, 202. 249 ; Tiruvannamalai, 38; Tiruvendi puram, 32 note ; Tiruvenkadu, 259; K Tranqueba.r, 236; Trichinopoly, 18, 20 note, 36 ; Ukkal, 22 note. Rddam, 135· Inscriptions of, Achyuta. Deva, 37, 273; Kadappu paddy, 93· Kadaram, 25. Achyutappa. Naya.k, 39; Aditya. I, 20 Kaduvaiyar, 139, 245· note, 21 ; Aditya. U, 22 note ; Ch6das Kaik6lans, 120, 227, 237, 238. (Telugu), 16; Ch61as, 36, 87, 216, 225, Ka.ils, 118, 237. 226,248, 258, 259· 263, 273. 277, 279; Kai~tod., 135· Deva Raya., 36; Ganga Pallavas, 17; Kalahasti, 21. Gautamiputra, 18 note; G6pa. Timma., Kalakam, r 5· 36 ; Harihara IT, 36 ; Hoysalas, 226 ; Kalam, 134, 190 note. Kampana Uda.iyar, 36; Krishna III, Klilatti Pallans, 90, 266; Krishna Raya, 36; Kulasekhara. Kales Deva, 33· I, 33 ; Kulasekhara II, 33, 34; Kula KaliJlga, 24, 28, 29. sekhara Pandya, 236 ; Ku16ttunga T, 29 ; Kallans, as shik:iris,. 12 ; descended froDI Ku16ttunga III, 35; Mahendravarman the N a gas, I 3 ; Christian converts I, 18; Narasimhavarman I, 18; among, 6o; tattooing among, 64 ; dress Pallavas, 18, 19; Pandyas, 20 note, of the women of, 64 ; caste god of, 68 ; 33, 226, 264, 275, 277; Parantaka devil worship of, 69 ; tree and cobra I, 21, 264; Rajadhiraja Deva I, 25 ; worship of, 70; marriage customs and Rajaraja r, 16, 24, 30, 248, 249, 259, ceremonies of, 73, 74; funeral ceremo 271 ; Rajendra Ch61a, 25, 249; Ravi. nies of, 76 ; described, 83 ; high-handed varman (Kulasekhara), 34 note; Rudra ness of, 108; sheep sold by, 117; daman, 18 note; Saluva-Samgama poligars appointed for the control of, DevamaMraja, 36 ; Sbahji, 43, 44 ; 193, 262; crime of, 205, 206, 207. Simhavishnu, 18; Sundara Pandya J, Kalligicum, 282. 32; Sundara Pandya II Jatavarman, 33 ; Kallim6du, 281. . Tirumala, 36; Vijaya Nripatunga Kalu ttukM, 133· Vikramavarman, 20 ; Vikrama Ch6Ja, Kalyani, 23. 222, 249 ; Vlra S6mesvara, 32 note. Kamakshi Amba Bai Sahib "· the Hon'ble Interest, rates of, 112. E.I. Co., 44 Jrattamandalam, 26. Kamara, 2 57. Irattipadi, 27. Kammalans, 62, 127. Irattipadi-konda-ch6Ja-mandala, 35 note. Kampa.na Udaiyar, 35 note, 36. Iron, 7; ploughs made of, 100; oil-mill Kanopli, 26. made of, 128. Kanakasabhai Pi!lai's Tamils E1"glltem Iron sulphate, 123. Hundf'ed Yeaf's Ago, 13 ff., 53, 84. Irrigated land. See Wet land. Kandiyans, 83. Irrigation, 34, 10J-IIO, 186. Kandiyur, 262. Irumbi1lai, 216. Kandram:inikkam, 78. Islands, 4· Ka11i, 135· Iyarpagai Nayan:ir, 258. Kaniyala, Brahmans, 78; Vellalans, 81. Kankar, 8. J Kapili powder, 121. Kdr paddy, 91, 93· Jack tree, 9, 127. Karai, 135, 174· Jackals, n, 12, 64. Karaikkal Settlement, position of, 2 ; Jaffna, 137, 284. acquired by the French, 45, 46 ; Lally Jaggery, 123, 199· lands at, 4&; emigration from, 112; Jails, II91 125, 208. boats callin!' at, 132 ; railway to, 144; Jains, 55• 227, 237, 248. land customs collected at, 200 ; arrest JdHtam, I35· of offenders at, 205 ; threatened by the Jambuvan6dai, 282 •. English fleet, 268; commune of, 285 ; Jatayu, 26o. described, 285-291. Jatkas, 145. Karaikkattu VelJalans, 81. Ja.yankonda-Ch6Ja, u note, Karaiturai Vellalans, 87. INDEX. 299
Karaiyans, 86. Kottai, 134. Ka.rikil Ch6la, I6, Io8, I491 2S7· K6ttaikarai, 1 s. Kaf'isai, 134 _ K6ttar, 2 9, 3o. Ka.rnams, I9Q, 192, I93• 194· K6viladi, 147, 263. Kdf'6nam, 248. K6vilvenni. 225. Kaf'umd,taf'aln ceremony, 77. K6yilolugu, 35 note. Ka.runtittingudi, 26s, 273. Krait, 12. Karuppan, 64, 68, 8s. Krishna, 227. Karvetnagar zamindari, 219. Krishna III (Rashtrakuta. king) 22 266 .b.asd,. lea.ves, us, I22. Krishna. Raya.. 36. ' ' · Kasaoruidu Ka.llans, 84. Kritasekharan, 228. Ka.sa.ngulam chattram, 140. Kshatriyas of the fire race, 82. Kasikatti, 122. Kuda.l, 27. Katta.varayan, 68. Kudali, 27. . Katteri, 68. Kudala.sangan, 27. Kattu Raja., 44· Kuda.vasal, 210, 238. Kattukuttagai villages, I86. Kudipi/laos, 87. Ka.ttumavadi, 41 196, 197· Kujas, us. Kdvalgdf's, 170, 192, 205, 2o6, 208. Kulasekhara (Cbera king), 34· Kava.ra.is, 283. Kulasekha.ra. Pandya., 33, 34, 236. Kaveripatna.m, mouth of the Ca.uvery a.t, Ku/i, 135. 