Tuesday, November 2, 2010

Part IV

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing the Rayed Bean and Snuffbox as Endangered; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR foundation for all endangered and Public Hearing threatened species listing The Act provides for one or more Fish and Wildlife Service determinations. We therefore request public hearings on this proposal, if comments or suggestions from other requested. We must receive requests by 50 CFR Part 17 concerned governmental agencies, the the date listed in the DATES section [Docket No. FWS–R3–ES–2010–0019; MO scientific community, industry, or any above. Such requests must be made in 92210–0–0008–B2] other interested party concerning this writing and addressed to the Field proposed rule to list the rayed bean and RIN 1018–AV96 Supervisor of the Ohio Ecological snuffbox as endangered. We particularly Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER Endangered and Threatened Wildlife seek comments concerning: INFORMATION CONTACT). (1) Survey results for the rayed bean and Plants; Listing the Rayed Bean Background and Snuffbox as Endangered or snuffbox, as well as any studies that may show distribution, status, Species Descriptions AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, population size, or population trends, The rayed bean is a small mussel Interior. including indications of recruitment; usually less than 1.5 inches (in) (3.8 ACTION: Proposed rule. (2) Pertinent aspects of life history, centimeters (cm)) in length (Cummings ecology, and habitat use of the rayed SUMMARY: and Mayer 1992, p. 142; Parmalee and We, the U.S. Fish and bean or snuffbox; Wildlife Service (Service), propose to Bogan 1998, p. 244; West et al. 2000, p. list the rayed bean (Villosa fabalis) and (3) Current and foreseeable threats 248). The shell outline is elongate or snuffbox (Epioblasma triquetra) as faced by the rayed bean or snuffbox, or ovate in males and elliptical in females, endangered throughout their ranges, both species, in relation to the five and moderately inflated in both sexes, under Endangered Species Act of 1973, factors (as defined in section 4(a)(1) of but more so in females (Parmalee and as amended (Act). This proposed rule, if the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.)); Bogan 1998, p. 244). The valves are made final, would extend the Act’s (4) The specific physical and thick and solid. The anterior end is protection to the rayed bean and the biological features to consider, and rounded in females and bluntly pointed in males (Cummings and Mayer 1992, p. snuffbox. We have determined that specific areas that may meet the 142). Females are generally smaller than designating critical habitat for these definition of critical habitat and that males (Parmalee and Bogan 1998, p. species is prudent, but not determinable should or should not be considered for 244). Dorsally, the shell margin is at this time. The Service seeks data and a proposed critical habitat designation straight, while the ventral margin is comments from the public on this as provided by section 4 of the Act; and straight to slightly curved (Cummings proposed listing rule. (5) The data and studies to which this proposal refers. and Mayer 1992, p. 142). The beaks are DATES: We will consider comments we slightly elevated above the hingeline receive on or before January 3, 2011. We You may submit your comments and (West et al. 2000, p. 248), with sculpture must receive requests for public materials concerning this proposed rule consisting of double loops with some hearings, in writing, at the address by one of the methods listed in the nodules (Parmalee and Bogan 1998, p. shown in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESSES section. We will not accept 244). No posterior ridge is evident. CONTACT section on or before December comments sent by e-mail or fax or to an Surface texture is smooth and sub- 17, 2010. address not listed in the ADDRESSES shiny, and green, yellowish-green, or ADDRESSES: You may submit comments section. Comments must be submitted to brown in color, with numerous wavy, by one of the following methods: http://www.regulations.gov before dark-green rays of various widths • Federal eRulemaking Portal: http:// midnight (Eastern Time) on the date (sometimes obscure in older, blackened www.regulations.gov. Follow the specified in the DATES section. Finally, specimens) (Cummings and Mayer 1992, instructions for submitting comments we will not consider hand-delivered p. 142; West et al. 2000, p. 248). on Docket No. FWS–R3–2010–0019. comments that we do not receive, or Internally, the left valve has two • U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public mailed comments that are not pseudocardinal teeth (tooth-like Comments Processing, Attn: FWS–R3– postmarked, by the date specified in the structures along the hinge line of the 2010–0019; Division of Policy and DATES section. internal portion of the shell) that are Directives Management; U.S. Fish and We will post your entire comment triangular, relatively heavy, and large, Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, —including your personal identifying and two short, heavy lateral teeth Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203. information—on http:// (Cummings and Mayer 1992, p. 142). We will post all comments on http:// www.regulations.gov. If you provide us The right valve has a low, triangular www.regulations.gov. This generally personal identifying information such as pseudocardinal tooth, with possibly means that we will post any personal your street address, phone number, or e- smaller secondary teeth anteriorly and information you provide us (see the mail address, you may request at the top posteriorly, and a short, heavy, and Public Comments section below for of your document that we withhold this somewhat elevated lateral tooth more information). information from public review. (Parmalee and Bogan 1998, p. 244). The FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: However, we cannot guarantee that we color of the nacre (mother-of-pearl) is Angela Boyer at the U.S. Fish and will be able to do so. silvery white or bluish and iridescent Wildlife Service, Ohio Ecological Comments and materials we receive, posteriorly. Key characters useful for Services Field Office, 4625 Morse Road, as well as supporting documentation we distinguishing the rayed bean from Suite 104, Columbus, OH 43230; used in preparing this proposed rule, other mussels is its small size, thick telephone 614–416–8993, ext. 22. will be available for public inspection valves, unusually heavy teeth for a SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: on http://www.regulations.gov, or by small mussel, and color pattern appointment, during normal business (Cummings and Mayer 1992, p. 142). Public Comments hours at the Ohio Ecological Services The snuffbox is a small- to medium- Our intent is to use the best available Field Office (see FOR FURTHER sized mussel with males reaching up to commercial and scientific data as the INFORMATION CONTACT). 2.8 in. (7.0 cm) in length (Cummings

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and Mayer 1992, p. 162; Parmalee and unique color pattern, shape (especially 2004, pp. 108–109; Strayer et al. 2004, Bogan 1998, p. 108). The maximum in females), and high degree of inflation. pp. 430–431). Recent evidence suggests that adult mussels may also deposit-feed length of females is about 1.8 in (4.5 cm) Taxonomy (Parmalee and Bogan 1998, p. 108). The on particles in the sediment (Raikow shape of the shell is somewhat The rayed bean is a member of the and Hamilton 2001, p. 520). For their triangular (females), oblong, or ovate freshwater mussel family Unionidae and first several months, juvenile mussels (males) with the valves solid, thick, and was originally described as Unio fabalis employ foot (pedal) feeding, consuming very inflated. The beaks are located by Lea in 1831. The type locality is the settled algae and detritus (Yeager et al. somewhat anterior of the middle, Ohio River (Parmalee and Bogan 1998, 1994, p. 221). Unionids have an unusual swollen, turned forward and inward, p. 244), probably in the vicinity of mode of reproduction. Their life cycle and extended above the hingeline Cincinnati, Ohio. Over the years, the includes a brief, obligatory parasitic (Cummings and Mayer 1992, p. 162). rayed bean has been placed in the stage on fish. Eggs develop into Beak sculpture consists of three or four genera Unio, Margarita, Margaron, microscopic larvae called glochidia faint, double-looped bars (Cummings Eurynia, Micromya, and Lemiox. It was within special gill chambers of the ultimately placed in the genus Villosa and Mayer 1992, p. 162; Parmalee and female. The female expels the mature by Stein (1963, p. 19), where it remains Bogan 1998, p. 108). The anterior end of glochidia, which must attach to the gills today (Turgeon et al. 1998, p. 33). We the shell is rounded, and the posterior or the fins of an appropriate fish host to recognize Unio capillus, U. lapillus, and end is truncated, highly so in females. complete development. Host fish U. donacopsis as synonyms of Villosa The posterior ridge is prominent, being specificity varies among unionids. Some fabalis. species appear to use a single host, high and rounded, while the posterior The snuffbox is a member of the slope is widely flattened. The posterior while others can transform on several freshwater mussel family Unionidae and host species. Following successful ridge and slope in females is covered was described as Truncilla triqueter infestation, glochidia encyst (enclose in with fine ridges and grooves, and the (Rafinesque 1820, p. 300). The species a cyst-like structure) and drop off as posterioventral shell edge is finely name was later changed to triquetra newly transformed juveniles. For further toothed (Cummings and Mayer 1992, p. (Simpson 1900, p. 517), from the Latin information on freshwater mussels, see 162). When females are viewed from a triquetrous meaning ‘‘having three acute Gordon and Layzer (1989, pp. 1–17). dorsal or ventral perspective, the angles,’’ a reference to the general shape convergence of the two valves on the of the female. The type locality is the Mussel biologists know relatively posterior slope is nearly straight due to Falls of the Ohio (Ohio River, little about the specific life-history being highly inflated. This gives the Louisville, Kentucky) (Parmalee and requirements of the rayed bean and the female snuffbox a unique broadly Bogan 1998, p. 108). The synonymy of snuffbox. Most mussels, including the lanceolate or cordate perspective when the snuffbox was summarized by rayed bean and snuffbox, have separate viewed at the substrate and water Johnson (1978, pp. 248–249), Parmalee sexes. The age at sexual maturity, which column interface (Ortmann 1919, p. 329; and Bogan (1998, p. 108), and Roe (no is unknown for the rayed bean and van der Schalie 1932, p. 104). The date, p. 3). This species has also been snuffbox, is highly variable among and ventral margin is slightly rounded in considered a member of the genera within species (0–9 years) (Haag and males and nearly straight in females. Unio, Dysnomia, Plagiola, Mya, Staton 2003, pp. 2122–2123), and may Females have recurved denticles on the Margarita, Margaron, and Epioblasma at be sex dependent (Smith 1979, p. 382). posterior shell margin that aid in various times since its description. The Both species are thought to be long-term holding host fish (Barnhart 2008, p. 1). monotypic subgenus Truncillopsis was brooders; rayed bean females brood The periostracum (external shell created for this species (Ortmann and glochidia from May through October surface) is generally smooth and Walker 1922, p. 65). The genus (Parmalee and Bogan 1998, p. 108; yellowish or yellowish-green in young Epioblasma was not in common usage Ecological Specialists, Inc. (ESI) 2000, p. individuals, becoming darker with age. until the 1970s (Stansbery 1973, p. 22; 5; Woolnough 2002, p. 23), and snuffbox Green squarish, triangular, or chevron- Stansbery 1976, p. 48; contra Johnson brood glochidia from September to May shaped marks cover the umbone (the 1978, p. 248), where it currently (Ortmann 1912, p. 355; 1919, p. 327). inflated area of the shell along the remains (Turgeon et al. 1998, p. 34). The only published research identifies dorsal margin) but become poorly Unio triqueter, U. triangularis, U. the Tippecanoe darter (Etheostoma delineated stripes with age. Internally, triangularis longisculus, U. triangularis tippecanoe) as a host fish for the rayed the left valve has two high, thin, pergibosus, U. cuneatus, and U. bean (White et al. 1996, p. 191). Other triangular, emarginate pseudocardinal formosus are recognized as synonyms of rayed bean hosts are thought to include teeth (the front tooth being thinner than E. triquetra. Tricorn pearly mussel is the greenside darter (E. blennioides), the back tooth) and two short, strong, another common name for this species rainbow darter (E. caeruleum), mottled slightly curved, and finely striated (Clarke 1981a, p. 354). sculpin (Cottus bairdi), and largemouth lateral teeth. The right valve has a high, bass (Micropterus salmoides) triangular pseudocardinal tooth with a Life History (Woolnough 2002, p. 51). Based on single short, erect, and heavy lateral The general biology of the rayed bean inference of closely related species, tooth. The interdentum (a flattened area and the snuffbox are similar to other additional hosts may be suitable, between the pseudocardinal and lateral bivalved mollusks belonging to the including other darter and sculpin teeth) is absent, and the beak cavity is family Unionidae. Adults are species (Jones 2002, pers. comm.). wide and deep. The color of the nacre suspension-feeders, spending their Juvenile snuffbox have successfully is white, often with a silvery luster, and entire lives partially or completely transformed on logperch (Percina a gray-blue or gray-green tinge in the buried within the substrate (Murray and caprodes), blackside darter (P. beak cavity. The soft anatomy was Leonard 1962, p. 27). Adults feed on maculata), rainbow darter, Iowa darter described by Oesch (1984, pp. 233–234), algae, bacteria, detritus, microscopic (E. exile), blackspotted topminnow and Williams et al. (2008, p. 282). Key animals, and dissolved organic material (Fundulus olivaceous), mottled sculpin, characters useful for distinguishing the (Silverman et al. 1997, p. 1859; Nichols banded sculpin (C. carolinae), Ozark snuffbox from other species include its and Garling 2000, p. 873; Christian et al. sculpin (C. hypselurus), largemouth

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bass, and brook stickleback (Culaea Rayed Bean Historical Distribution (East Fork Little Miami River), inconstans) in laboratory tests (Sherman The rayed bean historically occurred Stillwater River), Pennsylvania 1994, p. 17; Yeager and Saylor 1995, p. in 112 streams, lakes, and some human- (Allegheny River (French Creek 3; Hillegass and Hove 1997, p. 25; made canals in 10 States: Illinois, (Cussewago Creek))), and West Virginia Barnhart et al. 1998, p. 34; Hove et al. Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New (Elk River); and Ontario, Canada 2000, p. 30; Sherman Mulcrone 2004, York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, (Sydenham River, Thames River). pp. 100–103). Virginia, and West Virginia; and Rayed Bean Population Estimates and Habitat Characteristics Ontario, Canada. The mussel occurred Status The rayed bean is generally known in parts of the upper (Lake Michigan from smaller, headwater creeks, but drainage) and lower Great Lakes Based on historical and current data, occurrence records exist from larger systems, and throughout most of the the rayed bean has declined rivers (Cummings and Mayer 1992, p. Ohio and Tennessee River systems. significantly rangewide and is now 142; Parmalee and Bogan 1998, pp. 244). During historical times, the rayed bean known from only 28 streams and 1 lake They are usually found in or near shoal was fairly widespread and locally (down from 112), a 74 percent decline or riffle areas, and in the shallow, wave- common in many Ohio River system (Table 1). This species has also been washed areas of glacial lakes, including streams based on collections made over eliminated from long reaches of former Lake Erie (West et al. 2000, p. 253). In a several-decade period. The species habitat in hundreds of miles of the Lake Erie, the species is generally was once fairly common in the Belle, Maumee, Ohio, Wabash, and Tennessee associated with islands in the western South Branch Thames, Detroit, Scioto, Rivers and from numerous stream portion of the lake. Preferred substrates Wabash, and Duck Rivers; several reaches and their tributaries. In typically include gravel and sand. The tributaries in the Scioto system addition, this species is no longer rayed bean is oftentimes found among (Olentangy River, and Big Darby and known from the States of Illinois, vegetation (water willow (Justicia Alum Creeks); and Tippecanoe Lake Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia. The americana) and water milfoil based on literature and museum records rayed bean was also extirpated in West (Myriophyllum sp.)) in and adjacent to (Call 1900; Watters 1994, p. 105; West Virginia until the 2006 reintroduction riffles and shoals (Watters 1988b, p. 15; et al. 2000, p. 251; Badra 2002, pers. into the Elk River (Clayton 2007, pers. West et al. 2000, p. 253). Specimens are comm.). The rayed bean was last comm.). reported from some streams several typically buried among the roots of the In this proposed rule, mussel shell decades ago (North Branch Clinton, vegetation (Parmalee and Bogan 1998, collection records have been classified Auglaize, Ohio, West Fork, Beaver, pp. 245). Adults and juveniles appear to according to the condition of shell produce byssal threads (thin, protein- Shenango, Mahoning, Mohican, Scioto, Green, Barren, Salamonie, White, Big material. Fresh dead (FD) shells still based fibers) (Woolnough 2002, pp. 99– have flesh attached to the valves, they 100), apparently to attach themselves to Blue, Tennessee, Holston, South Fork Holston, Nolichucky, Clinch, North may or may not retain a luster to their substrate particles. nacre, and their periostracum is non- The snuffbox is found in small to Fork Clinch, and Powell Rivers; Wolf, peeling, all indicating relatively recent medium-sized creeks to larger rivers and Conewango, Oil, Crooked, Pymatuning, in lakes (Cummings and Mayer 1992, p. Mill, Alum, Whetstone, Deer, Lick, and death (generally less than 1 year) 162; Parmalee and Bogan 1998, p. 108). Richland Creeks; and Buckeye, (Buchanan 1980, p. 4). Relic (R) shells The species occurs in swift currents of Tippecanoe, Winona, and Pike Lakes). have lost the luster to their nacre, have riffles and shoals and wave-washed The rayed bean population in Lake Erie peeling or absent periostracum, may be shores of lakes over gravel and sand was once considerable (Ohio State brittle or worn, and likely have been with occasional cobble and boulders. University Museum of Biological dead more than a year (Buchanan 1980, Individuals generally burrow deep into Diversity (OSUM) collections), but has pp. 4–5; Zanatta et al. 2002, p. 482). the substrate except when spawning or been eliminated by the zebra mussel. Generally, FD shells indicate the attempting to attract a host (Parmalee continued presence of the species at a Rayed Bean Current Distribution and Bogan 1998, p. 108). site (Metcalf 1980, p. 4). The presence Strayer (1999a, pp. 471–472) Extant populations of the rayed bean of R shells only, along with repeated demonstrated in field trials that mussels are known from 28 streams and 1 lake failure to find live (L) animals or FD in streams occur chiefly in flow refuges, in six States and one Canadian shells, likely signifies that a population or relatively stable areas that displayed province: Indiana (St. Joseph River is extirpated (Watters and Dunn 1993– little movement of particles during flood (stream) (Fish Creek (tributary)), 94, pp. 253–254). Shells labeled R may events. Flow refuges conceivably allow Tippecanoe River (Lake Maxinkuckee, originally have been reported by relatively immobile mussels to remain Sugar Creek)), Michigan (Black River collectors as either weathered dead (or in the same general location throughout (Mill Creek), Pine River, Belle River, weathered dry) or subfossil. If no details their entire lives. He thought that Clinton River), New York (Allegheny on shell condition were provided for a features commonly used in the past to River (Olean Creek, Cassadaga Creek, record, the shell is simply referred to as explain the spatial patchiness of French Creek)), Ohio (Swan Creek, Fish dead. In this document, a population is mussels (water depth, current speed, Creek, Blanchard River, Tymochtee considered viable if it is reproducing sediment grain size) were poor Creek, Walhonding River, Mill Creek, and has enough individuals to sustain predictors of where mussels actually Big Darby Creek, Scioto Brush Creek), the population at its current level for the occur in streams. (Great Miami River, Little Miami River foreseeable future.

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TABLE 1—RAYED BEAN STATUS AT HISTORICAL LOCATIONS

Last observed River basin Stream (R = relic) Current status Comments

Upper Great Lakes Pigeon River ...... 1996 (R) Extirpated ...... Sub-basin. Lower Great Lakes Black River ...... 2001 Unknown ...... Small and of questionable viabil- Sub-basin. ity. Mill Creek ...... 2002 Unknown ...... Unknown. Pine River ...... 2002 Declining ...... Recruiting. Belle River ...... 2003 Unknown ...... Clinton River ...... 1992 Unknown ...... Recruiting. North Fork Clinton River ...... 1933 Extirpated ...... Sydenham River (Canada) ...... 2003 Stable ...... Recruiting. Thames River ...... 2008 Unknown ...... Unknown. Detroit River ...... 1983 Extirpated ...... Rouge River ...... <1914 Extirpated. Huron River ...... 1931–32 Extirpated. Raisin River ...... 1941 Extirpated. Macon Creek ...... 1976–78 (R) Extirpated. Maumee River ...... 1913 Extirpated. Swan Creek ...... 2009 Stable ...... Recruiting. St. Joseph River ...... 1998 Declining ...... Probably not recruiting. West Branch St. Joseph River .... 1997 (R) Extirpated. Fish Creek ...... 2009 Declining ...... Unknown. Cedar Creek ...... 1985 Extirpated. Feeder Canal to St. Joseph River 1988 (R) Extirpated. Auglaize River ...... 1964 Extirpated. Ottawa River ...... 1998 (R) Extirpated. Blanchard River ...... 2009 Unknown ...... Recruiting. Sandusky River ...... 1978 Extirpated. Tymochtee Creek ...... 1996 Unknown ...... Unknown. Wolf Creek ...... 1971 (R) Extirpated. Lake Erie ...... 1977–87 Extirpated. Ohio River system ...... Ohio River mainstem ...... <1960 Extirpated. Allegheny River ...... 2007 Stable ...... Recruiting. Chautauqua Lake outlet ...... <1919 Extirpated. Chautauqua Lake ...... <1919 Extirpated. Olean Creek ...... 2000 Unknown ...... Recruiting. Cassadaga Creek ...... 1994 Unknown ...... Recruiting. Conewango Creek ...... ∼1908 Extirpated. Oil Creek ...... <1970 Extirpated. French Creek ...... 2005 Stable ...... Recruiting. Cussewago Creek ...... 1991 Unknown. Crooked Creek ...... ∼1908 Extirpated. West Fork River ...... <1913 Extirpated. Beaver River ...... ∼1910 Extirpated. Shenango River ...... ∼1908 Extirpated. Pymatuning Creek ...... ∼1908 Extirpated. Mahoning River ...... <1921 Extirpated. Middle Island Creek ...... 1980 (R) Extirpated. Muskingum River ...... 1980 (R) Extirpated. Tuscarawas River ...... ? Extirpated. Walhonding River ...... 1991–95 Declining ...... Probably not recruiting. Mohican River ...... 1969 Extirpated. Elk River ...... 2008 Reintroduced in 2006. Scioto River ...... 1964 Extirpated. Mill Creek ...... 2007 Unknown. Alum Creek ...... 1970 Extirpated. Blacklick Creek ...... ? Extirpated. Olentangy River ...... 1962 Extirpated. Whetstone Creek ...... 1961 Extirpated. Big Walnut Creek ...... 1961 Extirpated. Walnut Creek ...... 1994 (R) Extirpated. Big Darby Creek ...... 2008 Declining ...... Unknown. Little Darby Creek ...... 1990 (R) or 1986 (R) Extirpated. Deer Creek ...... 1981 Extirpated. Sugar Creek ...... <1900 Extirpated. Scioto Brush Creek ...... 1987 Unknown ...... Probably not recruiting. Cedar Creek ...... ? Extirpated. Buckeye Lake ...... ? Extirpated. Ohio and Erie Canal ...... ? Extirpated ...... Great Miami River ...... 2009 Unknown ...... Unknown. Little Miami River ...... 1990–91 Unknown ...... Probably not recruiting. East Fork Little Miami River ...... 1990–91 Unknown.

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TABLE 1—RAYED BEAN STATUS AT HISTORICAL LOCATIONS—Continued

Last observed River basin Stream (R = relic) Current status Comments

Stillwater River ...... 1987 Unknown ...... Probably not recruiting. South Fork Licking River ...... 1982 (R) Extirpated. North Fork Elkhorn Creek ...... 1982 (R) Extirpated. Eagle Creek ...... 1981 (R) Extirpated. Brashears Creek ...... 1983 (R) Extirpated. Green River ...... 1964 Extirpated. Nolin River ...... 1983 (R) Extirpated. Barren River ...... <1900, ? Extirpated. Wabash River ...... 1962 (R) Extirpated. Salamonie River ...... 1971 Extirpated. Mississinewa River ...... 1994 (R) Extirpated. Tippecanoe River ...... 1995 Declining ...... Possibly recruiting. Tippecanoe Lake ...... <1920 Extirpated. Winona Lake ...... 1934 Extirpated. Pike Lake ...... 1906 Extirpated. Lake Maxinkuckee ...... 1997 Declining ...... Unknown. Vermilion River ...... 1999 (R) Extirpated. Salt Fork Vermilion River ...... 1956–57 Extirpated. Middle Fork Vermilion River ...... 1991 Extirpated. North Fork Vermilion River ...... 1995 (R) Extirpated. Embarras River ...... 1956 Extirpated. Sugar Creek ...... 1998 Unknown ...... Unknown. White River ...... <1903 Extirpated. West Fork White River ...... 1989–91 (R) Extirpated. East Fork White River ...... ? Extirpated. Big Blue River ...... 1944 Extirpated. Walnut Creek ...... 1992 (R) Extirpated. Mill Creek ...... 1992 (R) Extirpated. Fall Creek ...... ? Extirpated. Sugar Creek ...... 1950 Extirpated. Tennessee River sys- Tennessee River mainstem ...... <1939 Extirpated. tem. Holston River ...... 1914–15 Extirpated. North Fork Holston River ...... 1913 Extirpated. South Fork Holston River ...... 1914 Extirpated. Nolichucky River ...... 1968 Extirpated. Lick Creek ...... 1967 (R) Extirpated. First Creek ...... ? Extirpated. Clinch River ...... 1965 Extirpated. North Fork Clinch River ...... <1921 Extirpated. Powell River ...... 1913–15 Extirpated. Elk River ...... 1965 Extirpated. Richland Creek ...... 1892 Extirpated. Duck River ...... 1982 Extirpated.

Upper Great Lakes Sub-Basin Black River—A tributary of the St. would appear to be small and of Clair River, linking Lakes Huron and St. questionable viability (Butler 2002, p. The rayed bean was not known from Clair, the Black River is located in 8). the upper Great Lakes sub-basin until southeastern Michigan. Hoeh and Trdan 1996, when relic specimens were Mill Creek—Mill Creek is a tributary (1985, p. 115) surveyed 17 sites in the of the Black River, St. Clair County, in documented from a tributary to the St. Black River system, including 12 southeastern Michigan. The rayed bean Joseph River, a tributary to Lake mainstem sites, but failed to find the was discovered in Mill Creek in August Michigan. No extant populations of the rayed bean. The rayed bean was not 2002. Five dead specimens were found rayed bean are currently known from discovered there until the summer of approximately 0.5 miles (mi) (0.8 this system. 2001 when a single live (L) individual kilometers (km)) above its confluence Lower Great Lakes Sub-Basin was found in the lower river in the Port with the Black River in the PHSGA Huron State Game Area (PHSGA) (Badra (Badra 2002, pers. comm.). A Mill Creek Of the 112 water bodies from which 2002, pers. comm.). A survey in 2003 site 0.25 mi (0.4 km) from the the rayed bean was historically failed to find any rayed bean, and two confluence of the Black River was recorded, 27 are in the lower Great surveys in 2005 found only two valves surveyed in 2003 and 2004 with one Lakes system. The species is thought to (Badra 2008, pers. comm.). An rayed bean shell found during each be extant in 12 streams, which are additional survey was performed in survey (Badra 2008, pers. comm.). discussed below, but historically 2005 at six sites, but no rayed bean were Similar to the population in the Black significant populations have been found (Badra 2008, pers. comm.). The River, the status of this newly eliminated from Lake Erie and the status of this population cannot be discovered population cannot be Detroit River. accurately assessed at this time, but accurately assessed at this time.

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Pine River—Another tributary of the the Sydenham River. The rayed bean is 2008, p. 11). The rayed bean was the St. Clair River, the Pine River is located currently thought to exist in an fourth most abundant unionid present in southeastern Michigan. The rayed approximately 75-mi (120-km) reach of within the 2006–2008 sample area, bean was apparently not collected in the the middle Sydenham, from the general reaching densities of eight individuals Pine River until 1982 when specimens vicinity of Napier, Ontario, downstream per square meter in some areas and were found at three sites (Hoeh and to Dawn Mills. The species appears to comprising about 14.1 percent of the Trdan 1985, p. 116). These collections be most abundant in the lower half of total mussel community (Grabarkiewicz included 5 L individuals and 23 FD this river reach. Although the range has 2008, p. 10). The rayed bean population specimens (Badra 2002, pers. comm.). remained relatively consistent over in Swan Creek is viable and, although Hoeh and Trdan (1985, p. 116) time, abundance data at repeatedly limited to a short reach, may be one of considered it to be ‘‘rare,’’ semi- sampled sites from the 1960s to the late the most robust remaining populations. quantitatively defined as occurring at a 1990s indicate a general decline of the St. Joseph River—The St. Joseph River rate of less than one specimen per rayed bean. Based on the range of sizes is one of the two major headwater person-hour sampling effort. In 1997, and roughly equal number of specimens tributaries to the Maumee, with a two L individuals were found. The last in various size classes of the L and FD drainage area in southeastern Michigan, survey in the Pine River occurred in material they gathered, West et al. northwestern Ohio, and northeastern 2002 (Badra 2008, pers. comm.), and (2000, p. 256) considered the population Indiana. The mainstem flows in a one L rayed bean was documented to be ‘‘healthy’’ and ‘‘reproducing’’ southwesterly direction to its (Badra and Goforth 2003, p. 6). The (recruiting). Data from sampling in 2001 confluence with the St. Mary’s River to species may have declined significantly shows evidence of recruitment and form the Maumee in Ft. Wayne, Indiana. since the 1980s, but is probably still variable size classes for both sexes from The rayed bean was historically known viable in the Pine River. most of the sites (Woolnough 2002, p. from numerous sites on the river, but Belle River—The Belle River is a third 50). Based on this data, the rayed bean now apparently persists only at a couple tributary of the St. Clair River harboring population in the Sydenham River is of sites in the lower St. Joseph River in an extant population of the rayed bean. doing considerably better than West et Allen and DeKalb Counties, Indiana This species was first collected from the al. (2000, pp. 252–253) suggested. (Watters 1988b, p. 15; 1998, Appendix Belle River in 1965, when 17 FD Woolnough and Morris (2009, p. 19) C); a few FD specimens were found in specimens were collected (OSUM estimates that there are 1.5 million both studies, but no live individuals 1965:0106). The same site was revisited mature rayed bean in the Sydenham were found. Grabarkiewicz and Crail in 1978, but only one FD shell is River living in the 38-mile (61-km) (2008, p. 13) surveyed six sites on the represented in OSUM 1978:0013. Since stretch between Napier Road near West Branch St. Joseph River in 2007, that time, L individuals or FD Alvinston, Ontario, and Dawn Mills, but did not encounter any rayed bean. specimens have been found in 1983 and Ontario. Fish Creek—A tributary of the St. 1992, while only R shells were found in Thames River—The Thames River Joseph River that begins in Ohio, Fish 1994 (Badra 2008, pers. comm.). During flows west through southwestern Creek flows west then south through summer 2002 sampling, single L Ontario. The rayed bean was historically Indiana, then eventually east into Ohio specimens were found at two new sites, known from only the south branch until before joining the St. Joseph River at with an additional four and two FD 2008, when it was discovered in the Edgerton. The rayed bean persists in specimens, respectively, also found north branch. In July 2008, six gravid Williams County, Ohio, and possibly from these sites (Badra 2008, pers. (full of eggs) females were collected at DeKalb County, Indiana. Based on the comm.). The status of the population is two north branch sites (Woolnough appearance of 2 L individuals and FD still not well known, but appears to be 2008, pers. comm.). In September 2008, shells, it inhabits the lower 10 mi (16.1 small. four L females and two L males were km) or less of the stream (Watters 1988b, Clinton River—The rayed bean was collected at two different north branch p. 18; Grabarkiewicz 2009, pers. first recorded from the Clinton River in sites (Woolnough 2008, pers. comm.). comm.). Watters (1988b, p. ii) 1933 (Badra 2008, pers. comm.). The All of these individuals were collected considered Fish Creek to be ‘‘the most mussel fauna in the entire mainstem of within a 4.5-mi (7.2-km) reach of the pristine tributary of the St. Joseph the Clinton River downstream of river (Woolnough 2008, pers. comm.). system.’’ A major diesel fuel spill from Pontiac, Michigan, was apparently Woolnough and Morris (2009, p. 19) a ruptured pipeline in DeKalb County in wiped out by pollution between 1933 estimates that there are 4,300 mature 1993 resulted in a mussel kill in the and 1977 (Strayer 1980, p. 147). In 1992, rayed bean in the Thames River. lower portion of the stream (Sparks et Trdan and Hoeh (1993, p. 102) found 26 Maumee River System—The Maumee al. 1999, p. 12). It is not known if the L individuals using a suction dredge River system, which flows into the rayed bean was affected by the spill. from a bridge site slated for widening western end of Lake Erie, was once a Surveys in 2004 (at 64 qualitative sites) where Strayer (1980, p. 146) found only major center of distribution of the rayed and 2005 (at 11 quantitative sites) failed R shells. The rayed bean represented 1.2 bean. The species was historically to detect the species (Brady et al. 2004, percent relative abundance of the 10 known from eight streams in the system p. 2; 2005, p. 3). However, species collected at the site. The in addition to the mainstem Maumee. Grabarkiewicz (2009, pers. comm.) population is probably viable but Further, an additional population was reported finding two L and three FD currently restricted to about 3 mi (4.8 discovered in the system in 2005 in rayed bean in 2005 at the County Road km) of stream in the western suburbs of Swan Creek. 3 bridge in Ohio. In 2009, two FD rayed Pontiac. Its long-term status appears to Swan Creek—Swan Creek is a bean were found in lower Fish Creek in be highly precarious. tributary of the lower Maumee River in Ohio (personal observation). The Sydenham River—The rayed bean in northwestern Ohio. This population was viability and status of this population is the Sydenham River represents one of discovered in 2005. Surveys conducted uncertain (Fisher 2008, pers. comm.). the largest rayed bean populations in 2006 and 2007 found that the Swan Blanchard River—The Blanchard remaining. West et al. (2000, pp. 252– Creek population is limited to about 3 River is a tributary of the Auglaize River 253) presented a highly detailed river mi (5 river km) between river mile in the Maumee River system, in collection history of the rayed bean in (RM) 18.3 and 15.3 (Grabarkiewicz northwestern Ohio. First discovered in

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1946, this population is one of the from the Allegheny. The population extent of the population combined with largest of the rayed bean rangewide. The once stretched from Cataraugus County, its proximity to roads and retail rayed bean in the Blanchard River is New York, to Armstrong County, development, including a gas station restricted to 25–30 river mi (40–48 river Pennsylvania. Based on historical close to the flood zone upstream, makes km) in the upper portion of the stream collections, it appears that the rayed it extremely susceptible to a stochastic in Hardin and Hancock Counties bean is more abundant now than it was event (such as a toxic chemical spill). upstream of Findley (Hoggarth et al. historically in the Allegheny River. This French Creek—French Creek is a 2000, p. 22). Hoggarth et al. (2000, p. 23) may indicate that the rayed bean major tributary of the middle Allegheny reported the rayed bean to be the fourth population in the Allegheny has River, in western New York and most common species in the drainage. expanded in the past 100 years. Many northwestern Pennsylvania. One of the The population is considered to be streams in western Pennsylvania have largest rayed bean populations known is viable. improved water quality since Ortmann’s found in much of the lower portions of Tymochtee Creek—Tymochtee Creek time, when he reported on the the stream in four Pennsylvania is a tributary to the upper Sandusky wholesale destruction of mussels in counties (the species is not known from River in north-central Ohio, which several streams (Ortmann 1909b, pp. the New York portion of stream). flows into the southwestern portion of 11–12). It currently occurs in Ortmann (1909a, p. 188; 1919, p. 264) Lake Erie. The rayed bean is known Pennsylvania downstream of Allegheny reported the species from two counties, from three sites in a reach of stream in (Kinzua) Reservoir in Warren County to Crawford and Vanango. Not until circa Wyandot County and was first collected the pool of Lock and Dam 8 in northern 1970 did the population become more in 1970. All collections of the rayed Armstrong County, a distance of over thoroughly known, with museum lot bean have been small, with not more 100 river mi (161 river km) (Villella sizes indicating sizable populations at than five FD shells found in any one Bumgardner 2008, pers. comm.). The several sites, particularly in the lower collection effort. The last record is for Allegheny population is viable and one reaches of the stream. Recent collections 1996, when a pair and three unpaired of the most important remaining indicate that population levels remain valves were collected. The condition of rangewide today. high with the rayed bean occurring at least one of the valves indicated that Olean Creek—Olean Creek is a throughout the mainstem (Villella the rayed bean is probably still extant in tributary of the Allegheny River in Bumgardner 2002, pers. comm.; Smith the stream, although no L individuals western New York. A small population and Crabtree 2005, pp. 15–17; were observed (Athearn 2002, pers. of the rayed bean is known from the Enviroscience 2006, p. 5). comm.). The rayed bean status in lower portions of the stream. Strayer et Cussewago Creek—Cussewago Creek Tymochtee Creek is therefore currently al. (1991, p. 67) reported the rayed bean is a tributary of lower French Creek, unknown. from three sites during 1987–90 with its confluence at Meadville, sampling, although just one L Crawford County, Pennsylvania. A Ohio River System individual was located with R shells small population was reported in 1991 The rayed bean was historically from the other two sites. Only R shells from Cussewago Creek (Proch 2001, known from the Ohio River in the were found in Olean Creek in 1994, but pers. comm.). The rayed bean is thought vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, three L individuals were found in 2000, to persist in the stream, but its current downstream to the Illinois portion of the at the proposed construction site of the status is unknown. river. It undoubtedly occurred City of Olean Water Treatment Plant Walhonding River—The Walhonding elsewhere in the upper mainstem. Few (ESI 2000, p. 8). Collected only during River is a tributary of the upper historical records are known (mostly their quantitative sampling effort, the Muskingum River system, in central circa 1900), and no recent collections rayed bean represented a relative Ohio, forming the latter River at its have been made, indicating that it abundance of 11.5 percent of the seven confluence with the Tuscarawas River at became extirpated there decades ago. It L species sampled. The rayed bean age Coschocton. Small numbers of rayed was historically known from 71 streams, distribution of these specimens also bean shells are represented in OSUM canals, and lakes in the system, indicates recent recruitment into the collections from the 1960s and 1970s. representing roughly two-thirds of its population (ESI 2000, p. 9). Relic During 1991–93, Hoggarth (1995–96, p. total range. Ortmann (1925, p. 354) specimens are now known from an 8-mi 161) discovered one L individual and considered the rayed bean to be (13-km) reach of stream, with L one FD specimen at one site, while four ‘‘abundant in small streams’’ in the Ohio individuals known from less than 1.5 mi R specimens were found at three other River system. Currently, only 16 streams (2.4 km) of the lower creek. The Olean sites. A small rayed bean population is and a lake are thought to have extant Creek population appears viable, but is thought to remain in the Walhonding rayed bean populations in the system. small and tenuous (Butler 2008, pers. River; its status is unknown, but is Allegheny River System—Nine comm.) deemed highly tenuous given the small streams and Chautauqua Lake Cassadaga Creek—Cassadaga Creek is population size. The population is historically harbored rayed bean a tributary of Conewango Creek in the probably nearing extirpation (Hoggarth populations in the Allegheny River Allegheny River system, in western New 2008a, pers. comm.). system. Currently, the rayed bean is York. A small population of the rayed Elk River—The Elk River is a major found in half of these water bodies, but bean is known from a single riffle (Ross 181-river-mi (291-river-km) tributary in in good numbers in two streams Mills) in the lower creek north of the lower Kanawha River system (Allegheny River and French Creek) in Jamestown. Four L specimens were draining central West Virginia and this drainage. found in 1994 (Strayer 1995). Muskrat flowing west to the Kanawaha River at Allegheny River—The Allegheny middens collected during the winter of Charleston. The rayed bean was River drains northwestern Pennsylvania 2002 produced 38 FD specimens with a extirpated in the Elk River sometime in and western New York joining the size range of 0.8–1.7 in (2.0–4.3 cm) the 1990s. In 2006 and 2007, Monongahela River at Pittsburgh, (Clapsadl 2002, pers. comm.). Although approximately 600 adults were Pennsylvania, to form the Ohio River. the rayed bean is not known from other reintroduced into the Elk River above Ortmann (1909a, p. 179; 1919, p. 262) sites in the stream, it appears to be Clendenin. In 2008, an effort was made was the first to report the rayed bean viable at this site. The highly restricted to monitor the reintroduction. A 30-