3 ; erosion of lhe sea. a.t, 7; Ch6la. Ku16ttunga I, 23, 28, 34, 199, 221, 226, capital, 14, I6; ancient emporium of, 248, 249t 277. 15; bathing in the Cauvery at, 71, 258; Kul6ttunga II, 31o described, 256. Kul6ttunga. III, 32, 35· Kavundans, 83. Kul6ttunga..Ch6Jesvara shrine, 221. Kayittu k6l, I33· Kumbak6nam taluk, 215. Kerosine oil, 128. Kumbak6nam town, cattle fair at, IO ; Kesika Brahmans, 78, 230, Ch61a capital, 14; Venkatapati of Vija. Khaberis, 257• yanagar at, 39 ; subah head·quarters at, Khan Sahib, 287. so, 194; Bishopric of, 57 ; mission at, Khatri, SS· 59; Makdmakham feast at, 71, ISS; Kilnvan of Ramnad, 43• Pallis at, 83 ; betel leaves of, 99 ; low Killivallavan, 17. level of, Io8; weaving at, 117, n8, 119; Kllvenganadu Kallans, 84. Patnulkarans in, I20; dyeing at, 120,
Kindersley, Mr., I421 I76 note, 178, 275. I21 1 I22; chintz-staD'ping at, 123; wax· See also Mottamfaisal. printing at, I24 ; metal vessels made at, Kircan Gurree, 286, 288, 289 note. I25; crystal,. work at, 126; iron oil-mill Kirimanji, 121. at, 128 ; rice-mill at, I 32 ; ra.infall in, Kivahir, 48, 24I. 147, ISI; floods in, 152; unhealthiness Kocchennigannan, 17. of, 154; elephantiasis in, I 56; vaccina. Kodamurutti-Tirumalairajan head, 106. tion at, 156; hospital at, 157, 158; Kodikkal Vellalans, 8r. literacy of, 169 ; collt:ge at, 163 ; Kodiyakkidu forest reserve, J q. drawing school at, 163 ; zilla court at, Kodiyampalaiyam, 1, 4· 202;- sub-court at, 203; munsifs' courts K6iltirumalam, 237· at, 203; municipality at, 212; described, K6kkilli, 17. 217 ; its connection with Kudavasal, 238. Kolar, 29, 35 note. Kum!Jdlai paddy, 95. Kolhapur, 26. Kumbbesvara temple, 218, Kollegal silk, uo. Kundah\r, 79 note. Kollumangudi, 239· Kundumani, 133• K6matis, 219. Kuppuswami Aiyar & Co., Messrs., 132. Kombarakku, 121. Kuppuswami's Shof't kistof'y of t.ke Ta,.jo•·e K6na Sima Dravidas, 224. Ndyak Princes, S3· Kondaikatti Vellalans, 81. Kuravans, 12, 64, 207, 262 .. • K6nerlrajapuram, 79 note, rSs note, 230. Kurumba Pallans, 90· Konga. Vellalans, 81, Kurumbans, r6. Kongu country, 21, 33, 35 note. Kuruvai, pa.ddy and sea.son, 91-99. Koppam, 26. Kutagiri, 15. K6ra.i mats, 125· Kuttadi~, 66. K6raiyar, 3, I39· Kuttagai, III Kora.nadu, uS, uo, 231. Kut:d/ai paddy, 95, 100. Korkai, 30. Kuttalam, u8, 230. Korukkai, 230. Kuttanallur, 225. Kottacheruvu, 279. Kuttiyampetta.i, II7· Kutluni cloths, 1 18, Kottagiri, IS· 300 INDEX:.
L Maissin, 263. Malabar, 23. La Grande Aldee, 285. Maladu, king of, 17. Labbais, 6o. Malay Archipelago, 23. Labeo, II. M a/ifallaH 0243· Labour, III. Malik Klifur, 33· Lace, I17, Malleson's Histof'y of tile Ff'•mh in /ntii•, Lalgudi, 20. 44 notes, 286. Lally, Count, 48, 242, 267, 268, 290. M a/lotus pltilippinensis, 121, I.ally (the younger), 51. · Maltam, Paraiyan subdivision, 89. Lamp-stands, 125. Mamma.lai 226, 271. Land minimum assessed to revenue by Manaar, Gulf of, 126. Ch6las of, 34· Manabharanan, 25. Land-cess, 143, 210, 211. Manai sdsl,.am, 62. Land Revenue Administration, 167-194. Manambu CMvadi, 203, 265, 274. Land transit duties, 30, 34, 200. Manamelkudi, 141. Laterite, 6, 7, 8, 61. Mandai, 79 note. Lawrence Major Stringer, 45, 47, 254, Mango tree, 2, 9, 10. 256, 263, 267 .• Mangrove, 114. Lead vessels, 125. ' Manikya-Vachakar, 71. Leipzig Mission. See Lutheran Mission. Maniyagars, 193 pote. - Lepakshi, 271. Mankoji, 47, 263. Leprosy, 156. Manmatha (Cupid), 230. Leyden grant, 16, 21, 22, 24 note, 248. Mannai Kndi, 19. Libraries, 101, 218, 220, 222, 230, 232, 272, Mannampandal, 229. Lighthouses, 245, 282, Mannarasamudram, 264. Limestone, 8, 137· Mannargudi taluk, 225. Linga Balijas, 126. Mannargudi town, Ramnad encroachments Liquid measures, 134. up to, 43; Jain temple at, 55; mission Litigation in the district, 203. aries at, 59 ; temple at, 71 ; vows at, Local self-government, :uo. 72 ; religious factions at, 72 ; Pallis at, Lourdes of India, 250. 