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minute search yielded two L visited the same relocation site in 2008, County (including the 1973 site). Harsha individuals, but efforts were and reported finding ‘‘numerous living Reservoir on the East Fork destroyed discontinued due to high water and specimens’’ of the rayed bean. The status several miles of potential stream habitat excessive habitat disturbance caused by of this population cannot be accurately for the rayed bean a few miles the search effort (Clayton 2008, pers. assessed at this time, but would appear downstream of the extant population. comm.). The translocated adults are to be small and of questionable viability. The status of the rayed bean in the river thought to persist in the stream, but it Scioto Brush Creek— Scioto Brush is uncertain but probably of doubtful is unknown if this new population is Creek is a small western tributary of the persistence (Butler 2002, p. 17). reproducing. lower Scioto River in Scioto County, Stillwater River—The Stillwater River Scioto River system—The Scioto River south-central Ohio. Watters (1988a, p. is a western tributary of the middle system, in central and south-central 45) discovered the rayed bean in this Great Miami River in southwestern Ohio, is a major northern tributary of stream in 1987, reporting two FD and Ohio. The rayed bean is known from the Ohio River. A historically large two R specimens from a site, and a R two specimens, one FD and one R, meta-population of the rayed bean specimen from a second site among the collected in 1987 at two sites spanning occupied at least 11 streams, the Ohio 20 sites he collected. This population’s the Miami–Montgomery County line and Erie Canal, and Buckeye Lake. current status is uncertain. (OSUM records). Both sites occur in the Sizable populations were noted in at Great Miami River—The Great Miami footprint of Englewood Reservoir least the Olentangy River, and Alum River is a major northern tributary of the (constructed circa 1920), which serves and Big Darby Creeks, based on OSUM Ohio River in southwestern Ohio that as a retarding basin (a constructed collections primarily from the 1960s. A originates from Indian Lake in west- empty lake used to absorb and contain series of system reservoirs mostly north central Ohio and flows into the Ohio flooding in periods of high rain) that is of Columbus reduced habitat and River west of Cincinnati. The normally a free-flowing river except in contributed to the elimination of some occurrence of the rayed bean in the times of flood, therefore continuing to populations in several streams (Alum, Great Miami River was discovered in provide riverine habitat that is normally Big Walnut, and Deer Creeks; Olentangy August 2009, during a mussel survey for destroyed by permanently impounded and Scioto Rivers). The location of the a bridge project in Logan County, Ohio. reservoirs. The rayed bean in the Columbus Metropolitan Area in the Only one individual was documented, a Stillwater River may be extant, but its heart of the watershed has also taken a male approximately 7 to 8 years of age status is currently unknown and major toll on the species. The historical (Hoggarth 2009, pers. comm.). The considered highly imperiled. Scioto rayed bean meta-population has status of this newly discovered Tippecanoe River—The Tippecanoe since been decimated by anthropogenic population is not known. River is a large northern tributary of the factors. Currently, remnant populations Little Miami River—The Little Miami middle Wabash River in north-central are known only from Mill Creek, Big River is a northern tributary of the Ohio Indiana. The first records for the rayed Darby Creek, and Scioto Brush Creek. River in southwestern Ohio, flowing bean date to circa 1900 (Daniels 1903, Mill Creek—Mill Creek is a tributary into the latter at the eastern fringe of the p. 646). Historically, this species was of the Scioto River in central Ohio that Cincinnati metropolitan area. Hoggarth known from numerous sites in six joins the Scioto River at the (1992, p. 248) surveyed over 100 sites in counties in the Tippecanoe River. A O’Shaughnessy Reservoir northwest of the entire system. He found one L total of 12 FD specimens from 5 of 30 the City of Columbus. In 2004, seven FD individual at a site in Warren County sites were found when sampled in 1992. specimens were found during a survey and possibly a subfossil shell at another The rayed bean ‘‘is apparently on the in the City of Marysville (Hoggarth site, although there is contradictory data decline’’ in the river (ESI 1993, p. 87). 2005, p. 7). In 2007, Hoggarth (2007a, in his paper (Butler 2002, p. 17). The The Tippecanoe rayed bean population pp. 5–6) found two L rayed bean at the latter site may have been the same as was thought to be recruiting by Fisher same site and one L individual at an that reported for a pre-1863 record (2008, pers. comm.), but appears additional site. No other information is (Hoggarth 1992, p. 265). The rayed bean tenuous and its long-term viability is available on the status of this appears to be very rare in the Little questionable. population. Miami, having been found extant at only Lake Maxinkuckee—Lake Big Darby Creek—Big Darby Creek is 1 of 46 mainstem sites. Hoggarth (1992, Maxinkuckee is a glacial lake in the one of the major tributaries draining the p. 267) highlighted the ‘‘fragile nature’’ headwaters of the Tippecanoe River in northwestern portion of the Scioto River of the extant mussel community in the north-central Indiana. The rayed bean system in central Ohio. A sizable rayed system, while noting that localized has been known from the lake for more bean population was noted in Big Darby reaches of the Little Miami were than a century (Blatchley 1901). A 1997 Creek from OSUM collections primarily ‘‘severely impacted.’’ The species status OSUM record included seven FD from the 1960s. Watters (1994, p. 105) in the river is uncertain, but apparently specimens collected at its outlet to the reported finding a few FD specimens in very tenuous and probably headed Tippecanoe River. Fisher (2002, pers. 1986, but none in 1990, and indicated toward extirpation (Butler 2002, p. 17). comm.), who made the 1997 OSUM that the rayed bean was probably East Fork Little Miami River—The collection, noted that many native extirpated from Big Darby Creek. In East Fork Little Miami River is an mussels had zebra mussels attached to 2006, one L individual was found at the eastern tributary of the lower Little their valves and were apparently U.S. Highway 42 bridge replacement Miami River, with its confluence at the contributing to their mortality. The project site (Hoggarth 2006, p. 6). This eastern fringe of the Cincinnati status of the rayed bean in Lake individual was relocated to a site metropolitan area. According to OSUM Maxinkuckee is therefore highly upstream out of the impact zone of the records, eight FD specimens were tenuous, and its long-term persistence bridge project, and nine additional L reported from a site in eastern Clermont questionable. individuals were subsequently found at County in 1973. Hoggarth (1992, p. 265) Sugar Creek—Sugar Creek is a the relocation site (Hoggarth 2006, p. 6). reported one L, three FD, and one R tributary of the East Fork White River, In 2007, three L rayed bean were found rayed bean from three sites in a 7-river- in the lower Wabash River system in at the relocation site (Hoggarth 2007b, p. mi (11-river-km) stretch of the stream in south-central Indiana. A rayed bean 9). Hoggarth (2008b, pers. comm.) western Clermont and adjacent Brown population was first reported there in

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1930. Harmon (1992, p. 33) sampled 27 for a species, like rayed bean, that was River), West Virginia (Ohio River, mainstem and 16 tributary sites finding historically widespread and had Dunkard Creek, Middle Island Creek, FD specimens at 3 mainstem sites and population connectivity among North Fork Hughes River, and Elk R specimens from 2 other sites. The mainstem rivers and multiple River), Wisconsin (St. Croix River, Wolf sites with FD material were found in the tributaries. The current distribution, River, Embarrass River, Little Wolf lowermost 6 mi (9.7 km) of stream. The abundance, and trend information River, and Willow Creek), and Ontario status and viability of this tenuous illustrates that the rayed bean is (Ausable River and Sydenham River). It population is uncertain (Fisher 2008, imperiled. is probable that the species persists in pers. comm.). some of the 134 streams or lakes where Snuffbox Historical Distribution it is now considered extirpated (Butler Tennessee River System The snuffbox historically occurred in 2007, p. 16); however, if extant, these Historically, the rayed bean was 208 streams and lakes in 18 States and populations are likely to be small and known from the Tennessee River and 12 1 Canadian province: Alabama, not viable. of its tributary streams. Ortmann (1924, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, p. 55) reported that the rayed bean had Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Snuffbox Population Estimates and a ‘‘rather irregular distribution’’; Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Status however, museum lots show that it was York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Based on historical and current data, fairly common in some streams (North Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin; the snuffbox has declined significantly Fork Clinch, Duck Rivers). The last L and Ontario. The major watersheds of rangewide and is now known from only rayed bean records from the system, historical streams and lakes of 74 streams (down from 208 historically), with the exception of the Duck River, occurrence include the upper Great representing a 65 percent decline in were from the 1960s or earlier. The Lakes sub-basin (Lake Michigan occupied streams (Table 2). Since species held on in the Duck until the drainage), lower Great Lakes sub-basin multiple streams may comprise a single early 1980s. Recent intensive sampling (Lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario snuffbox population (French Creek in the Duck watershed has failed to drainages), upper Mississippi River sub- system), the actual number of extant locate even a R shell of the rayed bean basin, lower Missouri River system, populations is less than 74. Extant (Ahlstedt et al. 2004, p. 29). Tributaries Ohio River system, Cumberland River populations, with few exceptions, are in this system have been extensively system, Tennessee River system, lower highly fragmented and restricted to sampled over the past 25 years. It is Mississippi River sub-basin, and White short reaches. Available records indicate highly probable that this species is River system. that 24 of 74, or 33 percent, of streams extirpated from the entire Tennessee considered to harbor extant populations Snuffbox Current Distribution River system. of the snuffbox are represented by only A project was initiated in 2008 to Extant populations of the snuffbox are one or two recent L or FD individuals reintroduce rayed bean into the Duck known from 74 streams in 14 States and (Embarrass, Little Wolf, Maple, Pigeon, River by translocating over 1,000 adults 1 Canadian province: Alabama Kankakee, Meramec, Ohio, Muskingum, from the Allegheny River system. (Tennessee River, Paint Rock River, and Olentangy, Stillwater, Green, Powell, Although the rayed bean was extirpated Elk River), Arkansas (Buffalo River, Duck, and Black Rivers; and Little from the Duck River about 25 years ago, Spring River, and Strawberry River), Mahoning, Middle Island, Big Darby, major improvements in water quality Illinois (Kankakee River and Embarras Little Darby, Salt, South Fork Scioto and physical habitat conditions have River), Indiana (Pigeon River, Salamonie Brush, Slate, and Buck (Indiana), occurred in the past 15 years. In River, Tippecanoe River, Sugar Creek, Graham, Buck (Kentucky) Creeks. response to these improvements, Buck Creek, Muscatatuck River, and Butler (2007, pp. 70–71) categorized recruitment of nearly all extant mussel Graham Creek), Kentucky (Tygarts the extant populations into three groups species has been documented and Creek, Kinniconick Creek, Licking based on population size, general suggests that reintroduction of the rayed River, Slate Creek, Middle Fork distribution, evidence of recent bean might be successful (Anderson Kentucky River, Red Bird River, Red recruitment, and assessment of current 2008, pers. comm.). The reintroduction River, Rolling Fork Salt River, Green viability. Stronghold populations were has not yet occurred. River, and Buck Creek), Michigan described as having sizable populations The information presented in this (Grand River, Maple River, Pine River, generally distributed over a significant document indicates that the rayed bean Belle River, Clinton River, Huron River, and more or less contiguous length of has experienced a significant reduction Davis Creek, South Ore Creek, and stream (30 or more river mi (48 or more in range and most of its populations are Portage River), Minnesota (St. Croix river km)), with ample evidence of disjunct, isolated, and with few River), Missouri (Meramec River, recent recruitment, and currently exceptions, appear to be declining (West Bourbeuse River, St. Francis River, and considered viable. Significant et al. 2000, p. 251). The extirpation of Black River), Ohio (Grand River, Ohio populations were defined as small, this species from over 80 streams and River, Muskingum River, Walhonding generally restricted populations with other water bodies within its historical River, Killbuck Creek, Olentangy River, limited recent recruitment and viability. range indicates that substantial Big Darby Creek, Little Darby Creek, Salt Many significant populations are population losses have occurred. Creek, Scioto Brush Creek, South Fork susceptible to extirpation, but this Relatively few streams are thought to Scioto Brush Creek, Little Miami River, category has a broad range of quality. harbor sizable viable populations and Stillwater River), Pennsylvania The third category, marginal (Sydenham, Swan, Blanchard, and (Allegheny River, French Creek, West populations, are defined as those which Allegheny Rivers, and French Creek). Branch French Creek, Le Boeuf Creek, are very small and highly restricted with Small population size and restricted Muddy Creek, Conneaut Outlet, Little no evidence of recent recruitment, of stream reaches of current occurrence are Mahoning Creek, Dunkard Creek, questionable viability, and that may be a real threat to the rayed bean due to the Shenango River, and Little Shenango on the verge of extirpation in the negative genetic aspects associated with River), Tennessee (Clinch River, Powell immediate future. Following this small, geographically isolated River, Elk River, and Duck River), criteria, there are 6 stronghold populations. This can be especially true Virginia (Clinch River and Powell populations, 23 significant populations,

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and 45 marginal populations of located since approximately 1985. A subadults (generally, individuals less snuffbox. population is considered to be than or equal to 1.5 in (3.8 cm) long or A population is considered extant if L recruiting if there was recent (within less than or equal to 4 years). individuals or FD specimens have been approximately 10 years) evidence of

TABLE 2—SNUFFBOX EXTANT STREAM POPULATION SUMMARY BY STREAM OF OCCURRENCE

Last ob- Stream (state) served Recruiting Potential viability Population size Population trend Status category

Wolf River (WI) ...... 2006 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... Declining ...... Stronghold. Embarrass River 1995 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (WI). Little Wolf River 1999 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (WI). Willow Creek (WI) .. 2001 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Grand River (MI) .... 2002 Yes ...... High ...... Medium ...... ? ...... Significant. Maple River (MI) .... 2001 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Pine River (MI) ...... 2002 ? ...... Low ...... Small ...... Stable ...... Marginal. Belle River (MI) ...... 2002 Yes ...... High ...... Small ...... ? ...... Significant. Clinton River (MI) ... 2003 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... Declining ...... Significant. Huron River (MI) .... 2001 ? ...... Low ...... Medium ...... ? ...... Significant. Davis Creek (MI) .... 2005 Yes ...... High ...... Medium ...... ? ...... Significant. South Ore Creek 1999 Yes ...... High ...... Small ...... ? ...... Significant. (MI). Portage River (MI) 1998 Yes ...... High ...... Medium ...... ? ...... Significant. Grand River (OH) ... 2006 Yes ...... High ...... Medium ...... ? ...... Significant. St. Croix River (MN 2004 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... Declining ...... Significant. and WI). Kankakee River (IL) 1991 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Meramec River 1997 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. (MO). Bourbeuse River 2006 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... Improving ...... Stronghold. (MO). Ohio River (OH) ..... 2001 ? ...... Low ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Muskingum River 2005 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (OH). Walhonding River 1991 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Significant. (OH). Killbuck Creek (OH) 2009 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. Olentangy River 1989 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. (OH). Big Darby Creek 2008 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. (OH). Little Darby Creek 1999 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. (OH). Salt Creek (OH) ..... 1987 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Scioto Brush Creek 1987 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (OH). South Fork Scioto 1987 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Brush Creek (OH). Little Miami River 1991 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (OH). Stillwater River 1987 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (OH). Pigeon River (IN) ... 1998 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Salamonie River 2004 Yes ...... Low ...... Small ...... ? ...... Significant. (IN). Tippecanoe River 2003 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. (IN). Embarras River (IL) 2008 Yes ...... Low ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Significant. Sugar Creek (IN) .... 1990 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. Buck Creek (IN) ..... 1990 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Muscatatuck River 1988 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (IN). Graham Creek (IN) 1990 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. St. Francis River 2006 Yes ...... High ...... Medium ...... Stable ...... Significant. (MO). Black River (MO) ... 2002 Yes ...... Low ...... Small ...... ? ...... Significant. Tygarts Creek (KY) 1995 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. Kinniconick Creek 2005 ? ...... Low ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. (KY). Licking River (KY) .. 2006 ? ...... Low ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Slate Creek (KY) .... 1992 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. Middle Fork Ken- 1997 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. tucky River (KY).

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TABLE 2—SNUFFBOX EXTANT STREAM POPULATION SUMMARY BY STREAM OF OCCURRENCE—Continued

Last ob- Stream (state) served Recruiting Potential viability Population size Population trend Status category

Red Bird River (KY) 1995 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Red River (KY) ...... ∼2002 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Significant. Rolling Fork Salt ∼2005 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. River (KY). Green River (KY) ... 1989 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. Buck Creek (KY) .... 1987–90 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. Clinch River (TN 2006 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... Stable or Declining Stronghold. and VA). Powell River (TN 2008 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. and VA). Tennessee River 2006 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (AL). Paint Rock River 2008 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... Improving ...... Stronghold. (AL). Elk River (TN and 2007 Yes ...... Low ...... Small ...... Stable ...... Significant. AL). Duck River (TN) ..... 2001 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Buffalo River (AR) .. 2006 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Spring River (AR) ... 2005 ? ...... Low ...... Medium ...... ? ...... Significant. Strawberry River 1997 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (AR). Allegheny River 2001 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (PA). French Creek (PA) 2008 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... Stable ...... Stronghold. West Branch 2008 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. French Creek (PA). Le Boeuf Creek 2006 Yes ...... Low ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (PA). Muddy Creek (PA) 2008 Yes ...... Low ...... Medium ...... ? ...... Significant. Conneaut Outlet 1997 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (PA). Little Mahoning 1991 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. Creek (PA). Dunkard Creek (PA 2009 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Significant. and WV). Shenango River 2002 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Marginal. (PA). Little Shenango 2002 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... ? ...... Significant. River (PA). Middle Island Creek 2001 ? ...... ? ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Marginal. (WV). North Fork Hughes 2001 ? ...... Low ...... Small ...... Declining ...... Significant. River (WV). Elk River (WV) ...... 2004 ? ...... Low ...... Medium ...... Improving ...... Significant. Ausable River (ON) 2006 Yes ...... High ...... Medium ...... Declining ...... Significant. Sydenham River 2002 Yes ...... High ...... Large ...... ? ...... Stronghold. (ON).

Upper Great Lakes Sub-Basin join the Fox River at Lake Butte Des on unionids sampled in 2006 (ESI 2006, Morts, near Oshkosh. Snuffbox records p. 6). This large population continues to The snuffbox was formerly known are known from Shawano, Waupaca, be viable but appears to be in decline from 15 streams and lakes in the upper and Outagamie Counties. The snuffbox (Butler 2008, pers. comm.). Great Lakes sub-basin. The Fox River is known from a 30-river-mi (48-river- Embarrass River—A western tributary system in Wisconsin, particularly its km) reach of the Wolf River (Butler of the lower Wolf River, the Embarrass major tributary the Wolf River (and its 2007, p. 21). It is one of the few River parallels the western bank of the tributaries), had a widespread and stronghold populations, but appears to Wolf River before joining it at New locally abundant population. The exhibit a low level of recruitment. Only London, Wisconsin. A population of the species is thought to be extant in seven 4 of 257 individuals collected in the snuffbox is located in the headwaters sub-basin streams; however, all but the mid-1990s were less than 6 years old below a small dam at Pella, Wisconsin. Wolf and Grand Rivers have (Butler 2007, p. 21). A bridge Records exist for three L individuals populations that are considered replacement project on the south side of and two dead specimens during 1987– marginal. Shawano, scheduled to begin in 2010, 1988 and a single D specimen in 1995 Wolf River—The Wolf River is the may adversely impact the large snuffbox (Butler 2007, p. 22). Its current status is major tributary of the Fox River draining bed located just downstream (ESI 2006, unknown. a large portion of northeastern p. 10). The zebra mussel occurs in this Little Wolf River—The Little Wolf Wisconsin and flowing southward to river, with a 0.7 percent infestation rate River is a western tributary of the lower

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Wolf River in Waupaca County, Lower Great Lakes Sub-Basin Pine River—A tributary of the St. Clair Wisconsin. The snuffbox is known from Of all the water bodies from which River, the Pine River flows south and is a single L individual collected in 1988 the snuffbox was historically recorded, located in St. Clair County, in at RM 14 below the Mill Pond dam at 32 are in the lower Great Lakes sub- southeastern Michigan. Although Manawa (Butler 2007, p. 22). Five D basin, including several chains-of-lakes, apparently stable, the snuffbox specimens were found during 1999 at springs, and channels in some systems population is small, very restricted in RM 2, where shells were abundant in a (Clinton, Huron Rivers). Historically range, and has a low potential for muskrat midden (Butler 2007, p. 22). sizable populations occurred in some viability (Badra 2002, pers. comm.; Nothing else is known regarding this streams (Lake Erie; Belle, Clinton, Badra and Goforth 2003, p. 23). population. Huron, Portage, and Niagara Rivers), but Belle River—The Belle River is another tributary of the St. Clair River Willow Creek—Willow Creek flows the species had become in St. Clair County, flowing in a eastward into Lake Poygan, a large flow- ‘‘characteristically uncommon’’ by the southeasterly direction. Records for the through lake of the Wolf River system, 1970s (Strayer 1980, p. 147). A pre-zebra snuffbox date to the early 1960s, but all in Waushara County, Wisconsin. The mussel decline of unionids in Lake Erie L and FD records over the past 40 years snuffbox is known from a single was noted (Mackie et al. 1980, p. 101), have been from the same lower observation of two L females in 2001 and the snuffbox appeared extirpated mainstem site. Historically, a sizable (Butler 2007, p. 22). No other there by the late 1960s. The Lake St. population was found in the Belle (65 Clair population of snuffbox persisted information is available on the status of specimens, 1965). The Belle is located until around 1983 (Nalepa and Gauvin this population. in a primarily agricultural watershed Grand River—The Grand River, a 1988, p. 414; Nalepa 1994, p. 2231; (Hoeh and Trdan 1985, p. 115), and is major Lake Michigan tributary, Nalepa et al. 1996, p. 361), which was impacted by sedimentation and runoff. represents the largest lotic (moving the year the zebra mussel is thought to The population has declined to the water) watershed in Michigan and is have invaded (Schloesser et al. 1998, p. point of being small, but shows located in the southwestern portion of 70). Observations of L and FD snuffbox evidence of recruitment and viability the State. The snuffbox is sporadically from the Detroit River were made until (Badra 2002, pers. comm.; Badra and distributed in approximately 25 river mi 1994, but the mussel fauna has since Goforth 2003, p. 24; Sherman 2005, (40 river km) of the middle Grand River, been devastated by zebra mussels, and pers. comm.). approximately between the confluences the snuffbox is now considered to be Clinton River—The Clinton River is of the Flat and Maple Rivers. The extirpated (Schloesser et al. 1998 p. 69; an eastward flowing chain-of-lakes medium-sized population appears to Butler 2007, p. 25). Other snuffbox tributary of Lake St. Clair in have a low level of viability, with populations in the sub-basin may also southeastern Michigan. The snuffbox recruitment noted in 1999 (Badra 2008, have suffered from zebra mussel population in the Clinton River is pers. comm.). invasions, but not those in the Ausable limited to around 10 river mi (16.2 river and Sydenham Rivers in Ontario. The Maple River—The Maple River is a km) and lakeshore in the western lack of impounded area on these suburbs of Pontiac primarily between northeastern tributary of the Grand streams has likely prevented the River draining south-central Michigan. Cass and Loon Lakes. This population introduction or the establishment of appears to be recruiting (Sherman A single snuffbox record (one L zebra mussels (Ausable River Recovery individual) is known from 2001 in Mulcrone 2004, p. 64) and viable, Team 2005, p. 12; Dextrase et al. 2000, although apparently in decline since the southern Gratiot County, approximately p. 10). The snuffbox is considered 20 river mi (32 river km) upstream of early 1990s (Badra 2002, pers. comm.; extant in 10 streams of the lower Great Butler 2007, p. 27). the Grand River (Badra 2008, pers. Lakes sub-basin, including a stronghold Sydenham River—The Sydenham comm.). Portions of the Maple River and population in the Sydenham River and River is a large, southeasterly flowing, several tributaries have been sizable but reach-limited populations in eastern tributary of Lake St. Clair in channelized, but the suitability of these the Clinton River and Davis Creek. A extreme southwestern Ontario. The channelized areas for the snuffbox is single FD valve was reported in 1998 snuffbox was reported in the mid-1960s unknown (Badra 2010, pers. comm.). from among 24 sites sampled in the and early 1970s but was overlooked The current status of this small Thames River, but no evidence of the during surveys in 1985 (except D shells) population is unknown. snuffbox was found at 16 Thames sites and 1991 (Butler 2007, p. 28). During Pigeon River—The Pigeon River is a in 2004 (McGoldrick 2005, pers. the 1997–99 sampling, a total of 10 L headwater tributary of the St. Joseph comm.). Currently, the species is and FD individuals were found from 4 River system of Lake Michigan, flowing considered extant in Canada only in the of 12 sites, including the 3 1960s sites westward across northern-most Indiana, Ausable and Sydenham Rivers (Morris (Metcalfe-Smith et al. 2003, p. 41). The crossing the State border to its and Burridge 2006, p. 9). Both of these snuffbox was recorded at a rate of 0.22 confluence in southwestern Michigan. populations are viable. per hour of effort during 1997–98 One very large FD specimen was found Ausable River—The Ausable River is (Metcalfe-Smith et al. 2000, p. 728). in 1998, among thousands of shells in a southeastern tributary of Lake Huron, More recent sampling found 57 L and LaGrange County, Indiana (Butler 2007, draining southwestern Ontario, Canada. FD individuals from 21 collection p. 24). The same site was sampled in A survey conducted in 2006 found that events (some individuals may have been 1996 without evidence of this species, a sizable population of snuffbox occurs counted multiple times) at six sites and R shells were found at three of nine in the lower portion of the stream in during 2000–02. The increase in sites sampled in 2004 (Butler 2007, p. over 23 river mi (37 river km) numbers relative to historical 24). The snuffbox occupied reach (McGoldrick 2007, pers. comm.). The collections may be attributed to more historically covered more than 10 river size range of individuals found in the intensive sampling methods rather than mi (16.1 river km) in north-central 2006 survey indicates recent to improving population size (Metcalfe- LaGrange County. The species is very recruitment in the viable population Smith et al. 2003, p. 46), thus making rare in this river, and its viability is (McGoldrick 2007, pers. comm.; Staton population trend assessments difficult unknown. 2007, pers. comm.). (Morris and Burridge 2006, p. 12). This

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stronghold population is recruiting Lake Erie, flowing north then west to its reported over a century ago (Baker 1906, (Butler 2007, p. 28), viable, and is confluence northeast of Cleveland, p. 63), but surveys in 1911 (43 sites; currently known from approximately 30 Ohio. Several museum snuffbox records Wilson and Clark 1913, pp. 41–50), river miles (48 km) of the middle date back to the 1800s. Dozens of FD 1978 (13 sites; Suloway 1981, p. 236), Sydenham. snuffbox were found washed up on the 1975–2000 (18 samples from an Huron River—The Huron River is a banks in the vicinity of the Interstate 90 unknown number of Will County, major tributary of western Lake Erie crossing in Lake County, Ohio, Illinois, sites; Sietman et al. 2001, p. draining a significant portion of following a major flood in 2006 (Butler 279), and 1999 (4 sites, Stinson et al. southeastern Michigan. It is a complex 2007, p. 32). The species is known from 2000, Appendix C) failed to find it. It system of flow-through chains-of-lakes approximately 12 river mi (19.3 river was considered extirpated from the and tributaries. The snuffbox is km) downstream of Harpersfield Dam Kankakee by Cummings et al. (1988, p. considered extant in two disjunct upper (Huehner et al. 2005, p. 59; Zimmerman 16), but single FD specimens in Illinois mainstem reaches. Individuals in the 2008a, pers. comm.). The sizable (Will County in 1988, Kankakee County middle Huron River reach and in Davis population was considered recruiting in 1991) were subsequently found. Only Creek are considered a single based on the 1995 Huehner et al. (2005, population segment (Marangelo 2005a, p. 59) survey. R shells have been found since 1991. pers. comm.). The Kankakee River population, if Zebra mussels invaded the Huron Upper Mississippi River Sub-basin extant, appears small, localized, and of River system in the early 1990s. Zebra The snuffbox was historically known doubtful viability. mussel densities on individual mussels from 17 streams in the upper Meramec River—The Meramec River increased from less than 1 in spring Mississippi River sub-basin. Records is a 236-mi (380-km) tributary that flows 1995 to 245 in winter 1998 (Nichols et exist for Mississippi River Pools (MRPs) northeasterly into the Mississippi River al. 2000, p. 72). Despite the increasing 3–4, 5a–6, and 14–16 (Kelner no date, p. downstream of St. Louis and drains the presence of zebra mussels, the Huron 6), with early surveys summarized by northeastern slope of the Ozark Plateaus population is probably recruiting and van der Schalie and van der Schalie in east-central Missouri. Early species viable (Butler 2007, p. 29). (1950, p. 456). The species was reported lists failed to report the snuffbox (Grier Davis Creek—Davis Creek is a chain- L in the upper river in the 1920s (Grier 1916, p. 518; Utterback 1917, p. 28). of-lakes in the upper Huron River 1922, p. 15; Grier 1926, p. 119) but not Buchanan (1980, p. 63) found FD system, primarily in southeastern from subsequent surveys (254 sites Livingston County, Michigan. The upstream of the Ohio River during specimens at three sites and R shells at snuffbox appears to be limited to the 1930–1931 (UMMZ, Ellis 1931, pp. 1– two other sites sampled in 1977–78. lower 3 river mi (4.8 river km), 10), MRPs 5–7 and 9 in 1965 (Finke Roberts and Bruenderman (2000, p. 85) comprising a single population with one 1966, Table 2; Thiel 1981, p. 16), MRPs sampled 42 sites in 1997, including 26 of the extant Huron River population 3–11 during 1977–79 (Thiel 1981, p. of Buchanan’s (1980, p. 5) sites, and segments in this area. This viable 16)) and is now extirpated from the found FD specimens at RM 33.5, 48.8, population appears to be sizable and is mainstem of the Mississippi River and 59.8; and one L individual at RM experiencing recent recruitment (Havlik and Sauer 2000, p. 4). Only 4 of 39.8. The L individual (2.4 in (6.1 cm), (Marangelo 2005a, pers. comm.; Zanatta 17 historical populations remain, but approximately 6 years old) was reported 2005, pers. comm.). they include two of the largest from a reach where a die-off, perhaps South Ore Creek—South Ore Creek is rangewide (St. Croix and Bourbeuse attributable to disease, was reported in a northern tributary of the Huron River, Rivers). Three populations, including 1978 (Buchanan 1986, p. 44). There was forming a southward flowing chain-of- the St. Croix, appear to be declining. an obvious decline of mussels in the lakes draining southeastern Livingston St. Croix River—The St. Croix River is system based on catch-per-unit-effort County, Michigan. The snuffbox was a major south-flowing tributary of the data over the 20-year period (Roberts discovered in 1999, just upstream of Ore upper Mississippi River and forms the and Bruenderman 2000, p. 8). The Lake, which is near the Huron River border between southeastern Minnesota Meramec snuffbox population is rare, confluence (Butler 2007, p. 31). Three and northwestern Wisconsin. Densities sporadically distributed over subadult snuffbox (two age 2, one age 3– of juvenile snuffbox declined at eight approximately 26 river mi (41.8 river 4) were recorded. Despite the lack of sites between 1992 and 2002 (Hornbach km), and of unknown viability. additional information, the small et al. 2003, p. 344). Snuffbox density at Bourbeuse River—The Bourbeuse population appears to be viable based Interstate Park declined significantly River is a 149-mi (240-km), on recent recruitment. between 1988 and 2004 (WIDNR 2004). Portage River—The Portage River is a A flood in 2001 may have contributed northeasterly flowing, northern tributary chain-of-lakes in the northwestern to these declines in mussel density, but of the Meramec River, joining it at RM portion of the Huron River system. Two post-flood recruitment was also 68. The snuffbox is currently distributed University of Michigan Museum of surprisingly low (WIDNR 2004). The St. over about 60 river mi (96.6 river km) Zoology (UMMZ) records suggest Croix snuffbox population occurs from upstream of RM 16, plus a disjunct site historical abundance (Badra 2002, pers. the Northern States Power Dam (NSPD) at the mouth of the river. Although it comm.). The species was reported as at RM 54.2 to RM 36.8 (Heath 2005, was considered to have ‘‘greatly ‘‘rare’’ in the lower river during 1976–78 pers. comm.), represents the species’ declined’’ by the late 1990s (Roberts and (Strayer 1979, p. 94). At least 22 L, northernmost occurrence, and despite Bruenderman 2000, p. 15), post-2000 young (age 4 and younger) individuals recent observed declines, remains one of sampling indicates that the population were identified in 1998 at one of three the six stronghold populations is recruiting, viable, and improving sites upstream of Little Portage Lake and rangewide. (McMurray 2006, pers. comm.). The Portage Lake (Butler 2007, p. 31). The Kankakee River—The Kankakee River Bourbeuse, one of the few stronghold localized population appears to be is a major, westward-flowing, upper snuffbox populations rangewide, has medium-sized and viable. Illinois River tributary with its been augmented with laboratory Grand River—The Grand River is a headwaters in northwest Indiana and propagated juveniles since 2002 99-river-mi (159-river-km) tributary of northeast Illinois. The snuffbox was (McMurray 2006, pers. comm.).

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Lower Missouri River System 2002–2004 were summarized by Smith snuffbox population. Zimmerman The snuffbox was historically known (2005, pp. 3–9). Live and FD specimens (2008c, pers. comm.) documented one L from four streams in this system. The were found at 19 sites throughout the female in 2008. The population is highly disjunct occurrences suggest that stream. The size of the L individuals medium-sized, occurs along 8 river mi it was more widespread historically. All indicated that multiple year classes (12.9 river km) of the lower mainstem, populations in the system are were represented, including subadults. and is recruiting, as recent juveniles considered extirpated (Butler 2007, p. The species stretches for approximately were recorded (Morrison 2005, pers. 80 river mi (128.7 river km) from around comm.). 36). RM 10, upstream. The population Conneaut Outlet—This stream forms Ohio River System encompasses several of its tributary the outlet to Conneaut Lake, flowing in Half of the water body occurrences for population segments as well, making it a southeasterly direction until its the snuffbox rangewide are known from relatively more secure when compared confluence with middle French Creek, Crawford County. The snuffbox was first the Ohio River system, which to most of the other stronghold reported by Ortmann (1909a, p. 188), collectively represented the largest populations that are linearly distributed and was rediscovered L in 1997, but block of available habitat for this and, thus, more susceptible to stochastic without collection details (Butler 2007, species. Sizable populations historically events (Sydenham, Bourbeuse, and p. 40). No specimens were found at a occurred in at least a dozen streams in Clinch Rivers). The French Creek site sampled in 2006 (Smith 2006, pers. the system. Today, only French Creek is snuffbox population is considered large comm.). The snuffbox is considered rare considered to have a stronghold and viable (Evans 2003a, pers. comm.; Zimmerman 2008c, pers. comm.), in this stream and its viability is population, although nine others are appears stable, and may represent the unknown. also significant. Currently, the species is best stronghold population rangewide. Little Mahoning Creek—Little known from 40 of the 107 streams of West Branch French Creek—West Mahoning Creek is a tributary of historical occurrence. Branch of French Creek follows a Mahoning Creek, a lower eastern Ohio River—The Ohio River is the southerly course to its parent stream in tributary of the Allegheny River largest eastern tributary of the Erie County, Pennsylvania. The only northeast of Pittsburgh. The snuffbox Mississippi, with its confluence record for the snuffbox dates from 1993, was discovered in 1991, when sampling marking the divide between the upper but the number of specimens and shell produced two FD and one R specimen and lower portions of the latter system. condition are unknown (Evans 2003b, at 1 of 12 sites in the system (Butler Numerous historical records are known pers. comm.). Union City Lake isolates 2007, p. 41). The lower 10 miles of Little from throughout the River. Recently, the upper French Creek and West Mahoning Creek is subject to periodic single FD and L specimens have been Branch French Creek population inundation by a reservoir on Mahoning reported from just below Belleville Lock segment from the main French Creek Creek (Butler 2010, pers. comm.). and Dam, Ohio and West Virginia, in population. The snuffbox was not found However, the impact of this periodic 1995 and 2001, respectively (ESI 2002, at three sites sampled in 2006 (Smith flooding on the snuffbox is not known. p. 27). Having persisted in this highly 2006, pers. comm.). Zimmerman (2008c, Viability is unknown. modified river may indicate that the pers. comm.) documented 38 L Dunkard Creek—Dunkard Creek is an small population exhibits a low level of individuals at a site near Wattsburg, easterly flowing, western tributary of the viability. Pennsylvania. This population appears middle Monongahela River, straddling Allegheny River—The 325-mi (523- to be small and of unknown viability. the Pennsylvania and West Virginia km) Allegheny River drains Le Boeuf Creek—Le Boeuf Creek is a State lines. Snuffbox records occur in northwestern Pennsylvania and a small small western tributary of upper French both States from several museum portion of adjacent New York flowing Creek flowing in a southerly direction collections from 1969–74. Small south before joining the Monongahela just west of West Branch French Creek numbers of specimens, of River at Pittsburgh to form the Ohio in Erie County. The first snuffbox undocumented condition, were found at River. Snuffbox collections are collections in this creek were made 100 four sites during 1993–94 sampling in sporadically known since around 1900 years ago (Ortmann 1909a, p. 188). Two Pennsylvania (Bogan 1993, p. 8; Evans in Pennsylvania from Forest County FD and 6 R shells were reported in 1988 2003b, pers. comm.). Eight specimens, downstream to Armstrong County. The (Evans 2003b, pers. comm.), and 1 L, 16 of undocumented condition, were snuffbox is currently known from three FD, and 8 R specimens were found in collected at a West Virginia site in 1997. disjunct sites over a 42-river-mi (67.6- 1991 (Butler 2007, p. 40). Three L On September 1, 2009, a fish kill was river-km) reach centered in Venango individuals were found at a site in 2006 reported in Dunkard Creek due to an County (Butler 2007, p. 37). Its (Smith 2006, pers. comm.). The unknown cause (Clayton 2009, pers. occurrence in the lower Allegheny River snuffbox population has recently comm.). The Upper Monongahela River and lower French Creek could be recruited and exhibits some level of Association (2009) reported that 161 considered a single population segment. viability, but appears to be very limited aquatic species including fish, mussels, The viability status of the small in extent. and plants died along Dunkard Creek population is unknown. Muddy Creek—Muddy Creek is an due to this toxic event. According to French Creek—French Creek is a eastern tributary of upper French Creek Clayton (2009, pers. comm.), the event major tributary of the middle Allegheny in Crawford County, Pennsylvania. The may have killed 100 percent of the River with its headwaters in western snuffbox was not discovered until the mussel fauna in the entire stream. The New York and flowing south into summer of 2003. Forty-two L status of this population is not known northwestern Pennsylvania. The individuals were reported from 11 of 20 at this time, but the snuffbox may now snuffbox is known from the length of lower river sites (Morrison 2005, pers. be extirpated from Dunkard Creek. the stream in Pennsylvania in Erie, comm.). Low numbers were found at Shenango River—The Shenango River Crawford, Mercer, and Venango most sites, but 18 L individuals were is a large tributary in the Beaver River Counties. Most records date since collected from a site near the mouth. system, a northern tributary of the upper approximately 1970 (Dennis 1971, p. This occurrence is considered to be part Ohio River in west-central 97). Snuffbox collections made during of the more extensive French Creek Pennsylvania. The snuffbox was

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reported from four sites on the Kokosing Rivers. The snuffbox a 13-river-mi (20.9-river-km) reach in Shenango in 1908 (Ortmann 1919, p. historically occurred throughout the Kanawha County in 2002, and 4 L 328). Six L individuals were collected river. The extant snuffbox reach (RM individuals were found at 4 sites in from three sites sampled in 2001–02 1.8–6.8) is downstream from Killbuck 2004 over a 16.8-river-mi (27-river-km) between Jamestown and New Hamburg Creek. The population had apparently reach further upstream (Douglas 2005, (about 25 river mi (40.2 river km)). The declined in range and size by the early pers. comm.). This medium-sized upper reach is considered the best 1990s and possibly further since. A once population extends over 30 river mi habitat in the Shenango River. The productive site about 0.25 mi (0.40 km) (48.3 river km), is viable, and may have population is small and has declined, downstream of the Killbuck Creek improved since the 1970s. although some recent reproduction is confluence yielded only a few mussels Tygarts Creek—Tygarts Creek is a evident (Zimmerman 2008b, pers. of very common species in 2006, but no small, north-flowing, southern tributary comm.). snuffbox (Butler 2007, p. 44). The of the Ohio River in northeastern Little Shenango River—The Little Walhonding River population is Kentucky. Thirteen snuffbox were Shenango River is a small tributary of considered small and of unknown reported from one of five sites sampled the upper Shenango River, Mercer viability. in 1977 (Taylor 1980, p. 90). FD County, Pennsylvania. This population Killbuck Creek—Killbuck Creek is a specimens are also known from 1981 was not located during limited surveys large tributary of the lower Walhonding and 1987 (Cicerello 2003, pers. comm.). (Dennis 1971, p. 97; Bursey 1987, p. 42), River, flowing south from southern Nine L (Butler 2007, p. 47) and 36 FD but a single FD museum record from Medina County to Coshocton County specimens were found at 2 sites, 1991 exists. The species was reported to and entering the latter at approximately respectively, in 1988, while 1 L and 2 be relatively abundant and reproducing RM 7. Live and FD snuffbox were found FD were reported from at least 2 sites in in the lower portion in 2002 by Hoggarth (1997, p. 33) at eight sites 1995 (Cicerello 2003, pers. comm.). The (Zimmerman 2008b, pers. comm.). from RM 15 to the mouth. Its occurrence overall mussel population appeared Viability of the small population is has become more sporadic in the last 10 ‘‘healthy’’ in 1977 (Taylor 1980), but the unknown. years. In spring 2006, 4 L adults were small snuffbox population has recently Middle Island Creek—Middle Island found at 2 sites approximately 3 river declined, and its viability is unknown. Creek is a small tributary of the Ohio mi (4.8 river km) apart, while 9 large L Scioto River System—The Scioto River in northwestern West Virginia. individuals and a single FD specimen River system in central and south- The first snuffbox records were made at were collected near RM 13 during fall central Ohio is a major northern six sites in 1969, when the species was 2006 (Ahlstedt 2007, pers. comm.; tributary of the upper Ohio River. The locally common in Doddridge, Tyler, Butler 2007, p. 45). A shrinking system was one of the most routinely and Pleasants Counties (Taylor and distribution, declining population size, sampled watersheds for mussels (mostly Spurlock 1981, p. 157). The snuffbox and lack of evidence of recent OSUM records), and historically was later found at two sites in Tyler recruitment suggest that the population harbored a large and thoroughly County in 1980, and the overall mussel may be losing viability and trending dispersed snuffbox population in the population was considered to be towards extirpation. mainstem and 16 tributaries. The system ‘‘thriving’’ (Taylor and Spurlock 1981, p. North Fork Hughes River—The North was either exceptional for its snuffbox 157). The most recent record was for a Fork Hughes River is a westerly flowing population, or it provided a general single L individual collected in Tyler tributary of the Hughes River in the historical perspective of what County in 2001 (Zimmerman 2008b, lower Little Kanawha River system in researchers may have found if other pers. comm.). This snuffbox population northwestern West Virginia. The systems had been as thoroughly has declined, is currently rare, and its snuffbox was found at one of six North sampled. Sizable populations were viability is questionable (Zimmerman Fork sites sampled during a 1981–82 noted in at least the Olentangy River, 2008b, pers. comm.). survey of the Little Kanawha River Big Darby Creek, and Big Walnut Creek. Muskingum River—The Muskingum system (Schmidt et al. 1983). A total of Development associated with the River is a large, southerly flowing, 41 L adult individuals (23 reported as Columbus metropolitan area has taken a northern tributary of the upper Ohio gravid) were reported at 5 sites located major toll on the aquatic fauna. River draining a significant portion of over a 1.5-mi (2.4-km) reach in North Pollutants from the 1800s included east-central Ohio. The snuffbox, which Fork State Park, Richie County, in 1993 wastes from sawmills, breweries, and has a long collection history dating to (Butler 2007, p. 46). At least 10 L slaughterhouses (Butler 2007, p. 48). the early 1800s, occurred along the individuals were found at a site in the Only a few fish species were found in entire mainstem and was locally park in 1997 (Butler 2007, p. 46), and the Scioto River 100 years ago abundant. Two L individuals and two a single FD specimen was collected at (Trautman 1981, p. 33). Currently, 90 to FD shells were found in 1979, but no L an additional site downstream in 2001 95 percent of the normal summer-fall or FD snuffbox were found in surveys (Butler 2007, p. 46). This small snuffbox flow in the river consists of wastewater conducted in 1979–81 (Stansbery and population is declining and currently treatment plant (WWTP) discharges King 1983) and in 1992–93 (Watters and restricted to less than 4 river mi (6.4 (Yoder et al. 2005, p. 410). Museum Dunn 1993–94, p. 241). A single L river km), but may be viable. records indicate that the snuffbox had specimen was located during sampling Elk River—The Elk River is a major, completely disappeared from the for a construction project in 2005 near 181-mi (291-km) tributary in the lower mainstem by the 1970s. A series of Dresden (Taylor 2006, pers. comm.). Kanawha River system draining central reservoirs around Columbus fragmented Viability of this population is unknown. West Virginia flowing west to the habitat and eliminated or reduced Walhonding River—The Walhonding Kanawha at Charleston. The snuffbox populations (Olentangy and Scioto River is a short (23.3 river mi (37.5 river went undetected in a 1920s survey Rivers; Alum, Big Walnut and Deer km)), east flowing tributary of the (Butler 2007, p. 46). Ten L individuals Creeks). Currently, remnant populations Muskingum River in central Ohio, were collected during 1991–1995, the remain in six streams, making the forming the latter river at its confluence smallest being about 5 years old (Butler snuffbox precariously close to with the Tuscarawas River, and formed 2007, pp. 46–47). Collectively, 16 L extirpation throughout this once rich by the confluence of the Mohican and individuals were identified at 8 sites in system.