83 ; weaving at, uS, ll9 ; Sedans in, Lower Anicut, 51, 106, 138, 120 ; metal vessels at, 126; pith from, Lutheran Christians, 59· 126; wood carving at, 127; shoes and Lutheran Mission, work of, 58, 59, 235 ; scented water made at, 129; railway to, printing press of, 129; schools main 145; vaccination at, 156; dispensary tained by, 163, 2 59 ; churches of, 219, at, 157; college at, 165; subah head 231, 273· quarters at, 194 1 municipality at, 213 ; described, 226. , M Mannaru Nayak, 267. Man6jiappachavadi, 119. Ma, 135. Manu-Ch61a, 249· Macaulay, 6o. Manuring, 97, 99, roo, 101-3, 128. Mackenzie MSS., 37· Mappilaikuppam, 239. Madha\·a Rao, Mr. V. P., 164; Raja Sir Marakkal, 134- T.,a2o. Marakkayans, 6o, 126, 129> 242, z81, 284. · Madhurantaka, 22. Marathas, rule the district, 41-45 ; pith- Madhuvanes,·arasvami at Nannilam, 239. work of, 126; revenue system of, 167; Madhyarjuna.m. See Tiruvadamarudut. inam3 granted by, 191; salt revenue Madras, 4S, 51, 58, U7, uS, 161. under, 195; customs revenue under, Madras Bank, 247. 200; courts of, 202, Madukkur. n, 252. Marathi, SS· Madura, Rajaraja's coins in, 30 1 Singha- ' Maratturai, 79 note: lese conquest of, 31 1 Ch61a conquest of, .Maravakkadu, .253. 32; M~amm1.dan kings of, 34. 3;; .Maravans, 13, 193, 207. Vijayanagar rule of, 36 1 Nayak dyn..sty Marco Polo, 33.
of, 36, 3~, 39, 40 ; Vittala, ruler of, JlS ; Margosa, 101 61$, 70, uS. Patnulkarans in, 55 ; Jesnita of, 56, 57; M ariamman, 6S, 69. salt from, 197 ; litigation in, 203. Mariammank6vil, 69. Madurai Viran, 68, 69, Marine deposits, 7· Magadha, 16. M:irkandeya, 232. Magistrates, 204. .Markets, 1321 141, 212, 275· Mahlidevapatnam, 225. Marriage customs and ceremonies, 73-15· Jllallfltnak!.am festival, 71, 155, 1118, 238. Marseilles, 131. Mabendragiri hill, 25. Martinique, 291. lolahtodra,..rmao 11 18. Marunpuadu Kallans, 84. LNDEX. 301
Marutvakudi, 216. 1_28; scents and bangles made by, 129; Maruvur-pakkam, 257. hteracy of, ~60; opium consumed by, Masltlu uppu, 124. 199; numencal strength . .of, 221, 225, Mat-making, 6o, 125, 259, 261, 262. 252, 279- Mat/tam, 67. Mukurlam, 135. Matlts, 72, 218, 2.19- Muktambalpuram chattram, 264, Mauna Paradesi, 219. Mulla, 42. Maund, 133· Mullaiyar, 25. Mauritius, 132, 235. Mullangudi, 185 note. Mayavaram taluk, 229. Mulliyapatnam, 198. Mayavaram town, mission at, 59; tula Mummudi-Ch6Ia, 22 note•. feast at, 71 ; dyeing at, uo, 121, 122; Municipalities, 2ll--214- vaccination at, I 56 ; SU bah head• Munnadiyan, 68.
quarters at, 194; municipality at, 213 ; Munro, Sir Hector, 2421 244; Sir Thomas, described, 231. • r8o. Mayilamman tank, 231. Munsifs, district, 203 ; village, 193, 1941 Measures, 134· 203. Medical institutions, 157. M4ppans, 12. l Nandivarman Pallavamalla, I9, 20. ' Nirganti, 193• Nangur, 59, 257, 258. · : Nityavin6da, 22 note. 1\{annilam, taluk, 237 ; town, I40, I 52, 203, N6kkans, 76,87. :no, 238. N olambas, 23. Napier, Lord, I66, North Arcot district, I 7, 21. Napoleon, Buonaparte, 253· Nular, 285. Narasimhavarman I, IS. NumJ, IOO, I22. Narasinga Cauvery river, I. Nuruz, 38. Natanija temple, 230. Nut-crackers, 216. N atesa, image of, 283. Nattamadis, 2'19· 0 Nattar, 285. Nattukk6ttai Chettis, I42, 22I, 223, 231, Occupations, u6. ·237, 257, 26o. Ochre, yellow, 8. Nattuvans, 86, Ocimum sanctum; 70•. Natural divisions of the district, 2. Odamb6kkiyar, 246. Navaratri festival, 218. Qda .• avani:svara, 263. Navigation, on the Cauvery, 3; on other Oddes, I27. rivers, I 39· · ' Odiyan tree (Odi,a Wodin-), 69, 70, 74, Nawab of Arcot. See Arcot, Nawab of. 75· 88 .. Nayakkans, 83. Oil, 128. Nayaks, 36--4i; 56, I93o 218. Olungn settlement, 176--1llo, 183, 184, 190. Nayadus, 126•. : Onions, 134, 262, Nazir Jang, 46, 47, 267. Ophthalmia, I56. Nedungadu, 285. · .. , · Opium, 199. Negapatam taluk, 24I. Orattanadu, devil worship at, 69; agri N ega patam town, port of, 4, 5 ; erosion cultural practices at, roo; wells at, of the sea at, 7 ; metenrological obser ilO; chattram and school at, qr; vations at, 8 ; chief town of the Na!(as, kava I fees at, 2o6; described, 264. 14; subject to Vijayanagar, 37; Se Orissa, 23. vappa Nayak's treatment of the Portu- Ormo:'s Hz'sto,-y of lr~doslar~, 45, 53, 207 . . · · guese · at; 38 ; Portuguese settlement Oltadan system of cultil·ation, 93, 95· ,. founded al(-4I ; seized by the Dutch, Oxalic acid, 124. 