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Olentangy River—The Olentangy (56 river km). The well documented in approximately 20 river mi (32.2 river River is a major headwater tributary of OSUM collection history illustrates the km), mostly in Warren County. Current the Scioto River, draining central Ohio steady decline of a snuffbox population viability of this small population is and flowing south to its confluence in nearing extirpation. unknown. Franklin County. OSUM snuffbox Salt Creek—Salt Creek is an eastern Licking River—The Licking River is a records date to the 1870s, although most tributary in the Scioto River system, southern tributary of the Ohio River in are from the 1950s and 1960s. The south-central Ohio. All records (OSUM) northeastern Kentucky, flowing in a snuffbox was reported from 15 of 31 were collected in the lower mainstem northwesterly direction to its mainstem sites collected during a (Ross County) beginning in 1958. A confluence across from Cincinnati. The 1960–61 survey, when it appeared single L individual from 1987 represents snuffbox occurred at 13 of 60 historical ‘‘fairly common’’ in the lower river the last known record. The mussels in mainstem sites below Cave Run (Stein 1963, p. 138). A single L this system ‘‘have been heavily Reservoir (Laudermilk 1993, p. 45) and individual in southern Delaware County impacted, apparently by the towns of a preimpoundment site in the reservoir and two FD specimens in eastern Adelphi and Laurelville’’ (Watters 1992, footprint (Clinger 1974, p. 52). The Marion County were found among 30 p. 78). The current status of this population extended approximately 50 sites in 1989, with R shells at 7 other snuffbox population is unknown. river mi (80.5 river km). All collections sites (Hoggarth 1990, pp. 20–27). The Scioto Brush Creek—Scioto Bush of snuffbox are small in number (Butler small population has declined Creek is a small, western tributary of the 2007, p. 52). A single L individual and (Hoggarth 1990, p. 14), and viability is lower Scioto River in Scioto County, a FD specimen were found at 2 sites and unknown. south-central Ohio. The snuffbox was R shells were reported from 7 other sites Big Darby Creek—Big Darby Creek is discovered here in the 1960s (Watters among 49 sites sampled in 1991 one of the major tributaries draining the 1988a, p. 45). Three L and FD (Laudermilk 1993, p. 45). Single L and northwestern portion of the Scioto River specimens from 2 sites and R shells FD snuffbox were collected in 1999 system in central Ohio. Dozens of large from 2 other sites were collected during (Cicerello 2003, pers. comm.), and a OSUM lots of snuffbox date to the late a 1987 survey covering 11 sites (Watters single L individual was found in 2006 1950s; six Pickaway County collections 1988a, pp. 210–220). The snuffbox (Butler 2007, p. 53). The snuffbox has in 1962 alone had 250 L and FD population, collectively known from become very rare, sporadic in specimens. Watters (1990, p. 4; 1994, five fragmented sites along the lower occurrence, and its viability is p. 100) surveyed 42 mainstem sites in two-thirds of stream, is small, and its questionable. 1986 and 49 sites in 1990. Combining viability is unknown. Slate Creek—Slate Creek is a southern the data from both years, 80 L and FD South Fork Scioto Brush Creek— tributary of the Licking River below snuffbox were collected at 22 sites South Fork Scioto Brush Creek is a Cave Run Dam in east-central Kentucky. (Watters 1994, p. 101). The population small tributary of Scioto Brush Creek, in Historically, the snuffbox was in 1990 occurred in a reach from the lower Scioto River system. A single considered ‘‘extremely abundant approximately RM 11.5 to RM 42.5. The snuffbox was found during a survey of throughout the stream’’ (Taylor and snuffbox was recruiting (Watters 1994, five sites in 1987 (Watters 1988a, pp. Spurlock 1983) and collectively known p. 101); four individuals during both 210–220). The South Fork and Scioto from six sites (Laudermilk 1993, p. 45). 1986 and 1990 were 2 to 5 years of age. Brush Creek populations can be Seventeen D specimens were recorded The overall population trend over the considered a single population unit, the from a site in 1987 (Cicerello 2003, pers. past 40 years has been downward. viability of this unit is uncertain. comm.). A single FD and seven R Between 1986 and 1990, the number of Kinniconick Creek—Kinniconick specimens were found at three sites L and FD specimens was reduced from Creek is a small, southern tributary of sampled in 1991 (Butler 2007, p. 53), 54 to 16 and its distribution declined the Ohio River in northeastern when it was considered ‘‘occasional’’ in from 17 to 8 sites. Two FD specimens Kentucky. Snuffbox was reported L from distribution (Laudermilk 1993, p. 45). were found at sites in Franklin (1996) 4 of 15 sites sampled in 1982 with R Twelve L individuals were found in and Pickaway (2000) Counties, and shells from an additional 2 sites (Warren 1992 (Cicerello 2003, pers. comm.). three other sites produced only R et al. 1984, pp. 48–49). Single FD and Subsequent sampling has produced no specimens (OSUM records). This L snuffbox were collected in 2001 and additional snuffbox; two sites and four historically large snuffbox population 2004, respectively, from sampling sites yielded only R specimens in 2001 has declined to marginal status and its efforts at several sites (Butler 2007, and 2002, respectively (Cicerello 2005, viability is questionable. p. 51), and a single FD specimen was pers. comm.). If extant, the population Little Darby Creek—Little Darby Creek found while resurveying four sites in is marginal at best, with unlikely is the major tributary in the Big Darby 2005 (Butler 2007, p. 51). The snuffbox viability. Creek system, flowing in a southeasterly declined in the past few decades, is Stillwater River—The Stillwater River direction to its confluence in considered rare, and its viability is is a 67-mi (108-km), western tributary of southwestern Franklin County, Ohio. uncertain. the Great Miami River draining The 25 OSUM lots for this species are Little Miami River—The Little Miami southwestern Ohio. The species was small (fewer than five specimens per River is a northern tributary of the Ohio collectively known from eight sites lot), date to the early 1960s, and River in southwestern Ohio, flowing throughout the River (Watters 1988a, represent lower mainstem sites in south into the latter at the eastern fringe pp. 59–71; OSUM records). One FD Madison County. Single FD and R of the Cincinnati metropolitan area. specimen below Englewood Dam in specimens were collected in 1999 from Snuffbox records from the Little Miami Montgomery County was found among a Union County site (OSUM 66740), date to the mid-1800s, but most 18 sites surveyed in 1987, with R shells where L individuals were collected in collections are from the past several from 5 other sites (Watters 1988a, pp. 1964 (Stein 1966, p. 23). This site decades. Seven FD specimens were 59–71). No other information on the yielded only R specimens in 1990 found at 4 of 46 mainstem sites small population is available, and its (Watters 1990, Appendix A.11; 1994, surveyed during 1990–91, with 10 R viability is unknown. p. 102). Overall, the snuffbox was shells at 6 other sites (Hoggarth 1992, Middle Fork Kentucky River—The historically known from 35 river mi p. 265). The FD specimens were found Middle Fork is one of three headwater

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tributaries (with the North and South 2007, p. 55). The species is sporadically Tippecanoe River—The largest Forks) forming the Kentucky River, distributed over 40 river miles of the tributary of the upper Wabash River flowing in a northerly then westerly upper river (Cicerello 2006, pers. system, the Tippecanoe River drains direction and draining a portion of comm.). If it is still extant, the viability north-central Indiana and flows southeastern Kentucky. The snuffbox of this small population is unknown. westerly then southerly before joining was first reported in 1966. Three L Green River—A major southern the Wabash near Lafayette. Nearly all individuals and a R shell were found at tributary of the lower Ohio River, the records of the snuffbox were made in three sites in 1996, and a single L Green River flows in a westerly the past 20 years. Two weathered shells individual was collected from another direction and drains west-central were found in the lower mainstem site in 1997 (Cicerello 2003, pers. Kentucky. Ortmann (1926, p. 182) among 16 sites sampled in 1987 comm.). All sites occur within a considered the snuffbox to be well (Cummings et al. 1987, p. 25; Cummings 10-river-mi (16-river-km) reach above distributed over the system, but not and Berlocher 1990, p. 93) and 30 sites Buckhorn Reservoir in Leslie County. abundant. Large museum collections of in 1991–92 (ESI 1993, p. 68). One L This small population has unknown snuffbox were taken from Munfordville individual and over 32 FD specimens viability. during 1961–66, but only six R shells were found at a site at the upper end of Red Bird River—The Red Bird River is were reported there in 1967. The Freeman Reservoir during a 1993 a north-flowing headwater tributary of snuffbox has been rare since. Five L and drawdown that may have contributed to the South Fork Kentucky River in Clay FD snuffbox were collected at 4 of 42 their demise (Fisher 2003, pers. comm.). County, southeastern Kentucky, forming sites during 1987–89 sampling in A single FD specimen was found below the latter at its confluence with Goose Mammoth Cave National Park (Cicerello Shafer Reservoir among 13 sites Creek. Ten FD specimens were recorded and Hannan 1990, pp. 16–17). Three L sampled in 2003 (ESI 2003, p. 9). The from two sites in 1988, and three L and and six FD snuffbox were reported in viability of this declining population is one FD snuffbox were collected from the upper Green River from 1984–90 unknown, but it appears close to four sites in 1995 (Cicerello 2003, pers. (Cicerello 2003, pers. comm.). A single extirpation (Fisher 2003, pers. comm.). comm.). This small population occurs L individual was collected in Taylor Embarras River—The Embarras River sporadically in the lower 20 river mi County in 1989 (Layzer 2009, pers. is a southerly flowing, western tributary (32 river km), and viability is unknown comm.), but no evidence of the snuffbox of the lower Wabash River in (Cicerello 2003, pers. comm.; 2006, pers. was reported at numerous other sites in southeastern Illinois. Museum lots comm.). 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2003 (Cicerello represent collections dating to 1956 and Red River—The Red (or North Fork 2006, pers. comm.). Once abundant and contain snuffbox from nine mainstem Red) River is a westerly flowing occurring over 200 river mi (322 river and two tributary sites. A total of 9 L tributary of the upper Kentucky River in and 15 FD specimens were collected at km), the species has become eastern Kentucky. No L snuffbox were four sites in 1986 in Coles and Douglas exceedingly rare since the 1960s. found in surveys of the 9-river-mi Counties (Cummings et al. 1988, p. 8). Current snuffbox viability is unknown, (15-river-km) reach of the Wild River Although overall mussel abundance at and it may be nearing extirpation from section during surveys of 1980, 1986, the 21 sites sampled in both 1956 and the entire Green River system, where it and 1991 (Houp 1980, p. 56; 1993, 1986 dropped 86 percent, the snuffbox was formerly known from eight p. 96), but two FD and one L snuffbox was one of only five species that tributaries. were found at three sites in 1988, while showed relatively stable population size five L individuals were found in 1996 Wabash River System—The Wabash over the 30-year period (Cummings et (Cicerello 2006, pers. comm.). Mostly River is the second largest sub-basin al. 1988, p. 9). Additional L and FD males have been found since 2002, and within the Ohio River system, the snuffbox from museum collections were they are being held in captivity for watershed of the 350-mi (563-km) river recorded from single sites in 1988. future culture efforts (Butler 2007, encompassing much of Indiana, west- Three L and eight FD snuffbox were p. 55). A small population persists over central Ohio, and southeastern Illinois. found at two sites in 1992, and one L a 10-river-mi (16-river-km) reach in the The mainstem and at least 27 streams and three FD were found at three of six lower section of the Red River Gorge had one of the largest snuffbox sites surveyed during 2001–2002. Since Geological Area of the Daniel Boone population clusters. The species persists 1986, the small snuffbox population has National Forest in Menifee, Wolfe, and today as seven small populations in the occurred sporadically at six sites over Powell Counties (Cicerello 2006, pers. system; the viability of these 50 river mi (80 river km) of the upper comm.). Viability of this population is populations is unknown (Butler 2007, p. river. The species was reported as unknown. 57). significant and viable by Butler (2007 Rolling Fork Salt River—The Rolling Salamonie River—The Salamonie pers. comm.), but has declined to some Fork is a major southern tributary of the River is a southern tributary of the extent. Recent surveys, however, Salt River in central Kentucky, flowing upper Wabash River, flowing in a documented only one L individual in in a northwesterly direction to join the northwesterly direction and draining 2005 and one L and one FD in 2008, Salt near its mouth. The snuffbox was east-central Indiana. Two historical indicating that the Embarras River first reported in 1958 (Rosewater 1959, museum records were found. Nine sites population may be closer to a marginal p. 62). Seven FD specimens and a single were surveyed during 1993–94 without population than a significant one L subadult were collected in 1988 from finding any evidence of the snuffbox (Tiemann 2009, pers. comm.). four sites in Larue, Marion, and Nelson (ESI 1995, p. 19). The snuffbox was Sugar Creek—Sugar Creek is a Counties (Cicerello 2003, pers. comm.; rediscovered in 2004 above Salamonie tributary in the upper East Fork White Haag 2006, pers. comm.). A survey of 12 Reservoir, where two L individuals at River system, draining central Indiana mainstem and 30 tributary sites in the one site and FD shells, including a very east and south of Indianapolis. A single Rolling Fork system in 1998–99 yielded small juvenile, were found at another L individual from one site, FD no evidence of the snuffbox, prompting site 2 mi (3 km) away (Fisher 2005, pers. specimens from seven sites, and R shells an investigator to consider it extirpated comm.). The small population is from an additional eight sites were (Akers 2000, p. 13), but occasional considered to be recruiting and viable at reported in 1990 (Harmon 1992, pp. 40– specimens may still be found (Butler some level. 41 1998). The snuffbox population

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occurred sporadically over 35 river mi (Hagman 2000, p. 21). If extant, the River flowing in a southwesterly (56 km) to near the mouth. Only R shells declining snuffbox population in Buck direction parallel to and northwest of were found while resampling some Creek is likely to become extirpated in the Clinch River in southwestern historical sites in 1995, 1998, and 2001 the foreseeable future. Virginia and northeastern Tennessee. (Butler 2007, p.59). It is questionable The snuffbox was reported at three sites Tennessee River System whether the population remains extant. by Ortmann (1918, pp. 597–598), five Buck Creek—Buck Creek is a The Tennessee River is the largest sites during 1973–78 by Dennis (1981, southerly flowing, western tributary of tributary of the Ohio River, draining p. 3), four sites from 1975–78 by Sugar Creek in the upper East Fork seven southeastern States and joining Ahlstedt and Brown (1979, p. 42), and White River system east of Indianapolis. the Ohio near its mouth in western four Virginia sites in 1988–89 by A FD snuffbox was found near the Kentucky. The snuffbox originally was Wolcott and Neves (1994, p. 7). Large mouth and R specimens at an upstream known from throughout all but the collections attest to its former site in 1990 (Harmon 1992, p. 41. lower section of river and 17 of its abundance. The species was found L Similar to the parent stream population tributaries. Hundreds of miles of large and FD in the Powell River, Tennessee, in Sugar Creek, the snuffbox may river habitat on the mainstem have been during 1989–90 (Hubbs et al. 1991, already be extirpated in Buck Creek lost under nine reservoirs, with Appendix A). Johnson (2008) collected (Fisher 2003, pers. comm.). additional dams on several tributaries two L individuals at RM 95. The Muscatatuck River—The Muscatatuck (Clinch, Holston, and Elk Rivers) population has declined, viability is River is a large, westerly flowing (Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) questionable, and its extirpation may be tributary of the upper East Fork White 1971, p. 4). The loss of mussel resources imminent (Butler 2007, p. 63). has been substantial (Watters 2000, p. River in southeastern Indiana. The Tennessee River—The snuffbox 262). Muscle Shoals, the 53-river-mi snuffbox was first reported from the originally was known from all but the stream by Daniels (1903, p. 646). FD (85-river-km) reach in northwestern lower section of the river. Butler (2007, specimens (unknown number) were Alabama, historically harbored 69 p. 61) reported the snuffbox as ‘‘believed recorded at a site downstream from mussel species, the most diverse mussel to be extirpated from the entire Graham Creek that was sampled in 1988 fauna ever known (Garner and Tennesssee River.’’ However, Yokley (Harmon 1989, p. 118). Status and McGregor 2001, p. 155). The (2002, p. 1) collected a single FD male viability of snuffbox in the Muscatatuck construction of three dams (Wilson in in 2002 at the U.S. 231 Bridge, Madison River are unknown. 1925, Wheeler in 1930, and Pickwick Graham Creek—Graham Creek flows Landing in 1940) inundated most of the and Morgan Counties. In 2006, one L southwesterly to join Big Creek in mussel beds. No L snuffbox have been female was found at the same location, forming the Muscatatuck River in the reported at Muscle Shoals for around though it was the only snuffbox out of East Fork White River system in 100 years (Garner and McGregor 2001, 8,978 mussels collected at the site southeastern Indiana. The species was p. 162). The snuffbox may persist in the (Yokley 2006, p. 1). Nothing further is found FD (numbers unknown) at six mainstem at a very low density and in known about the status of the snuffbox sites over 10 river mi (16 river km) of only five tributaries. The Clinch River in the Tennessee River mainstem. the lower stream in Jennings County in maintains a stronghold population, but Paint Rock River—The Paint Rock 1988 (Harmon 1989, p. 117), and a highly restricted populations persist in River is a southerly flowing, northern single FD specimen was found in 1990 the other streams. tributary of the southern bend of the (Harmon 1998). Viability of these small Clinch River—The 350-mi (563-km) Tennessee River in northeastern population is unknown. Clinch River is a major tributary of the Alabama and adjacent Tennessee. The Cumberland River System—Snuffbox upper Tennessee River originating in snuffbox was first reported from one of populations are known from the southwestern Virginia, and flowing in a six mainstem sites by Ortmann (1925, p. mainstem Cumberland River and 6 of its southwesterly direction to its 359). No evidence of snuffbox was tributaries. With few exceptions, most confluence near Knoxville in found in two surveys during 1965–67 mainstem records were made prior to northeastern Tennessee. No other river (Isom and Yokley 1973, p. 444) and a the 1920s when the species was locally in North America has extant 1980 survey (Butler 2007, p. 64). Twelve common (Wilson and Clark 1914, p. 45). populations of more federally L and FD snuffbox were found at four The snuffbox is considered extirpated endangered (15) and candidate (4) sites between RMs 13 and 21 (Ahlstedt from the mainstem. Currently, a single species of mussels than does the upper 1995–96, p. 70). The species was again tributary population may be extant, but Clinch River above Norris Reservoir. absent from 10 upper mainstem sites is considered not viable. The species is The snuffbox was reported from nine surveyed in 2002 (Godwin 2002, p. 9). likely to become extirpated from the sites by Ortmann (1918, pp. 601–606). Four FD specimens of varying sizes entire river system in the foreseeable Museum records from Hancock County, were found at lower river sites in 2002 future. Tennessee, during 1965–71 documented (Fraley 2003, pers. comm.; Smith 2005, Buck Creek—Buck Creek is a a very large population of snuffbox. The pers. comm.) and 2003–2006 (Freeman southerly flowing, northern tributary of snuffbox is generally distributed from 2006, pers. comm.). One L and 11 FD the upper Cumberland River below RM 170 to RM 195 in Hancock County, specimens were found at RM 21 in Cumberland Falls in southeastern but is sporadic in Virginia (RM 213– 2005, and 2 L and 16 FD were collected Kentucky. One D valve was found at a 235), where it has recently declined at RM 31 in 2007 (Gangloff 2007, pers. site in 1981 (Clarke 1981b, Appendix), (Butler 2007, p. 62). The snuffbox comm.). In July 2008, Freeman (2008, and two L and one FD snuffbox were population is recruiting, viable, and pers. comm.) observed multiple age reported from three sites during 1983– currently stable, although decreased in classes (sizes) of FD snuffbox in 84 (Schuster et al. 1989, p. 82). The size and range from 40 years ago. The middens between RM 34.7 and 32.5. species was also reported L from a lower Clinch River ranks among the six Fobian et al. (2008, p. 14) collected 21 mainstem site among seven sites stronghold snuffbox populations L snuffbox at 7 sites and FD specimens sampled from 1987–90 (Layzer and rangewide. at 8 sites between RM 46.7 and 13.1. Anderson 1992, p. 16). A recent survey Powell River—The Powell River is the The stronghold snuffbox population found only R shells at 3 of 23 sites major tributary of the upper Clinch exists between RMs 13 and 44, and is