4I ; for;mer Jain shrine at, 55; Chris tian missions at, 56, 59; religious p factions at, 72 ; Karaiyans at, 86 ; Valaiyan headmen at, 88; Executive Pachaimalais, 27 I. Engine"r at,. I IO ; · agricultural bank Padai. achis, 12, 83, 205, 207. at, I 12; emigration from, I 12; chintz· Pacldina-pakkam, 257. stamping near, I2J; artificial garlands Paddy, 9I-9~, IOJ, 132, IJ], .1116, 200, made at, 127 ; tanning at, 128; railway 228. workshops at, I29; trade of, 130; b?ats Padi, 133· calling at, 132 ; canal from, I 39 ; cy Padugailands, IOO, 1117, 111~ clones at, I49o I5I, I 53; vaccination at, Pagoda, 133· I 56; hospital at, I 57; lit.,racy of, 160; Pagoda fund, 142. · Wesleyan hh~h school at, I66; Collec Painting, 126, 235, 274• tor's former head-quarters at, I94 ; salt Pakkiri Takkal, 259. factory at, 196; zilla court formerly al, Palace at Tanjore, 272. 202 ; sub-cburt at, 203 ; Assistant Super P3.1aiyur, 79 note. intendent of Police at, 208 ; market at, Pa/am, IJJ. 212; municipality at; 212; described, Pa1amcottah, 58. 243· Pa1avaneri, 711. Neidavasal, I96, I98. Palghat, 127, 128. Nellore, IO, 33, 203. Paligai pots, 74, 75- Nelson's Madu,.a Dist,-icl 11/a,.ua/, 37, Palk Strait, I. 53· Pallans, dress of the women of, 64; food Nemam, 264. of, 64 ; superstitions e>f, 66 ; cobra Newspaper, agricultural, IOI. worship of 70 ; marriage customs and Nicobar, islands, '25- ceremonies of, 73, 74, 75; funeral cere. Nidamangalam, co-operative credit society monies of, 76, 77; d~! Ports, 4, 200, . . . Raja.rija II, 31. Portuguese, 38, 41, 56, 2,W. Rajaraja. III, 32. Post offices, 145· • Rajaraja-manda.lam, 3S. note. Pratap Singh, 44-47, 52, 168, 191, 228, Rajaraja·pandi-ruidu, 30. 2671 273o 289, . Raja's chattrams, 140, Prathamasakha Brahmans, 78, 238. Rajasraya, 22 note. Pressier, 58. Rdjastiya ydga, 17. ;prices in certain years, 173· Rajendra Ch61s I, 25, 30, 249, 266. Prince of Wales' Medical school at Rajendra Ch61a II, 26, 28. Tanjore, I 58. Rajendra Ch61a III, 32. Printing, 129. Rakskd-bat~dkanam, 66. Prithivipati I, Ganga king, 20 note, 223. Ralli Bros., Messrs., 132. Ptolemy 14. 243, 257, 282. Rama, 2!!3, 284- Public health, I 54· Rama Raja, 38. Pudu Avadaiyark6vil, 252. Ramasvami temple, 218. Pudukk6ttai State, 197, 205. Ramayana, frescoes of events in, 218. Pukulam, 151. Ramayyangar, Mr. V., 182, 190. Pulavanattam, 120. Rameswaram, 32, 34, 39, 141, 284, Pulikesin ( Cbalukya), 26. Ramnad, 43, 49. Pulikesin II (Cbalukya), 19. Ranga, of Vijayanaga.r, 40, Pubes, 131. Rangaris, 123. Puludikdf' paddy, 95· Rangoon, 130, Pulud1 t~dtlu cultivation, 92, 93 note, 96. Ranis of Tanjore, 27S· Pumpkins, 100. Rashid-ud-din, 243. Puna! Nadu, 14, 149. Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, 20, 22. Pundamalli Mudalis, 81. Rdttal, 133· Punili, 132. Rattan baskets, 259 • • Puppet shows, 66. Ravivarman, 34· Puraiyar, 59, 233, 23S· Ravutans, 221. Puravacheri, 123. R:izus, 126, 127. Purna Chandr6daya printing press, 129. Registration, 203. l'ushyam festival, 223. Religions, 55· Puvarasu tree, 10. Religious life, 67. Renting system, 171-173- Q Residency at Tanjore, 274. 280. Revenue Setllement. See Survey and Qua.il, 11. Settlement. Qua.rtz near Vallam, 7· Revenue suits, 203. Quilon, 23, 24. Rice, 64, 200. Rice-mills, 132, Rivers, J. R Roa.ds, 137· Roman Catholics, SS• 56, 219, 231, 2JS, Radama.nga.lam, 79 note, 27J. Raghunath& Nayak, 39· Ropes, uS. Ra.gi, 64, 991 1001 103, 187, Rous' compilation of Tanjore papers, 4:1o Ra.ilways, 142. 53· Ra.infall, 146, • Rubies, u6. Ri.j hospita.l, IS7· Rudradaman, 18 note, Raja Mirasidar hospital, 141, 158, Rajadhirija 1, :as. 30, :a:a6. Rajadhirija II, 31. s Rajaditya, 22. Rajagiri, 221. Sacrifices to village deities, 68. Rajag6pala. Perumal temple, 226. Sa.danga.n padi, 236. Rajahmundry, 23, 27, Saffron, 121, 122. Rajakesa.ri-varman, 21, 22. Sahoojee. See Saiyaji. Rajamada.m, 141. Sa.int Joseph's College, 247, 248. Rajamahendra, 26. Saint Peter's, Church, 273 ; College, 591 Rajaraja (Cbalukya), 28. 164. Rajarija I, • Leyden grant' of, 16; reign Saiyaji, 44, 45, 25s. 286, 287, 288~ z8!l, of, 22-24; Vimaladitya appointed king Saiyid, 44, 45• of Rajahmundry by, 27; his relations Saiyid Khan, 286. with the P:lndya.s, 30; a.nd Ceylon, 31 ; Sakkarakottam, 29. his inscriptions, 248, 249, 259; capital, Sakkaripalli, 12S, 262. 26ti; temple, 269; aQd tank, 271, Salem district, :u, 35 note, uS. iNDEX. Saliyans, I20. Seppaneri reservoir, 3S. · Salt, 134, 195, 253, 291. Seshayya Library, 220 .. Saltpetre, 19S. Ses~ayya Sastri, Sir A., So, 217, 220. Saluva. Nayak, 3S. Sess1ons Court, 204. Saluva..Sarngama DevamaMraja, 36. Settlement. See Survey and Settlement Saluvanayakkanpatnam, 253. Setubhavachattram, 198, 253. · • Saluvas, 36. · Sevappa Nayak, 3S, 266. Sarna Sastri, 274. Sewell's A Forgotten Empire ~3 • Lists of Samayapuram, IO. At~l•'quit•'es, 53. ' • ' Sam!Jd, paddy and season, 9I-99· Shahji, father of Venkaji, 41 · son of Samban, Paraiyan subdivision, S9. Venkaji, 43, 2S3· · ' Sandstones, 7, S. Shanans, 199. Sanitation, 157, Shape and boundaries of district, I. Sankaracharya, 21S. Sheep, II, II6, I30. Sankatlrtha, 2 so. Sheik Al!a.ud-dln Sahib Andavar, 252. Sanskrit schools, I62. Sheik Davud, 2S2. Saptastkalam or saptastdnam ceremony, Sherring's History of Protesta,i Missions 71, 277· ;,. bodia, 5S note, Sarabha Sastri, 220. Sh!ttu ndttu, g6. Sarabhendrarajanpatnam, 253. Shikaris, 12. Sarabh6ji, first ruler of that name, #; Shiyali subah, so. second ruler of the.t name : accession Shiyali taluk, 254. of, 51 ; abdication of, 52; Schwartz Shiyali town, game near, II ; its mission, appointed guardian of, sS ; charities of, 59; agricultural bank, II2; mats, us; 15S, 278; memorial tower built by, 253; clay idols, 127; rainfall, 147, 151 ; gun given by the E.I.Co. to, 272 ;·visits union, 2IO ; described, 2sS. Schwartz, 272 ; statue of, 272; books Shoe-making, I29, 222. collected by, 273· Shorthand, school for, 163. Sdranda, I27. Skr6triyam villages, 192. Sarangapani temple, 2I7· Sidduji, 44, 286, 2S7. Sarapa!lam, 270. . Sikkil, 123, I24, 241. Saroamd11yam tenure, 192. Silappadigdram, I3 note, Sattangudi, 56. Silk, weaving, 117; dyeing, I20; manu- Satyamangalam, 7S. factures, 130. . · Satyashada sdtram, 78. Silk and cotton, weaving of, I 1S. Savai Shahji, 44· Silt of the Cauvery 1 101. Sayava.nam, 25S. " Silver vessels, 126. Scenery of the district, 5· Simhavishnu, IS. Scents, 129, I33 note. Singapore, I30, 246, 29I. Schultz, ss. Singhalese, 25, JI, 32. Schwartz, Christian Frederick, on the Siruttonda, 239, 259. period of Venkaji's rule, 44; his esti Sittakk:idu, 8I. mate of Tulsaji, 52 ; career of, sS ; his Sittakkattu Vellalans, Sr. views on caste, 6o ; his account of the Siva, 2JI. I78-I83 fe.mine, 148; school opened by, Siva Re.<>, 170. I64; courts instituted on the re Sivaganga, tank at Tanjore, 3S, 271 ; presentations of, 202 ; his church at za.mindari, 4~, 49· Tanjore, 272; tombs of, 273• Sivaji, brother of Venkaji, 41, 42; son of Schwartz grant, 164. Sarabh6ji, S2, 157, 273. Scott's Dec&all, 42. Sivapadasekhara, 22 note. Screw-pine mats, 125. Sk:inda Purana, 232. Sea-borne trade, 130. Skin affections, I s6. Sea customs, 200. Small-pox, I 55· Sea-ports, 4• Smith, Captain Joseph, 2s6, 263; Gene· Seasons, 9I· ral, 49· Second crops, 99, I8S. Snakes, 12, 70. Sedanipure.m, 23S. · Snipe, II. Sedans, 120. Snuff-boxes, of gold, I 26. Seer, fish, II ; weight, I 33· Social life, 72. , Selai, IIS· Societe des Missions Etra.ngeres, 56. Sem!Jdlai paddy, 95· Societies, scientific and literary, 163, Sende.lai, 20 note, 264. Society for the Promotion of Christian Sender Be.ndi, 33· Knowledge, sS ; Propagation of tb e Sengalipuram, 79 note. Gospel, 59, 165, 258, 273, 274. Sengamaldas, 4I. Soda, S. Seniye.ns, 120. Soils of the district, So 1S7, -jOb ·INDEX·. S6mur, 2I. Tambikki-nallavan-k6ttai, 196, 2,Sj. S6rrutturai, 263. Tamflif'an, 82, 230, 239· South Arcot district, IO, I 7, 36, 1 97. Tambrapani, 14. Soutk Itzdian Gods, by Ziegenbalg, 57· Tam!Juf'u, 127. Soutk bzdia11 I,s"iptio1zs, 270, 27I. Tamil, 55· South Indian Railway, 129, I42, I44, I45· Tandavankulam, 139· Span, 134- Tangalan, Paraiyan subdivision, 8g. Spectacles, 126. Tangor, 37· Spring's Mam4al 011 Railed Roads, I43· Tanjan, 2. Srinivasa Ayyar, Mr. R. V., I64. Ta.njavU.r. See Tanjore. Srirangam, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, IOJ, ISS· Tanjdvuf' S.Jf'itti,.ai, 53· Sri vallabha, 27. Tanjore taluk, 26I. Srivanjiam, -239· Tanjore town, etymology of the name, 2 ; Stamps, 20I. sandstones near, 8 ; cattle-breeding a.t, Stokes, Sir Henry, 143, 144. IO; Ch61a capital, I4, 22; temple at, 24, Stone, 8, 126. 