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recruiting, viable, and has clearly south into northeastern Arkansas. The snuffbox appears rare but viable at some improved since 1980. only Arkansas records available for this level. Elk River—The Elk River is a large, 450-mi (724-km) river are from 1964, Spring River—The Spring River is a northern tributary flowing 200 river mi located approximately 1 mi southwest large tributary of the Black River that (322 river km) in a southwesterly of Parkin in Cross County (Bates and drains the eastern Ozark Plateaus in direction in the southern bend of the Dennis 1983, p. 63; Harris et al. 2007, south-central Missouri and northeastern Tennessee River in south-central p. 10). Snuffbox records exist for Butler, Arkansas. Based on pre-1986 records, Tennessee and north-central Alabama. Wayne, and Stoddard Counties, the snuffbox was known in low Snuffbox collections have been Missouri, where it was considered numbers from at least four sites in sporadic. The species was found at 2 ‘‘locally abundant’’ (Oesch 1984, p. 235). approximately 20 river mi (34 river km) sites in the mid-1960s (Isom et al. 1973, The species is known from above of the lowermost mainstem in Arkansas p. 440), and a single L individual was Wappapello Reservoir, but was absent (Harris and Gordon 1987, p. 53). A found among 108 sites sampled in 1980 from Missouri surveys conducted below single L adult male was found in (Ahlstedt 1983, p. 47). Single specimens Wappapello Dam in 1983 (Bates and Lawrence County in 2005, and were also reported from 4 sites sampled Dennis 1983, p. 63) and 1986 (Ahlstedt represents the first L specimen found in in the lower river in 1997 (Madison and and Jenkinson 1991, p. 240). Twelve L Arkansas in more than 20 years (Butler Layzer 1998, Table 6) and 16 sites snuffbox were sampled at sites in 2002 2007, p. 69). Further, 53 FD snuffbox sampled in 1999 (Service 1999, p. 3). A (Hutson and Barnhart 2004, pp. 84–85). were collected in four large muskrat very large FD specimen was found at Live individuals were found during middens (Harris et al. 2007, p. 15). The RM 51 among 4 sites sampled in 2001 collections at RM 172.1 in 2005 and extent of the population is not known, (Hubbs 2002, p. 5; Butler 2007, p. 65). 2006 (Butler 2007, p. 67). The snuffbox but it is probably limited to relatively A single L and a FD snuffbox were is restricted to a 10-mi (16-km) reach few miles in the lower mainstem in found at a site in Giles County during (RM 172.1–182.0) on the northeastern Lawrence and Randolph Counties. This qualitative sampling events at five sites edge of the Ozark Plateaus in the population appears small, and its status in 2005 (Ahlstedt et al. 2006). Ford vicinity of Sam A. Baker State Park, and viability are unknown. (2008, pers. comm.) reported collecting Wayne County (Hutson and Barnhart Strawberry River—The Strawberry FD specimens at Stairstep Shoals in 2004, p. 85). This medium-sized River is a western tributary of the Black Giles County, Tennessee, in July 2007. snuffbox population appears to be stable River draining a portion of the The small snuffbox population has and viable, but restricted in distribution. recently recruited, exhibits some level White River System—The 690-mi southeastern Ozark Plateaus in of viability, and its numbers appear (1,110-km) White River is a large northeastern Arkansas. The only relatively stable in recent history. tributary system of the western bank of snuffbox records were from around 1983 Duck River—The Duck River is the the Mississippi River. A snuffbox and 1997 in the middle mainstem in downstream-most large tributary of the population once occurred in the Sharp County (Butler 2007, p. 69). No Tennessee River draining south-central mainstem and six of its larger other details on these collections or the Tennessee and flowing 285 river miles tributaries. The last record from the status of the population are known. (459 river km) west to its confluence mainstem in Arkansas is pre-1921 Considering the dearth of records, the near the head of Kentucky Reservoir. (Harris et al. 2007, p. 10). Highly snuffbox appears to be very rare in the The snuffbox historically occurred restricted populations persist in four Strawberry River, and of unknown throughout the Duck River and, based streams. viability. on museum records, was locally Buffalo River—The Buffalo River is a Summary of Snuffbox Population common 40 to 50 years ago, but was large, eastward-flowing tributary of the Estimates and Status absent in surveys from RM 180 middle White River in north-central downstream in the mid-1970s (Ahlstedt Arkansas. The snuffbox was not found The snuffbox has declined rangewide 1981, p. 62; Dennis 1984, p. 38). Two L during surveys in 1910 (26 sites; Meek and appears to be extant in 74 of 208 individuals were collected from 2 of 99 and Clark 1912, p. 13) and 1995 (40 streams and lakes of historical sites surveyed in 1979 (Butler 2007, p. sites; Harris 1996, p. 9), but two L occurrence, a 65 percent decline in 66). A single L individual was individuals were found at a single site occupied streams. Realistically, much discovered in Maury County among 72 among 60 sites surveyed in 2006 more than 65 percent of the habitat sites sampled during 2000–03 (Ahlstedt (Matthews 2007, pers. comm.). The historically available for this species no et al. 2004, p. 119), but none were found small population occurs in the lower longer supports its populations. Habitat at 11 lower sites surveyed in 2000 river in Marion County, and its viability losses measured in the thousands of (Schilling and Williams 2002, p. 409). is unknown. miles have occurred rangewide. Since The snuffbox is very rare, and its Black River—The Black River is the multiple streams may comprise single viability is uncertain. largest tributary in the White River snuffbox population segments (for system, draining much of southeastern example, the French Creek system), the Lower Mississippi River Sub-Basin Missouri and northeastern Arkansas actual number of extant populations is The Lower Mississippi River Sub- before flowing in a southerly direction somewhat less. Extant populations, with basin includes 954 miles of the into the White River near Newport, few exceptions, are highly fragmented Mississippi River from its confluence Arkansas. A long but sporadic collection and restricted to short reaches. The with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois, to history for the snuffbox appears in the elimination of this species from scores its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico. The 300-mi (483-km) Black River. A single, of streams and thousands of miles of snuffbox is known from a single stream approximately 4-year-old L male was stream reaches indicates catastrophic in this sub-basin, outside of the White collected at RM 65.5, Wayne County, population losses and a precipitous River system. among 51 Missouri sites sampled in decline in overall abundance. It is St. Francis River—The St. Francis 2002 (Hutson and Barnhart 2004, p. reasonable to estimate that total range River is a major tributary of the lower 154). The species has become extirpated reduction and overall population losses Mississippi with its headwaters in from the lower river on the Mississippi for the snuffbox each approximate, if southeastern Missouri, and flowing Embayment, including Arkansas. The not exceed, 90 percent.

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Previous Federal Action A. The Present or Threatened wave-washed shallows of several glacial Destruction, Modification, or lakes, an environment very different We identified the rayed bean as a Curtailment of Their Habitat or Range. from that found in impoundments. Category 2 species in a notice of review Both species have experienced Stream habitat throughout major published in the Federal Register on significant curtailment of their occupied portions of the range of both species has May 22, 1984 (49 FR 21664). The rayed been impounded. The majority of the habitats (see Background, above). The bean remained a Category 2 species in Tennessee and Cumberland River rayed bean has been eliminated from mainstems and many of their largest subsequent notices including January 6, about 74 percent of the streams it tributaries are now impounded. There 1989 (54 FR 554), November 21, 1991 historically occurred in. This species are 36 major dams located in the (56 FR 58804), and November 15, 1994 has also been eliminated from long Tennessee River system, and about 90 (59 FR 58982). Prior to 1996, a Category reaches of former habitat in hundreds of percent of the Cumberland River 2 species was one that we were miles of the Maumee, Ohio, Wabash, downstream of Cumberland Falls is considering for possible addition to the and Tennessee Rivers and from either directly impounded by U.S. Army Federal List of Endangered and numerous stream reaches in their Threatened Wildlife but for which Corps of Engineers (Corps) structures or tributaries. The snuffbox has been otherwise impacted by cold tailwater conclusive data on biological eliminated from about 65 percent of the released from dams. Watters (2000, pp. vulnerability and threats were not streams in which it historically 262–263) summarizes the tremendous available to support a proposed rule. We occurred. Furthermore, extant loss of mussel species from various stopped designating Category 2 species populations, with few exceptions, are portions of the Tennessee and in the February 28, 1996, Notice of highly fragmented and restricted to Cumberland River systems. The rayed Review (61 FR 7596). We now define a short reaches. Available records indicate bean has been eliminated from the candidate species as a species for which that 33 percent of streams considered to Tennessee River system and the we have on file sufficient information to harbor extant populations of the snuffbox, once widespread throughout propose it for protection under the Act. snuffbox are represented by only one or both systems, now persists in only five We designated the rayed bean as a two recent L or FD individuals. The Tennessee River tributaries and one candidate species on May 4, 2004 (69 primary cause of range curtailment for Cumberland River tributary. FR 24876). both species has been modification and This impoundment scenario is similar destruction of river and stream habitats, We identified the snuffbox as a in many other parts of the range of the primarily by the construction of rayed bean and snuffbox, and includes Category 2 species in the notice of impoundments. numerous navigational locks and dams review published in the Federal Impoundment—Impoundments result (Ohio, Allegheny, Muskingum and Register on November 21, 1991 (56 FR in the dramatic modification of riffle Green Rivers), major dams (Shenango, 58804). The snuffbox remained a and shoal habitats and a resulting loss Elk, Walhonding, Scioto, Little Miami, Category 2 in the subsequent notice on of mussel resources, especially in larger Green, Nolin, Barren, Tippecanoe, November 15, 1994 (59 FR 58982) but rivers. Neves et al. (1997, pp. 63–64) Wabash, Mississinewa, Salamonie, and was dropped from the list in the and Watters (2000, pp. 261–262) Duck Rivers), and low-head dams (Pine, February 28, 1996, Notice of Review (61 reviewed the specific effects of Belle, Clinton, Huron, Maumee, FR 7596), when we stopped designating impoundments on freshwater mollusks. Auglaize, Sandusky, Mahoning, Category 2 species. The snuffbox is not Dams interrupt a river’s ecological Tuscarawas, Walhonding, Scioto, currently listed as a candidate species processes by modifying flood pulses; Olentangy, Wabash, Mississinewa, East for listing. controlling impounded water Fork White, West Fork White, and Duck elevations; altering water flow, Rivers; and Middle Island, Big Walnut, Summary of Information Pertaining to sediments, nutrients, and energy inputs Alum, Big Darby, Little Darby, Sugar, the Five Factors and outputs; increasing depth; and Richland Creeks) that have decreasing habitat heterogeneity; Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533), contributed to the loss of the species’ decreasing stability due to subsequent habitat. Sediment accumulations behind and its implementing regulations at 50 sedimentation; blocking host fish dams of all sizes generally preclude the CFR part 424, set forth the procedures passage; and isolating mussel occurrence of the rayed bean and for adding species to the Federal lists of populations from fish hosts. Even small, snuffbox. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife low-head dams can have some of these Dredging and Channelization— and Plants. Under section 4(a)(1) of the effects on mussels. Dredging and channelization activities Act, we may determine a species to be The reproductive process of riverine have profoundly altered riverine endangered or threatened due to one or mussels is generally disrupted by habitats nationwide. Hartfield (1993, pp. more of the following five factors: (A) impoundments, making the rayed bean 131–141), Neves et al. (1997, pp. 71–72), The present or threatened destruction, and snuffbox unable to successfully and Watters (2000, pp. 268–269) modification, or curtailment of its reproduce and recruit under reservoir reviewed the specific effects of habitat or range; (B) overutilization for conditions. Population losses due to channelization on freshwater mollusks. commercial, recreational, scientific, or impoundments have likely contributed Channelization impacts a stream’s educational purposes; (C) disease or more to the decline and imperilment of physical (accelerated erosion, reduced predation; (D) the inadequacy of the rayed bean and snuffbox than has depth, decreased habitat diversity, existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) any other single factor. Neither species geomorphic instability, and riparian other natural or manmade factors occurs in reservoirs lacking riverine canopy loss) and biological (decreased affecting its continued existence. Listing characteristics, and only the snuffbox fish and mussel diversity, changed actions may be warranted based on any persists in large rivers with dams (Ohio species composition and abundance, of the above threat factors, singly or in River), and then only in sections decreased biomass, and reduced growth combination. Each of these factors is retaining riverine characteristics rates) characteristics (Hartfield 1993, p. (generally tailwaters). Both species, 131; Hubbard et al. 1993, pp. 136–145). discussed below. however, historically occurred in the Channel construction for navigation has

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been shown to increase flood heights metals, pesticides, and a wide variety of concentration of an environmental (Belt 1975, p. 189). This is partially newly emerging contaminants to the contaminant (for example, national attributed to a decrease in stream length aquatic environment. As a result, water water quality criteria) do not have data and increase in gradient (Hubbard et al. and sediment quality can be degraded to for freshwater mussel species or exclude 1993, p. 137). Flood events may thus be the extent that mussel populations are data that is available for freshwater exacerbated, conveying into streams adversely impacted. mussels (March et al. 2007, pp. 2066– large quantities of sediment, potentially Chemical spills can be especially 2067, 2073). with adsorbed contaminants. Channel devastating to mussels because they Current research is now starting to maintenance may result in profound may result in exposure of a relatively focus on the contaminant sensitivity of impacts downstream (Stansbery 1970, p. immobile species to extremely elevated freshwater mussel glochidia and newly- 10), such as increases in turbidity and concentrations that far exceed toxic released juvenile mussels (Goudreau et sedimentation, which may smother levels and any water quality standards al. 1993, pp. 219–222; Jacobson et al. benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms that might be in effect. Some notable 1997, p. 2390; Wang, 2007a, pp. 2041– such as the rayed bean and snuffbox. spills that released large quantities of 2046; Valenti 2005, pp. 1244–1245; The only known rayed bean highly concentrated chemicals resulting Valenti 2006, pp. 2514–2517; March populations that remain in navigation in mortality to mussels include: massive 2007, pp. 2068–2073) and juveniles channels are in the upper two mussel kills on the Clinch River at (Bartsch et al. 2003, p. 2561; Augspurger navigation pools of the Allegheny River. Carbo, Virginia, occurred from a power et al. 2003, p. 2569; Mummert et al. Activities associated with navigation plant alkaline fly ash pond spill in 1967 2003, p. 2549, Wang, 2007b, pp. 2053– channels may have contributed to the and a sulfuric acid spill in 1970 2055, Wang, 2007a, pp. 2041–2046, elimination of the rayed bean from the (Crossman et al. 1973, p. 6); Valenti 2005, pp. 1244–1245; Valenti Ohio, lower Allegheny, and Muskingum approximately 18,000 mussels of several 2006, pp. 2514–2517; March 2007, pp. Rivers, and potentially others. Channel species including 750 individuals from 2068–2073) to such contaminants as maintenance operations for barge three endangered mussel species were ammonia, metals, chlorine, and navigation have impacted habitat for the eliminated from the upper Clinch River pesticides. The toxicity information snuffbox in several large rivers. Impacts near Cedar Bluff, Virginia, in 1998, presented in this section focuses on associated with barge traffic, which when an overturned tanker truck recent water-only laboratory acute include construction of fleeting areas, released 1,600 gallons (6,056 liters) of a (sudden and severe exposure) and mooring cells, docking facilities, and chemical used in rubber manufacturing chronic (prolonged or repeated propeller wash, also disrupt habitat. (Jones et al. 2001, p. 20; Schmerfeld exposure) toxicity tests with early life Navigation maintenance activities may 2006, p. 12); and an ongoing release of stages of freshwater mussels using the continue to adversely affect this species sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate, a standard testing methodology published in the upper Ohio River. Hundreds of chemical used to reduce and precipitate by the American Society for Testing and miles of rayed bean (Olentangy, hexachrome, starting in 1999 impacted Materials (ASTM) (American Society for Salamonie, Mississinewa, Vermilion, approximately 10 river miles (16 km) of Testing and Materials 2008, pp. 1442– North Fork Vermilion, Embarras Rivers) the Ohio River and resulted in an 1493). Use of this standard testing and snuffbox (Grand, Kankakee, estimated loss of one million mussels, method generates consistent, reliable Sangamon, Kaskaskia, Olentangy, including individuals from two toxicity data with acceptable precision Salamonie, Mississinewa, Eel, federally listed species (DeVault 2009, and accuracy (Wang et al. 2007a, p. Vermilion, and North Fork Vermilion, pers. comm.; Clayton 2008, pers. 2035) and was used for toxicity tests on Embarras, Paint Rock, and St. Francis comm.). These are not the only ammonia, copper, chlorine, and select Rivers; and Tonawanda, Killbuck, instances where chemical spills have pesticides (Augspurger et al. 2007, p. Chickamauga, and Bear Creeks) streams resulted in the loss of high numbers of 2025; Bringolf et al. 2007a, p. 2087; were dredged and channelized decades mussels (Brown et al. 2005, p. 1457; Bringolf et al. 2007c, p. 2101; Wang et ago, and some populations have been Neves 1991, p. 252; Jones et al. 2001, p. al. 2007a, p. 2029; Wang et al. 2007b, p. eliminated from these streams. The 20; Schmerfeld 2006, pp. 12–13), but are 2036; Wang et al. 2007c, p. 2048). Use entire length of the Kankakee River in provided as examples of the serious of these tests has documented that while Indiana was channelized by 1917. In threat chemical spills pose to mussel mussels are sensitive to some addition, hundreds of drains (formed species. The rayed bean and snuffbox contaminants, they are not universally from ditching low-gradient creeks and are especially threatened by chemical sensitive to all contaminants swales) were created around 100 years spills because these spills can occur (Augspurger et al. 2007, pp. 2025–2026). ago in Illinois, Michigan, and other anywhere there are highways with One chemical that is particularly toxic midwestern States. Stream tanker trucks, industries, or mines and to early life stages of mussels is channelizations were attempts to reduce where these overlap with rayed bean ammonia. Sources of ammonia include flooding, drain low-lying areas, and and snuffbox distribution. agricultural sources (animal feedlots ‘‘improve’’ storm flow runoff. Exposure of mussels to lower and nitrogenous fertilizers), municipal Chemical Contaminants—Chemical concentrations of contaminants more wastewater treatment plants, and contaminants are ubiquitous throughout likely to be found in aquatic industrial waste (Augspurger et al. 2007, the environment and are considered a environments can also adversely affect p. 2026), as well as precipitation and major threat in the decline of freshwater mussels and result in the decline of natural processes (decomposition of mussel species (Cope et al. 2008, p. 451; freshwater mussel species. Such organic nitrogen) (Goudreau et al. 1993, Richter et al. 1997, p. 1081; Strayer et concentrations may not be immediately p. 212; Hickey and Martin 1999, p. 44; al. 2004, p. 436; Wang et al. 2007, p. lethal, but over time, can result in Augspurger et al. 2003, p. 2569; Newton 2029). Chemicals enter the environment mortality, reduced filtration efficiency, 2003, p. 1243). Therefore, ammonia is through both point and nonpoint reduced growth, decreased considered a limiting factor for survival discharges, including spills, industrial reproduction, changes in enzyme and recovery of some mussel species sources, municipal effluents, and activity, and behavioral changes to all due to its ubiquity in aquatic agricultural runoff. These sources mussel life stages. Frequently, environments, high level of toxicity, and contribute organic compounds, heavy procedures which evaluate the ‘‘safe’’ because the highest concentrations