30, 71; capital removed from, 25; burnt Straits Settlements, emigration to, Il2, IIJ, by the Pandyas, 32; inscriptions at, 36, 247, 29I ; export of cattle, II7; chintz, 37, 38, 39; besieged by Lally, 48; and 123; jewellery, 126; betel boxes and by General Smith, 49, so ; Patnulkara.ns . scents, 129 ; and salt, I 97 ; trade of in, 55, I20; spread of Christianity in, Negapatam with, IJO, 131. 56, 58; Lutheran and S.P.G. missions Su!Jaks, so, 194· at, 59 ; darga at, 61 ; agricultural and Sub-magistrates, 204. in9ustrial institution at, 93, 101 ; manu Subordinate Judges, 203. res used near, 99 ; Executive Engineer Subrahmanya, temple to, 22I, 242, 26o, at, no; its agricultural bank, 112 ; 27I- co-operative credit society, II 2 ; forest Subrahmanya Ayyar, Patnam, 278. reserves, 114; weaving, II7, 118, II9; Subsidiary jails, 209. dyeing, 120, I22 ; gold snuff boxes, 126; Suchindram, 2I, crystal-work, I 26 ; painting and pith Sugarcane, 99. work, 126 ; artificial garlands and musi Sujana Bai, 44· cal instruments, 127; wood carving and Sulundukk:lrans, 88. moulding, I27 ; cotton ropes, 128 ; Sumai, 134, 135· bangles, shoes and scents, I29 ; printing Sumatra, 23 note. pres>es, I 29 ; ryots' trading methods, ·Sun, adoration of god by, 2I8. IJ2; Hood damages in, 151, 153; vacci Sundaramurti, 71. nation at, 156; elephantiasis in, 156, Sundaranadu Kallans, 84. its hospital and medical school, 157. Sundara-Pandya, 25. I 58; literacy, 'I6o; training school, 163; Sundara Pandya I (Jatavarman), 33· college, I64 ; Collector's head-quarters Sundara Pandya I (Maravarman), 32. at, I94 ; arrack warehouse at, 199 ; Sundara Pandya II (Jatavarman), 33· District Court at, 2C2 ; sub-court at, Superstitions, 66. 203 ; registrar at, 203 ; Police Superin Survey and Settlement, in Ch61a times, tendent at, 208 ; District Jail at, 2o8 ; 30, 34; of 1827-30, I8I ; of I889-92, municipality at, 211 ; described, 265. • 185-191· Tank irrigation, uo. Svamimalai, 120, 210, 221. Tanning, Iz8, 247. Swami work, 125. Tape, II9. Sweet juice, tapping of, 199· Tarangambadi. See Tranquebar. Tattattimul.i, 79 note. T Tattooing, 64. Teak, IJI. Tadigaipadi, 23. Teal, 11, 12. Tagara seeds, I2 I. Tediyur, 79 note. Ta.gattur, 69. Telegraph offices, 145· Tahsildars, 204. Telegraphy, school for, I6j. Takk6lam, 22. Telugu, 55· T dladi season, 9I note. Temperature of the di;trict, 8. Talainayar forest reserve, I I4, Temples, 39, 41, 7I, 89, 226; at Kumba Tala.iyaris, 87, I92, 193, 194, 208. k6nam, 217 ; Tiruvadamarudur and Tala.kad, 23. Tiruvalanjuli, 223 ; Mannargudi, 226 ; Tali, 74, 75· Tiruvalur, 248, 249; Tanjore, 269 ; and Ta.lik6ta., battle of, 39· Tiruvadi, 277. Ta.lismans, 66. Tengalai Brahmans, 78. Taluk boa.rds, 210. :renga/ai-Yatfagalai rlisputes, 72. Taluks and chief towns, 1. Terkitti Pallans, go. Tamarind, 9, ro, 121 1 133. Terkittinadu Kallans, 84. iNDEX. 'Twmit~alia Cloe!Jula, 121, 129. Tiruvannamalai, IO, 38. T!oespesia popu/1.ea, 70.· Tiruvedikudi, 263, 277 note. Thomas·, Mr. H. S., 143, 158. Tiruvendipuram, 32 note. · Tillaistanam, 20 note, 277 note. Tiruvenkadu, 259. · · Tillaivilagam, 283. · Tiruvenkattu-nangai, 259. Tillanayaka Tambiran, 222. - Tiruvilandur, 2JI. · Time, methods of finding, 135· Tiruvilimalalai, 240. Timmakkudi, 120•• Tiruv6namangalam, 2I7. Tinnevelly, 34, 197· Tivuk6ttai. See De,vicotta, Tipparajapuram, 79 note. Tobacco, 99, roo, II4, I30. Tipu Sultan, 51, 6o. · Toddy, rg8, 199· Tiru..ambamah:ilam, 237· Tombans, 12. Tiruchanampundi, 264. Tondaiman lllaindiraiyan, 17. Tiruchank:ittangudi, 239. Tondaimandalam, I7, .r8, · 2I,, 22, 31, 33, Tiruchatturai, 263, 277 no_te. 35, 81. Tiruchirai, 216. · Topes, IO, I8g. Tirogn:ina Sambandhar, 19, 71, 240, 254, T6pputturai, 3• 40 So I30, i45, 284- 258. Trade, 15, I30; at, Adirampatnam, 251 · Tirukkadaiyur, 232. · Karaikkal, 29I ; Muttupet, · :z8I ; Nega~ Tirukkalikkunram, 21. patam, _245; Or~ttanadu, :z6s; ghiyali, Tirukkandiyur, 277 note. 259, Trrumulavasal, 259; T6pputturai, 'Tirukk:ittuppalli, 32, so, 268, 275· 284; and Vallam, 280.· Tirukknvalai, 241. Training schools, I63 Tirumailadi, 259· Tranquebar, port of, 4, S; erosion of the Tirumakk6ttai, 228, sea at, 7 ; acquired by the Danish Tirumala, 36, 39, 40, 68. E. I. Co., 4I _; ~ts Catholic mission, 56 ; Tirumalarajanar, 285. Protestant m1ss1on, 57, 59; mat-weaving Tirumalavadi, 277." . I25; tanning, 128; and printing presses' Tirumangai .Alvar, 257, 259. 129 ; boats calling at, I32; metalled Tirumangalakudi, 222. roads at, I37; canal from, 139, ISO; Tirumechiyur, 240. house for travellers at, I40 ; proposed "rirumulaippal festival, 258. railway to, i44, I4S; cyclones at, I49, Tirumulavasal, 3, 4o So 114, I32, 139• ~59• ISI ; salubrity of, I 54; training school Tirunagari, 257, 259· at, I63 ; Collector's former head-quar Tirupati, 217. ters at, I94; salt factory at, 196, I97 ; Tiruppagalur matlo, 239, 249• fish-curing at, I98 ; zilla court formerly Tiruppakadal tank, 227. at, 202; union, 210; municipality pro. Tiruppalatturai, 36. posed for, 214; described, 232. Tiruppanand:il matlo, 2I9, 222, 230. Tranquebar-Tirumulavasal canal, '1501 234. Tiruppantirutti, 263, 277 note. Transit duties by land, 199. · · Tiruppayanam, 277 note, 279· Transplantation of paddy, 95-99· Tirnppirambiyam, 20 note, 222. Travancore, :zg, 30, 371 38. · · Tiruppuvanam, II9· Travellers' bungalows, 140, I41. Tirutalam-udaiy:ir, 258. Treaties between the English and Tanjore, Tirutturaippundi, taluk, 281 ; town, 99o SI· . 145, 210, :z81, 283. Tree revenue, 189. Tiruvadamarudur, 71, 210, 222, 223. Tree-tax system, 18g. Tirnvadi (South Arcot district), 34 note. Tree worship, 70. Tiruvadi, inscription at, 29 ; subah of, so, Trichinopoly, buffaloes of, 10; Pandyan 194; cattle worship at, 70; its sa?ta grant at, 20 note; Ch6Ia lLDd Muham. std"a'" ceremony, 71 ; wood-carvmg, madan princes at, 34• 35; Ch6Ia 127 i builders, 129 ; Sanskrit high inscriptions near, 36, 266; exchanged school, 141 ; proposed railway, 144; for Vallam, 38; Tanjore Nayaks' rule district mnnsif, 203; union, 2IO; de extended to, 39 ; seized by Chanda scribed, 276. Sahib, 43 ; struggle between the French Tiruvaduturai, IO, 127, 223, 23I, 232. and English at, 47 ; spread of Christia Tiruvaiyaru. See Tiruvadi. · nity in, 58 ; bifurcation of the Cauvery Tiruvalanjuli, 223. near, 103 ; tanning at, U7; cigars from, Tiruvallam, 21. 131 ; Tanjore students· in colleges at, Tiruvalur, its cattle fair, IO ; temple, 7,1 ; ·161 ; salt supplied to, 197. scented water industry, 129; ..r~ce:m•~l, Tugili, Jig. 132 ; heavy rainfal_l, I 52 ; dist~l':t Tukk6ji, 44 mnnsi{ 203 • and Union, ::1100 munlCl· Tu/d feast at Mayavaram, 71, 231. palit)' prop~ed for, 2I4; its conne~tion Tu/dbhdf'a, 21. with K6iltirumalam, 237 ; descr~bed, Tulasi plant, 70. 248. Tuls:iji, 49, SI, ·s8, 168, 169, 191, :125. iNDEX. Tulukkanva)al, ZS3· residence at, 194; union, 210; described, Tuluva dynasty, 36. 279- Tuluva Vellalans, S1.' Vallambans, :aSo. Tungabhadra river, 27, 29, 3S· 1\Taluwr, 229. TuppUkuli, 204, 206. Vanagiri, 19S. Tuttukkudi, 79 note-. Vanaji Panditar, Sri, 43 1 zSJ. Tyaga Aiyar, z7S. Va,ellita/ai leaves, 123. Type-writing school, 163. Vaniyans, uS. Vanjiar, :ass. u Vannlyans, S:a. Varagu, 64. 