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typically occur in mussel microhabitats toxicity tests conducted determined that dissolved oxygen concentrations are (Augspurger et al. 2003, p. 2574). In juveniles exposed to mercury greater more likely than on the sediment addition, studies have shown that than or equal to 8 ug/L exhibited surface where adults tend to live ammonia concentrations increase with reduced growth. These observed toxicity (Sparks and Strayer 1998, pp. 132–133). increasing temperature and low-flow values are greater than EPA’s Criteria Elevated concentrations of pesticide conditions (Cherry et al. 2005, p. 378; Continuous Concentration and Criteria frequently occur in streams due to Cooper et al. 2005, p. 381), which may Maximum Concentration, which are pesticide runoff, overspray application be exacerbated by the effects of climate 0.77 ug/L and 1.4 ug/L, respectively. to row crops, and lack of adequate change, and may cause ammonia to Based on these data we believe that riparian buffers. Agricultural pesticide become more problematic for juvenile EPA’s water quality standards for applications often coincide with the mussels. The Environmental Protection mercury should be protective of juvenile reproductive and early life stages of Agency’s established ammonia water mussels and glochidia, except in cases mussels, and thus impacts to mussels quality criteria (EPA 1985, p. 94–99) of illegal dumping, permit violations, or due to pesticides may be increased may not be protective of mussels spills. However, impacts to mussels (Bringolf et al. 2007a, p. 2094). Little is (Augspurger et al. 2003, p. 2572; Sharpe from mercury toxicity may be occurring known regarding the impact of currently 2005, p. 28) under current and future in some streams. According to the used pesticides to freshwater mussels climate conditions. National Summary Data reported by even though some pesticides, such as Mussels are also affected by metals States to the EPA, 3,770 monitored glyphosate (Roundup), are used (Keller and Zam 1991, p. 543), such as waters do not meet EPA standards for globally. Recent studies tested the cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, mercury in the United States (http:// toxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and zinc, which can negatively affect iaspub.epa.gov/waters10/attains_ and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in biological processes such as growth, nation_cy.control?p_report_type=T, several glyphosate formulations, to early filtration efficiency, enzyme activity, accessed 6/28/2010). Acute mercury life stages of the fatmucket (Lampsilis valve closure, and behavior (Naimo toxicity was determined to be the cause siliquoidea), a native freshwater mussel 1995, pp. 351–355; Keller and Zam of extirpation of a diverse mussel fauna (Bringolf et al. 2007a, p. 2094). Studies 1991, p. 543; Jacobson et al. 1997, p. for a 70-mile (112-km) portion of the conducted with juvenile mussels and 2390; Valenti et al. 2005, p. 1244). North Fork Holston River (Brown et al. glochidia determined that the surfactant Metals occur in industrial and 2005, pp. 1455–1457). (MON 0818) was the most toxic of the wastewater effluents and are often a compounds tested and that L. result of atmospheric deposition from In addition to ammonia, agricultural siliquoidea glochidia were the most industrial processes and incinerators. sources of chemical contaminants sensitive organism tested to date Glochidia and juvenile freshwater include two broad categories that have (Bringolf et al. 2007a, p. 2094). mussels have recently been studied to the potential to adversely impact mussel Roundup, technical grade glyphosate determine the acute and chronic toxicity species: Nutrients and pesticides. isopropylamine salt, and of copper to these life stages (Wang Nutrients (such as nitrogen and isopropylamine were also acutely toxic 2007a, pp. 2036–2047; Wang 2007b, pp. phosphorus) can impact streams when to juveniles and glochidia (Bringolf et 2048–2056). The chronic values their concentrations reach levels that al. 2007a, p. 2097). The impacts of other determined for copper ranged from 8.5 cannot be assimilated, a condition pesticides including atrazine, to 9.8 micrograms per liter (ug/L) for known as over-enrichment. Nutrient chlorpyrifos, and permethrin on survival and from 4.6 to 8.5 ug/L for over-enrichment is primarily a result of glochidia and juvenile life stages have growth of juveniles. These chronic runoff from livestock farms, feedlots, also recently been studied (Bringolf et values are below the EPA’s 1996 chronic and heavily fertilized row crops al. 2007b, p. 2101). This study water quality criterion of 15 ug/L (Peterjohn and Correll 1984, p. 1471). determined that chlorpyrifos was toxic (hardness 170 mg/L) for copper (Wang Over-enriched conditions are to both L. siliquoidea glochidia and 2007b, pp. 2052–2055). March (2007, exacerbated by low-flow conditions, juveniles (Bringolf et al. 2007b, p. 2104). pp. 2066, 2073) identifies that copper such as those experienced during The above results indicate the potential water quality criteria and modified State typical summer-season flows and that toxicity of commonly applied pesticides water quality standards may not be might occur with greater frequency and and the threat to mussel species as a protective of mussels. magnitude as a result of climate change. result of the widespread use of these Mercury is another heavy metal that Bauer (1988, p. 244) found that pesticides. All of these pesticides are has the potential to negatively affect excessive nitrogen concentrations can commonly used throughout the range of mussel populations, and it is receiving be detrimental to the adult freshwater the rayed bean and snuffbox. attention due to its widespread pearl mussel (Margaritifera A potential, but undocumented, threat distribution and potential to adversely margaritifera), as was evident by the to freshwater mussel species, including impact the environment. Mercury has positive linear relationship between rayed bean and snuffbox, are been detected throughout aquatic mortality and nitrate concentration. contaminants referred to as ‘‘emerging environments as a product of municipal Also, a study of mussel life span and contaminants’’ that are being detected in and industrial waste and atmospheric size (Bauer 1992, p. 425) showed a aquatic ecosystems at an increasing rate. deposition from coal burning plants. negative correlation between growth Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other One recent study evaluated the rate and eutrophication, and longevity organic contaminants have been sensitivity of early life stages of mussels was reduced, as the concentration of detected downstream from urban areas to mercury (Valenti 2005, p. 1242). This nitrates increased. Nutrient over- and livestock production (Kolpin et al. study determined that, for the mussel enrichment can result in an increase in 2002, p. 1202). A large potential source species used (rainbow mussel, Villosa primary productivity, and the of these emerging contaminants is iris), glochidia were more sensitive to subsequent respiration depletes wastewater being discharged through mercury than were juvenile mussels, dissolved oxygen levels. This may be both permitted (National Pollutant with the median lethal concentration particularly detrimental to juvenile Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)) value of 14 ug/L compared to 114 ug/ mussels that inhabit the interstitial and non-permitted sites throughout the L for the juvenile life stage. The chronic spaces in the substrate where lower country. Permitted discharge sites are

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ubiquitous in watersheds with rayed mining impacts (Ahlstedt and Oil and gas production may have bean and snuffbox populations, Tuberville 1997, p. 75). Increased contributed to the decline of the rayed providing ample opportunities for mining activities in the upper Clinch bean and snuffbox in certain drainages contaminants to impact the species (for River system is resulting in ‘‘blackwater’’ (Sangamon River in the upper example, there are more than 250 events (Jones and Neves 2004, p. 2). Mississippi River system; Slippery Rock NPDES sites in the Meramec River, Anecdotal evidence suggests that coal and Connoquenessing Creeks in the Missouri system, which harbors a fines are increasing in the Clinch River upper Ohio River system; Green, declining population of snuffbox; reach that harbors a stronghold snuffbox Kentucky, Salamonie, and Mississinewa Roberts and Bruenderman 2000, p. 78). population (Butler 2007, p. 84). A coal- Rivers in the lower Ohio River system) The information presented in this fired power plant planned for the upper (Ortmann 1909c, p.104; Schanzle and section represents some of the threats Clinch River in Virginia would further Cummings 1991, p. 1; ESI 1995, p. 39; from chemical contaminants that have increase mining in the Clinch and Cicerello 1999, p. 11). Pollutants been documented both in the laboratory Powell watersheds. include brines, high levels of potassium, and field and demonstrates that Currently, coal mining activities occur and numerous organic compounds chemical contaminants pose a only in the Elk River in West Virginia (Imlay 1971, p. 39). An increasing substantial threat to the rayed bean and (Douglas 2010, pers. comm.). However, demand for domestic energy resources snuffbox. This information indicates the if coal mining activities are reinitiated is expected to accelerate oil and gas potential for contaminants to contribute in western Pennsylvania, they could exploration in certain rayed bean and to declining rayed bean and snuffbox become a threat to populations of both snuffbox streams in the foreseeable populations—from spills that are species in the lower French Creek and future. immediately lethal to species to chronic the Allegheny River. Siltation—Excessive sedimentation contaminant exposure, which results in Instream and alluvial (clay, silt, sand, affects an estimated 46 percent of all or other material deposited by running death, reduced growth, or reduced U.S. streams (Judy et al. 1984), water) gravel mining has been reproduction of rayed bean and including the majority of the streams implicated in the destruction of several snuffbox. with extant rayed bean and snuffbox Mining—The low pH commonly mussel populations (Hartfield 1993, pp. populations. Sedimentation has been associated with coal mine runoff can 135–136; Brown and Curole 1997, pp. implicated in the decline of mussel reduce glochidial encystment rates, thus 239–240). Negative impacts associated populations nationwide, and is a threat impacting mussel recruitment (Huebner with gravel mining include stream to rayed bean and snuffbox (Kunz 1898, and Pynno¨nen 1992, p. 2350). channel modifications (altered habitat, p. 328; Ellis 1936, pp. 39–40; Marking Additionally, adverse impacts from disrupted flow patterns, sediment and Bills 1979, p. 204; Vannote and heavy metal-rich drainage from coal transport), water quality modifications mining and associated sedimentation (increased turbidity, reduced light Minshall 1982, pp. 4105–4106; Dennis has been documented in portions of penetration, increased temperature), 1984, p. 212; Wolcott and Neves 1990, historical rayed bean and snuffbox macroinvertebrate population changes pp. 74–75; Brim Box 1999, p. 79; Fraley habitat in the upper Ohio River system (elimination, habitat disruption, and Ahlstedt 2000, p. 194; Poole and in western Pennsylvania (Ortmann increased sedimentation), and changes Downing 2004, pp. 119–120). Specific 1909c, p. 97), West Virginia, and in fish populations (impacts to biological impacts include reduced southeastern Ohio. Likewise, coal spawning and nursery habitat, food web feeding and respiratory efficiency from mining has impacted rayed bean habitat disruptions) (Kanehl and Lyons 1992, clogged gills, disrupted metabolic in the upper Tennessee River system, pp. 26–27; Roell 1999, p. 5). Gravel processes, reduced growth rates, limited Virginia (Kitchel et al. 1981, p. 21), and mining may continue to be a localized burrowing activity, and physical snuffbox habitat in eastern Kentucky threat to rayed bean and snuffbox smothering (Ellis 1936, pp. 39–40; (lower Ohio and Mississippi River populations (Kankakee, Bourbeuse, Stansbery 1971, p. 6; Imlay 1972, p. 76; systems in southeastern Illinois and Walhonding, Elk (Tennessee), and Marking and Bills 1979, p. 210; Vannote western Kentucky; upper Cumberland Strawberry Rivers; Big Darby and Buck and Minshall 1982, p. 4105; Waters River system in southeastern Kentucky (Kentucky) Creeks). 1995, p. 7). and northeastern Tennessee; and upper Other mining activities that impact Studies indicate that excessive Tennessee River system in southwestern snuffbox populations include mining for sediment level impacts are sublethal, Virginia) (Ortmann 1909c, p. 103; Neel metals (lead, cadmium, zinc) in with detrimental effects not and Allen 1964, pp. 428–430; Kitchel et Missouri. Mining has been implicated in immediately apparent (Brim Box and al. 1981, p. 21; Anderson et al. 1991, pp. the decline of mussels from the upper Mossa 1999, p. 101). Physical habitat 6–7; Gordon 1991, p. 2; Bogan and Davis St. Francis River (Hutson and Barnhart effects include altered suspended and 1992, p. 2; Layzer and Anderson 1992, 2004, pp. 86–87). Lead and barite bed material loads, and bed sediment pp. 91–94; Ahlstedt and Tuberville mining is common in the Big River, a composition associated with increased 1997, p. 75; Milam et al. 2000, p. 53; Meramec River tributary. A tailings- sediment production and run-off; Warren and Haag 2005, p. 1394). Acid pond blowout discharged 81,000 cubic clogged interstitial habitats and reduced mine drainage was implicated in the yards of mine tailings in 1977 that interstitial flow rates and dissolved mussel die-off in the Little South Fork impacted approximately 80 river mi oxygen levels; changed channels in Cumberland River, Kentucky (Anderson (129 river km) (Buchanan 1980, p. 9; form, position, and degree of stability; et al. 1991, pp. 6–7; Layzer and Roberts and Bruenderman 2000, p. 24). altered depth or width-depth ratio that Anderson, 1992, p. 94; Ahlstedt and As of 2000, high levels of heavy metals affects light penetration and flow Saylor 1995–96, pp. 92–93; Warren and were still detected in the system regime; aggraded (filling) or degraded Haag 2005, p. 1394). Tailings pond (Roberts and Bruenderman 2000, p. 24) (scouring) channels; and changed failures have also impacted aquatic and may continue to hinder stream channel positions that dewater mussel resources (Powell River, Virginia; Butler recovery. Forty-five tailings ponds and beds (Vannote and Minshall 1982, p. 2007, p. 83). A decline of the snuffbox numerous tailings piles remain in the 4105; Gordon et al. 1992, pp. 296–297; and other imperiled mussels in the watershed (Roberts and Bruenderman Kanehl and Lyons 1992, pp. 26–27; Powell River was blamed on coal 2000, p. 24). Brim Box and Mossa 1999, p. 102).

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Interstitial spaces in the substrate detrimental to stream habitats (Couch rayed bean and snuffbox streams have provide essential habitat for juvenile and Hamilton 2002, p. 1) and were been impacted by general mussels. When clogged, interstitial flow summarized by Feminella and Walsh developmental activities and increased rates and spaces may become reduced (2005, pp. 585–587). Developmental impervious surface levels (Butler 2007, (Brim Box and Mossa 1999, p. 100), thus activities may impact streams and their p. 88; Butler 2002, p. 25). reducing juvenile habitat availability. mussel fauna where adequate All rayed bean or snuffbox streams are The rayed bean burrows deep into streamside buffers are not maintained crossed by bridges and roads. Effects interstitial substrates, making it and erosion of impacted land is allowed from these structures were reviewed by particularly susceptible to degradation to enter streams (Brainwood et al. 2006, Wheeler et al. (2005). Categories of of this habitat. Sediment may act as a p. 511). Types of development may impacts include primary effects vector for delivering contaminants such include highway construction, parking (construction), secondary effects (post- as nutrients and pesticides to streams. lots, building construction, general construction), and indirect effects Juveniles can readily ingest infrastructure (utilities, sewer systems), (development associated with highway contaminants adsorbed to silt particles and recreation facilities. Factors during normal feeding activities. These impacting rayed bean and snuffbox presence) (Angermeier et al. 2004, pp. factors may explain, in part, why so populations in urban and suburban 21–24). Culverts act as barriers to fish many mussel populations, including areas include lawn care chemicals passage (Wheeler et al. 2005, p. 149), those of the rayed bean and snuffbox, (Conners and Black 2004, pp. 366–367), particularly by increasing flow velocity appear to be experiencing recruitment sedimentation, toxic effluents, domestic (Warren and Pardew 1998, p. 637). failures. sewage, road salts, and general runoff. Stream channels become destabilized Agricultural activities produce the when culverted or improperly bridged Impervious surfaces are detrimental to most significant amount of sediment by interrupting the transport of woody mussel habitat by altering various that enters streams (Waters 1995, pp. debris, substrate, and water (Wheeler et hydrological factors, including: 17–18). Neves et al. (1997, p. 65) stated al. 2005, p. 152). Increased volumes of flow, annual flow that agriculture (including both rates, peak flows and duration, and Anthropogenic activities can lower sediment and chemical run-off) affects temperature; decreased base flow; and water tables, making rayed bean, 72 percent of the impaired river miles changes in sediment loadings (Galli snuffbox, and other mussel populations in the country. Unrestricted access by 1991, p. 28; EPA 1997, p. 4; DeWalle et susceptible to depressed flow levels. livestock is a significant threat to many Water withdrawals for irrigation, streams and their mussel populations al. 2000, p. 2655; Myers-Kinzie et al. municipal, and industrial water (Fraley and Ahlstedt 2000, p. 193). Soil 2002, p. 822). These factors result in compaction for intensive grazing may flooding, erosion, channel widening, supplies are an increasing concern. U.S. reduce infiltration rates and increase altered streambeds, channel instability, water consumption doubled from 1960 run-off, and trampling of riparian riparian and instream habitat loss, and to 2000 and is likely to increase further vegetation increases the probability of loss of fish populations (EPA 1997, p. (Naiman and Turner 2000, p. 960). erosion (Armour et al. 1991, pp. 8–10; 4). As little as 10 percent of a watershed Therefore, we anticipate water Trimble and Mendel 1995, pp. 238–239; being impervious can cause channel withdrawals and potential stream Brim Box and Mossa 1999, p. 103). instability and a host of other stream dewatering to be a threat to rayed bean The majority of extant rayed bean and habitat effects (Booth 1991, p. 98; Booth and snuffbox in the foreseeable future. snuffbox populations are threatened by and Reinelt 1993, p. 549). Impervious We have identified a number of surfaces may reduce sediment input some form of agricultural runoff (e.g., threats to the habitat of the rayed bean into streams but result in channel nutrients, pesticides, sediment). The and snuffbox which have operated in instability by accelerating stormwater Maumee River system, for example, has the past, are impacting the species now, runoff, which increases bank erosion a drainage area that contains and will continue to impact the species and bed scouring (Brim Box and Mossa approximately 89 percent agricultural in the foreseeable future. On the basis of land (Sanders 2002, p. 10.1). The 1999, p. 103). Stream channels become highly unstable as they respond to this analysis, we find that the present decline of rayed bean and snuffbox in and threatened destruction, this system may be largely attributed to increased flows by eroding a groove in the bottom of the channel (incising), modification, or curtailment of the stream habitat impacts resulting from species’ habitats is a threat to the rayed intensive farming and associated runoff. which increases the force of the water bean and snuffbox throughout all of The rayed bean and snuffbox once against the channel (shear stress) and their range. Based on our analysis of the occurred in the Maumee River bed mobilization (Doyle et al. 2000, p. best available information, we have no mainstem, as well as in up to nine of its 156). Hydrological variability influences tributaries. Currently, the snuffbox is the distribution of mussels in streams, reason to believe that the present or extirpated from the Maumee River with distinct communities associated threatened destruction, modification, or system and the rayed bean is only found with hydrologically flashy and curtailment of rayed bean or snuffbox in distinct but small reaches of the St. hydrologically stable streams (Di Maio habitat will change in the foreseeable Joseph River, Fish Creek, Swan Creek, and Corkum 1995, p. 669). High shear future. The decline of the freshwater and Blanchard River. All of these stress, peak flows, and substrate mussels in the eastern United States is remaining populations (which comprise movement limits mussel communities, primarily the result the long-lasting about 20 percent of all remaining rayed reduces abundance (particularly for effects of habitat alterations such as bean populations rangewide) are juveniles), and increasingly dislodges impoundments, channelization, currently threatened by ongoing mussels and moves them downstream chemical contaminants, mining, and agricultural activities. This scenario is (Layzer and Madison 1995, p. 337; sedimentation. Although efforts have echoed across the remaining extant Myers-Kinzie et al. 2002, p. 822; been made to restore habitat in some range of the rayed bean and snuffbox. Gangloff and Feminella 2006, p. 70). areas, the long-term effects of large-scale Other Activities Affecting Rayed Bean Recruitment is also significantly and wide-ranging habitat modification, and Snuffbox Habitat—Activities reduced in high discharge years destruction, and curtailment will last far associated with urbanization can be (Howard and Cuffey 2006, p. 688). Most into the foreseeable future.