99, roo, 103, 1S7. Udaiyans, S3. Varaguna Pandya, :ao note, 223. Udaiyar dynasty, 277. Vti,am, III, 172, 177· Udayendiram grants, 21. Vattam, 194· Udu system of cultivation, 93· Vatlangi, 121. Ujjaiu, 16 note. Vattima Brahmans, 78-79, 229, 230. Ukkal, 22 note. Vayicigaram, 29. Ulakattal, 6S. Vaykkarans, Pallan subdivision, 90· Ullar channel, 103. Vedans, 14, SS. Ullikk6ttai, :a:a6. Vedaranniyam,. salt-swamp, 3, I9So 197; Unaided schools, l:62. canal to, 139, :aS:a ; proposed railway Unions, 210. and road to, 145, :aS3 ; salt factory at, Upland tracts of the district, :a, s, 6, 9· 196 ; union, 210; described, 2S4. Uppanar river, 3, 139, 2S9· Vedic school at Tiruvadi, 27S. Upper Anicut, 104, IOS, ISI• Vegetables, 133. Uppili-appan'k6vil, 217. Velakkurichi, 239. u,ai, 134· Velanandu, 31 note. Uraiyur, 14, I!!, 32, :a66. Velanganni, 4, 56, 246, zso. Urvalamattu Vellalans, Sr. Veli, 34, 135. Uttattur, St. Velipalaiyam, 124, 245. . Utt.ukkattu Vellalans, Sr. Vellalans, Christian converts among, 6o; Uyyakkondan channel, 34· their houses, 62 ; cobra-worship, 70 ; and marriage customs and ceremonies, v 73, 74; described, S1 ; chintz-stamping by, 123; in the Dharmapuram math, Vaccination, ISS· 230; numerical strength of, 265. Vadagalai Brahmans, 7S. Y ellalark6vil, 229. Vadama Brahmans, 7S. Vellar river, 15, 139, 246. Vadamalainadu Kallans, S4. Vellore, 39, 209. Vadavagudi surplus, lOS. Vlmbddam bark, 122. Vadavar channel, 109, 213. Vengi, 19, 23, :a6, :a7, 28, 29, 301 31 note. Vdgai, us. Venkaji, 41-44, 1S3, :a6:a. Vaidlsvarank6yi1, 71, 72, :a6o. Venkatapati, 39· Vaidyanatha Aiyar, Maha, 278. Vennar river, 57, 1o6, 153, 275. Vajra, 16. Vennar-Vettar regulators, 106. Vaj'a ti,tllam, :aSo. Vennil battle of, 16. Valagu flattu, n. . Ventilago mad,aspalaHa, 122. Valaiyans, as shikaris, J:a; their food, 64; Vettangudi forest reserve, 114. women's dress, 64; superstitions, 66 ; Vettar river, 57· devil-worship, 69; cobra-worship, 70; Vettiyan, 193, 194. earth-worship, 70 ; marriage customs Vijaya Nripatunga Vikramavarman, :ao. and ceremonies, 73 ; and funeral cere Vijaya Raghava Nayak, 40, 41, 267. monies, 76, 77; described. S7 ; as Vijaya Raghunatha Nayak, 43· criminals, 207 ; admitted to the Tanjore Vijaya-cijendra-mandala, 35 note, temple, 271. Vijayaditya VII, :aS. Valangiman, 203, 204, :aro, 224- Vijayalaya, :ao. Vallabhas, 27, Vijayanagar, empire, 34, 35; inscriptions, Vallam, tableland of, 3, 10; stones of, 7; 264, :a66, 273, 21s. :an. minerals near, 8; salubrity of, 9, 154; Vikrama Ch61a, 30, 31, :az:a, 249, 264. exchanged for Trichinopoly, 3S; taken Vikrama-ch61a-mandala, 35 note. by the Musalmans, 40; seized and garri· Vikrama Ch6la-Pandya, 30 note. soned by the Madura king, 40 ; ·taken Vikramaditya II, :ao. by General Smith, 49 ; agricultural Vikramaditya VI, 27, :aS, 29· practices at, 99, 100 ; crystal-work at, Viliya Brahmans, 7S, 240. 126; ropes made in, uS ; cotton grown Village assemblies (committees) in Chota near, 130; ryots' trading methods in, days, 35. 132 ; quarries near, 137 ; Collector's Village deities, 58, 68. INDEX. Village establishment, 193. Svamimalai, 221 ; Tirumangalakudi, Village magistrates, 204. 222; Mannargudi, 227 ; Ammayappan, Village monsif, 193, 203, 237; Negapatam, 246; and Tanjore,.. Village rent settlement, 174- 274· Villages, 61. Weights and measures, ·133· Vimalliditya, 23, 27, 277. Weld, Mr. M. R., 12. Vi,ddi, 135· Well irrigation, 110. Vinayagatero, 4, 224- Wesleyan Mission, 59, 166, 228. Viper, cbain, 12. Wet land, settlement of, 168-183, 187, Vipe,.a Russellii, 12. 188. Vira Pandya, 22. · Wiedebrock, 58. Vira Rajendra Deva, 26, 29, 30. Wild animals, 11. Vira Ramanatha Deva, 31· Wilks' Histo,.y of Myso,.~, 44, 53,217, 244- Vira S6mesvara, 32 note, 33· Wind velocity in the district, 8, 9· Virakeralan, 25. Wood-carving, 127. Virakesarin, 27. Workshops, Railway, at Negapatam, 129. Virupaksha, 36. Visanganado Kallans, 84. Vishnuporam, 79 note, X Viss, 133· · · Visvanatha Nayak of Madura, 38. Xavier, St. Francis. 56, Vital statistics, I 56. Vittala, Vijayanagar prince, 38, 223, 264, y Volkart Bros., Messrs., 132. Vows, 71, 219, 221, 227, 241, 243, 252 Yamunabayi, 228. Vriddhachalam, 39• • Yo!lur Vellalans, Sr. Yule's Ma,.co Polo, 248. w z Wages, 111. Wallace, Mr., 171, 190, 194- Zamindaris, 192. Water, worship of, 70. Zenana teachers, 59· . Water-supply schemes, 156, 213, 220, 246, Ziegenbalg, Bartholamaiis, 571 sS, 235• 274· • Zilla Court, 202, Wax-printing; 124. Zilla Judge, 217. · Weaving, methods and chief centres of, Zillada,.s, 202. 117-12S ; in the district jail, 209 ; at Zalfakar Kban, 42.