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B. Overutilization for Commercial, limit the recovery potential of Sources of nonpoint source pollution Recreational, Scientific, or Educational endangered mussels or contribute to include timber clearcutting, clearing of Purposes local extirpations of previously stressed riparian vegetation, urbanization, road The rayed bean and snuffbox are not populations, according to Neves and construction, and other practices that commercially valuable species. Rare Odom (1989, p. 940), but they consider allow bare earth to enter streams (The species like the rayed bean and snuffbox it primarily a seasonal or localized Nature Conservancy 2004, p. 13). may increasingly be sought by lay and threat. The snuffbox ranked fourth Current laws do not adequately protect experienced collectors. Most stream among 12 species in a St. Croix River rayed bean and snuffbox habitat from reaches inhabited by these species are muskrat midden, being nearly four nonpoint source pollution, as the laws restricted, and their populations are times more abundant than in to prevent sediment entering waterways generally small. Although scientific quantitative surveys (Tyrrell and are poorly enforced. Best management collecting is not thought to represent a Hornbach 1998, p. 304). Numbers were practices for sediment and erosion significant threat, localized populations too low to determine selectivity indices control are often recommended or could become impacted and possibly or statistics. required by local ordinances for extirpated by over-collecting, Muskrats were not thought to be a construction projects; however, particularly if this activity is threat to the rayed bean by West et al. compliance, monitoring, and unregulated. Native Americans were (2000, pp. 255–256), due to their general enforcement of these recommendations known to harvest the rayed bean for selection of mussels larger than 1.4–1.6 are often poorly implemented. food, but because of its size, utilization in (3.6–4.1 cm) long (Convey et al. 1989, Furthermore, there are currently no rates were very low (Bogan 1990, p. p. 656; Hanson et al. 1989, p. 24). Neves requirements within the scope of 134). Localized declines of snuffbox and Odom (1989, pp. 938–939) also Federal environmental laws to from use as bait by fishermen has been noted that muskrats did not select for specifically consider the rayed bean or noted (Cumberland River; Wilson and small mussels. Nevertheless, some snuffbox during Federal activities, or to Clark 1914, p. 45), although it is muskrat predation on the rayed bean ensure that Federal projects will not unlikely that exploitation activities have has recently been documented in jeopardize their continued existence. Cassadaga Creek, New York, but is eliminated any snuffbox populations. Point source discharges within the generally considered insignificant. On the basis of this analysis, we find range of the rayed bean and snuffbox that overutilization for commercial, Other mammals (raccoon (Procyon have been reduced since the inception recreational, scientific, or educational lotor), mink (Mustela vison), river otter of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 purposes is not now a threat to the (Lutra Canadensis), striped skunk et seq.), but this may not provide rayed bean or snuffbox in any portion of (Mephitis mephitis), hog (Sus scrofa), rat adequate protection for filter-feeding their range or likely to become a (Rattus spp.)), amphibians (hellbender organisms that can be impacted by significant threat in the foreseeable (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis)), turtles, extremely low levels of contaminants future. aquatic birds, and fishes (freshwater (see Chemical Contaminants discussion drum (Aplodinotus grunniens), redear C. Disease or Predation under Factor A). There is no specific sunfish (Lepomis microlophus)) feed on information on the sensitivity of the Little is known about diseases in mussels (Kunz 1898, p. 328; Meek and rayed bean and snuffbox to common freshwater mussels (Grizzle and Clark 1912, p. 6; Neck 1986, p. 64; industrial and municipal pollutants, Brunner 2007). However, mussel die- Tyrrell and Hornbach 1998, p. 301). and very little information on other offs have been documented in rayed Hydra, non-biting midge larvae, freshwater mussels. Therefore, it bean and snuffbox streams (Neves 1986, dragonfly larvae, crayfish, and appears that a lack of adequate research p. 9), and some researchers believe that especially flatworms are invertebrate and data prevents existing regulations, disease may be a factor contributing to predators on newly metamorphosed such as the Clean Water Act the die-offs (Buchanan 1986, p. 53; juveniles (Zimmerman and Neves 2003, (administered by the EPA and the U.S. Neves 1986, p. 11). Mussel parasites p. 28; Klocker and Strayer 2004, p. 174). Army Corps of Engineers), from being include water mites, trematodes, The overall threat posed by these fully used or effective. oligochaetes, leeches, copepods, predators on the rayed bean and bacteria, and protozoa (Grizzle and snuffbox is not considered significant. Despite these existing regulatory Brunner 2007). Generally, parasites are Studies indicate that in some mechanisms, the rayed bean and not suspected of being a major limiting localized areas, disease and predation snuffbox continue to decline due to the factor (Oesch 1984, p. 16), but a recent may have a negative impact on mussel effects of habitat destruction, poor water study provides contrary evidence. populations. However, based on our quality, contaminants, and other factors. Reproductive output and physiological analysis of the best available We find that these regulatory measures condition were negatively correlated information, we do not believe that have been insufficient to significantly with mite and trematode abundance, disease or predation is a significant reduce or remove the threats to the respectively (Gangloff and Feminella threat to the overall status of rayed bean rayed bean and snuffbox and, therefore, 2004). Stressors that reduce fitness may or snuffbox, nor do we believe that it is that the inadequacy of existing make mussels more susceptible to likely to become a significant threat in regulatory mechanisms is a threat to parasites (Butler 2007, p. 90). the foreseeable future. these species throughout all of their Furthermore, nonnative mussels may range. D. The Inadequacy of Existing carry diseases and parasites that are Based on our analysis of the best Regulatory Mechanisms potentially devastating to native mussel available information, we have no fauna, including rayed bean and Most States with extant rayed bean reason to believe that the snuffbox (Strayer 1999b, p.88). and snuffbox populations prohibit aforementioned regulations, which The muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) is collection of mussels without a State currently do not offer adequate cited as the most prevalent mussel collecting permit. However, protection to the rayed bean and predator (Kunz 1898, p. 328; Hanson et enforcement of this permit requirement snuffbox, will be improved in the al. 1989, p. 15). Muskrat predation may is difficult. foreseeable future.

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E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors 162). Isolated populations eventually reducing reproductive potential. Habitat Affecting Its Continued Existence die out when population size drops for native mussels may also be degraded Other factors have played a role in the below the EPS or threshold level of by large deposits of zebra mussel decline of rayed bean and snuffbox sustainability. Recruitment reduction or pseudofeces (undigested waste material populations. Reduced numbers of host failure is a potential problem for many passed out of the incurrent siphon) fish have an indirect impact by small rayed bean and snuffbox (Vaughan 1997, p. 11). Additionally, an contributing to reduced recruitment populations rangewide, a condition indirect impact is the proliferation of (Watters 1996, p. 83; Khym and Layzer likely exacerbated by their reduced aquatic plants from increased water 2000, p. 183). Factors associated with range and increasingly isolated clarity in lakes, which in turn has climate change likely to affect regional populations. Evidence of recruitment prompted managers to increase the use has not been documented in many of herbicides that may threaten mussels mussel populations include changes in populations, indicating that recruitment via food reduction (Marangelo 2005b, stream temperature regimes and reduction or outright failure is possible. pers. comm.). precipitation levels that may indirectly Many populations of both species may Zebra mussels are thoroughly result in reduced habitat and declines in be experiencing the bottleneck effect of established in the Great Lakes drainages host fish stocks (Hastie et al. 2003, p. not attaining EPS. Small, isolated, below and much of the Ohio River system, 44). Remedial (such as flood control EPS-threshold populations of short- overlapping much of the current range structures) and preventative (for lived species (most host fishes) of the rayed bean and snuffbox. Zebra example, more renewable energy from theoretically die out within a decade or mussels have eliminated populations of hydroelectric facilities to reduce so, while below-threshold populations the rayed bean in Lakes Erie and greenhouse gas emissions) measures to of long-lived species (like the rayed Tippecanoe and the Detroit River. The address climate change issues (Hastie et bean and snuffbox) might take decades greatest current potential for zebra al. 2003, p. 45) may impact rayed bean to die out even given years of total mussels to impact the rayed bean and and snuffbox populations in the future. recruitment failure. snuffbox are in the Lake St. Clair Population Fragmentation and We find that fragmentation and drainages, Allegheny River, Tippecanoe Isolation—The majority of the isolation of small remaining populations River, French Creek, and Lake remaining populations of the rayed bean of the rayed bean and snuffbox are Maxinkuckee. In addition, there is long- and snuffbox are generally small and current and ongoing threats to both term potential for zebra mussel geographically isolated. The patchy species throughout all of their range that invasions into other systems that distributional pattern of populations in will continue into the foreseeable currently harbor rayed bean and short river reaches makes them much future. snuffbox populations. However, zebra more susceptible to extirpation from Exotic Species—Various exotic or mussels are not always a serious threat single catastrophic events, such as toxic nonnative species of aquatic organisms to rayed bean and snuffbox (Tippecanoe chemical spills (Watters and Dunn are firmly established in the range of the River, Fisher 2005, pers. comm.; Clinton 1993–94, p. 257). Furthermore, this rayed bean and snuffbox. The exotic River, Butler 2007, p. 94; French Creek, level of isolation makes natural species that poses the most significant Butler 2007, p. 94). Significant but repopulation of any extirpated threat to the rayed bean and snuffbox is highly fluctuating zebra mussel population unlikely without human the zebra mussel (Dreissena populations remain largely restricted to intervention. Population isolation polymorpha). The invasion of the zebra navigational waterways, although prohibits the natural interchange of mussel poses a threat to the mussel smaller streams have also had their genetic material between populations, fauna in many regions, and species mussel fauna virtually eliminated by and small population size reduces the extinctions are expected as a result of its them (Martel et al. 2001, p. 2188). At reservoir of genetic diversity within continued spread in the eastern United least two of the stronghold snuffbox populations, which can lead to States (Ricciardi et al. 1998, p. 616). populations (Wolf River and French inbreeding depression (Avise and Strayer (1999b, pp. 77–80) reviewed in Creek) presently have low numbers of Hambrick 1996, p. 461). detail the mechanisms by which zebra zebra mussels. The Scioto River system provides a mussels impact native mussels. The The Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) good example of the impacts of primary means of impact is direct has spread throughout the range of the population fragmentation and isolation. fouling of the shells of live native rayed bean and snuffbox since its Historically, the rayed bean and mussels. Zebra mussels attach in large introduction in the mid-1900s. Asian snuffbox were widespread and locally numbers to the shells of live native clams compete with native mussels, abundant in the mainstem and mussels and are implicated in the loss especially juveniles, for food, nutrients, numerous tributaries. The Scioto River of entire native mussel beds. Fouling and space (Neves and Widlak 1987, p. became highly contaminated over a impacts include impeding locomotion 6; Leff et al. 1990, p. 415) and may century ago (Trautman 1981, p. 33; (both laterally and vertically), ingest sperm, glochidia, and newly Yoder et al. 2005, p. 410), and these interfering with normal valve metamorphosed juveniles of native species eventually died out in the movements, deforming valve margins, mussels (Strayer 1999b, p. 82; Yeager et mainstem and most tributaries. The and locally depleting food resources and al. 2001, p. 257). Dense Asian clam population segments that persist have increasing waste products. Heavy populations actively disturb sediments become increasingly isolated due to infestations of zebra mussels on native that may reduce habitat for juvenile impoundments and other factors; all are mussels may overly stress the animals mussels (Strayer 1999b, p. 82). very small, highly fragmented, and by reducing their energy stores. They Asian clam densities vary widely in appear to be on a trend towards may also reduce food concentrations to the absence of native mussels or in extirpation. levels too low to support reproduction, patches with sparse mussel Many rayed bean and snuffbox or even survival in extreme cases. concentrations, but clam density is populations are potentially below the Another way zebra mussels may never high in dense mussel beds, effective population size (EPS) required impact native mussels is through indicating that the clam is unable to to maintain genetic heterogeneity and filtering their sperm and possibly successfully invade small-scale habitat population viability (Soule´ 1980, p. glochidia from the water column, thus patches with high unionid biomass

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(Vaughn and Spooner 2006, p. 335). The pp. 260–261; 1993, p. 4–5; Williams et proposed determination applies to the invading clam therefore appears to al. 1993, p. 7; Neves et al. 1997, pp. 60– species throughout their entire range. preferentially invade sites where 72; Watters 2000, p. 269). These Available Conservation Measures mussels are already in decline (Strayer stressors have had profound impacts on 1999b, p. 82; Vaughn and Spooner 2006, rayed bean and snuffbox populations Conservation measures provided to p. 332) and does not appear be a and their habitat. species listed as endangered or causative factor in the decline of The majority of the remaining threatened under the Act include mussels in dense beds. However, an populations of the rayed bean and recognition, recovery actions, Asian clam population that thrives in snuffbox are generally small and requirements for Federal protection, and previously stressed, sparse mussel geographically isolated (Butler 2002, prohibitions against certain practices. populations can exacerbate unionid 2007). The patchy distributional pattern Recognition through listing results in imperilment through competition and of populations in short river reaches public awareness and conservation by impeding mussel population expansion makes those populations much more Federal, State, Tribal, and local (Vaughn and Spooner 2006, p. 335). susceptible to extirpation from single agencies, private organizations, and The round goby (Neogobius catastrophic events, such as toxic individuals. The Act encourages melanostomus) is another exotic fish chemical spills (Watters and Dunn cooperation with the States and requires species released into the Great Lakes 1993–94, p. 257). Furthermore, this that recovery actions be carried out for that is well established and likely to level of isolation makes natural all listed species. The protection required by Federal agencies and the spread through the Mississippi River repopulation of any extirpated prohibitions against certain activities system (Strayer 1999b, pp. 87–88). This population virtually impossible without are discussed, in part, below. species is an aggressive competitor of human intervention. Various nonnative similar sized benthic fish (sculpins, The primary purpose of the Act is the species of aquatic organisms are firmly conservation of endangered and darters) as well as a voracious carnivore established in the range of the rayed despite its size (less than 10 in. (25.4 threatened species and the ecosystems bean and snuffbox; however, the exotic upon which they depend. The ultimate cm) in length), preying on a variety of species that poses the most significant foods, including small mussels and goal of such conservation efforts is the threat to the rayed bean and snuffbox is recovery of these listed species, so that fishes that could serve as glochidial the zebra mussel (Dreissena hosts (Strayer 1999b, p. 88; Janssen and they no longer need the protective polymorpha) (Butler 2002, p. 27; 2007, measures of the Act. Subsection 4(f) of Jude 2001, p. 325). Round gobies may p. 93). therefore have indirect effects on the the Act requires the Service to develop rayed bean and snuffbox through Proposed Determination and implement recovery plans for the negative impacts to their host fishes. conservation of endangered and Additional exotic species will Section 3 of the Act defines an threatened species. The recovery invariably become established in the endangered species as any species that planning process involves the ‘‘ foreseeable future (Strayer 1999b, pp. is in danger of extinction throughout identification of actions that are ’’ 88–89). These include Limnoperna all or a significant portion of its range necessary to halt or reverse the species’ fortunei, a biofouling mussel (an animal and a threatened species as any species decline by addressing the threats to its that undesirably accumulates on wetted that ‘‘is likely to become an endangered survival and recovery. The goal of this surfaces) from southeast Asia that has species within the foreseeable future process is to restore listed species to a already spread to Japan and South throughout all or a significant portion of point where they are secure, self- America, and ‘‘probably will have strong its range.’’ We find that the rayed bean sustaining, and functioning components effects’’ on native mussels (Strayer and snuffbox are presently in danger of of their ecosystems. 1999b, p. 89). Exotic species could carry extinction throughout their entire range, Recovery planning includes the diseases and parasites that may be based on the immediacy, severity, and development of a recovery outline devastating to the native biota. Because scope of the threats described above. shortly after a species is listed, of our ignorance of mollusk diseases Although there are ongoing attempts to preparation of a draft and final recovery and parasites, ‘‘it is imprudent to alleviate some threats, there appear to plan, and revisions to the plan as conclude that alien diseases and be no populations without current significant new information becomes parasites are unimportant’’ (Strayer significant threats and many threats are available. The recovery outline guides 1999b, p. 88). without obvious or readily available the immediate implementation of urgent Exotic species, such as those solutions. Therefore, on the basis of the recovery actions and describes the described above, are an ongoing threat best available scientific and commercial process to be used to develop a recovery to the rayed bean and snuffbox—a threat information, we propose listing the plan. The recovery plan identifies site- that is likely to increase as these exotic rayed bean and snuffbox as endangered specific management actions that will species expand their occupancy within in accordance with sections 3(6) and achieve recovery of the species, the range of the rayed bean and 4(a)(1) of the Act. measurable criteria that determine when snuffbox. Under the Act and our implementing a species may be downlisted or delisted, regulations, a species may warrant and methods for monitoring recovery Summary of Threats listing if it is endangered or threatened progress. Recovery plans also establish The decline of the rayed bean and throughout all or a significant portion of a framework for agencies to coordinate snuffbox (described by Butler 2002, its range. Threats to the rayed bean and their recovery efforts and provide 2007) is primarily the result of habitat snuffbox occur throughout their range. estimates of the cost of implementing loss and degradation (Neves 1991, p. Therefore, we assessed the status of the recovery tasks. Recovery teams 252). These losses have been well species throughout their entire range. (comprised of species experts, Federal documented since the mid-19th century The threats to the survival of the species and State agencies, non-government (Higgins 1858, p. 551). Chief among the occur throughout the species’ ranges organizations, and stakeholders) are causes of decline are impoundments, and are not restricted to any particular often established to develop recovery channelization, chemical contaminants, significant portion of those ranges. plans. When completed, the recovery mining, and sedimentation (Neves 1991, Accordingly, our assessment and outline, draft recovery plan, and the

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final recovery plan will be available on this interagency cooperation provision wildlife. If we finalize listing of the our Web site (http://www.fws.gov/ of the Act are codified at 50 CFR part rayed bean and snuffbox, these endangered), or from our Ohio 402. Section 7(a)(4) requires Federal prohibitions would be applicable to the Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR agencies to confer informally with us on rayed bean and snuffbox. The FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). any action that is likely to jeopardize prohibitions of section 9(a)(2) of the Act, Implementation of recovery actions the continued existence of a proposed codified at 50 CFR 17.21 for endangered generally requires the participation of a species or result in destruction or wildlife, in part, make it illegal for any broad range of partners, including other adverse modification of proposed person subject to the jurisdiction of the Federal agencies, States, Tribal, non- critical habitat. If a species is listed United States to take (includes harass, governmental organizations, businesses, subsequently, section 7(a)(2) of the Act harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, and private landowners. Examples of requires Federal agencies to ensure that trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt recovery actions include habitat activities they authorize, fund, or carry any of these), import or export, deliver, restoration (e.g., restoration of native out are not likely to jeopardize the receive, carry, transport, or ship in vegetation), research, captive continued existence of such a species or interstate or foreign commerce in the propagation and reintroduction, and to destroy or adversely modify its course of commercial activity, or sell or outreach and education. The recovery of critical habitat. If a Federal action may offer for sale in interstate or foreign many listed species cannot be affect a listed species or its critical commerce any listed species. It also is accomplished solely on Federal lands habitat, the responsible Federal agency illegal to possess, sell, deliver, carry, because their range may occur primarily must enter into formal consultation with transport, or ship any such wildlife that or solely on non-Federal lands. To us. has been taken illegally. Further, it is achieve recovery of these species Federal agency actions that may illegal for any person to attempt to requires cooperative conservation efforts require conference or consultation as commit, to solicit another person to on private, State, and Tribal lands. described in the preceding paragraph commit, or to cause to be committed, If this species is listed, funding for include the issuance of permits for any of these acts. Certain exceptions recovery actions will be available from reservoir construction, stream apply to our agents and State a variety of sources, including Federal alterations, wastewater facility conservation agencies. budgets, State programs, and cost share development, water withdrawal We may issue permits to carry out grants for non-Federal landowners, the projects, pesticide registration, otherwise prohibited activities academic community, and agricultural assistance programs, involving endangered wildlife under nongovernmental organizations. mining, road and bridge construction, certain circumstances. We codified the Additionally, under section 6 of the Act, and Federal loan programs. Activities regulations governing permits for we would be able to grant funds to the will trigger consultation under section 7 endangered species at 50 CFR 17.22. States of Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, of the Act if they may affect the rayed Such permits are available for scientific Michigan, New York, Ohio, bean or snuffbox, or both species, purposes, to enhance the propagation or Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and addressed in this proposed rule. survival of the species, or for incidental West Virginia for management actions take in the course of otherwise lawful promoting the conservation of the rayed Jeopardy Standard activities. bean and to the States of Alabama, Prior to and following listing and It is our policy, published in the Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, designation of critical habitat, if prudent Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, and determinable, the Service applies 34272), to identify, to the maximum Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New an analytical framework for jeopardy extent practicable at the time a species York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, analyses that relies heavily on the is listed, those activities that would or Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin importance of core area populations to would not constitute a violation of for the conservation of the snuffbox. the survival and recovery of the species. section 9 of the Act and associated Information on our grant programs that The section 7(a)(2) analysis is focused regulations at 50 CFR 17.21. The intent are available to aid species recovery can not only on these populations but also of this policy is to increase public be found at: http://www.fws.gov/grants. on the habitat conditions necessary to awareness of the effect of this proposed Although the rayed bean and snuffbox support them. listing on proposed and ongoing are only proposed for listing under the The jeopardy analysis usually activities within a species’ range. We Act at this time, please let us know if expresses the survival and recovery believe, based on the best available you are interested in participating in needs of the species in a qualitative information, that the following actions recovery efforts for these species. fashion without making distinctions will not result in a violation of the Additionally, we invite you to submit between what is necessary for survival provisions of section 9 of the Act, any new information on these species and what is necessary for recovery. provided these actions are carried out in whenever it becomes available and any Generally, if a proposed Federal action accordance with existing regulations information you may have for recovery is incompatible with the viability of the and permit requirements: planning purposes; if you submit affected core area populations(s), (1) Activities authorized, funded, or information after the date listed in the inclusive of associated habitat carried out by Federal agencies (e.g., DATES section above, you will need to conditions, a jeopardy finding is bridge and highway construction, send it to the street address provided in considered to be warranted, because of pipeline construction, hydropower the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT the relationship of each core area licensing, etc.), when such activities are section. population to the survival and recovery conducted in accordance with the Section 7(a) of the Act requires of the species as a whole. consultation and planning requirements Federal agencies to evaluate their for listed species under section 7 of the actions with respect to any species that Section 9 Take Act. is proposed or listed as endangered or The Act and implementing (2) Any action carried out for threatened and with respect to its regulations set forth a series of general scientific research or to enhance the critical habitat, if any is being prohibitions and exceptions that apply propagation or survival of the rayed designated. Regulations implementing to all endangered and threatened bean or snuffbox that is conducted in

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accordance with the conditions of a 50 and Wildlife Service, Ecological features essential to the conservation of CFR 17.22 permit. Services Division, Henry Whipple the species, and be included only if (3) Any incidental take of rayed bean Federal Building, 1 Federal Drive, Fort those features may require special or snuffbox resulting from an otherwise Snelling, MN 55111 (Phone 612–713– management considerations or lawful activity conducted in accordance 5350; Fax 612–713–5292). protection. Critical habitat designations with the conditions of an incidental take identify, to the extent known using the permit issued under 50 CFR 17.22. Non- Critical Habitat best scientific and commercial data Federal applicants may design a habitat Background available, habitat areas that provide conservation plan (HCP) for the species essential life cycle needs of the species Critical habitat is defined in section 3 and apply for an incidental take permit. (areas on which are found the physical of the Act as: HCPs may be developed for listed (i) The specific areas within the and biological features (PBFs) laid out species and are designed to minimize in the appropriate quantity and spatial geographical area occupied by a species, and mitigate impacts to the species to arrangement for the conservation of the at the time it is listed in accordance the greatest extent practicable. species). Under the Act and regulations with the Act, on which are found those We believe the following activities at 50 CFR 424.12, we can designate physical or biological features would be likely to result in a violation critical habitat in areas outside the (I) Essential to the conservation of the of section 9 of the Act; however, geographical area occupied by the species and possible violations are not limited to species at the time it is listed only when (II) That may require special these actions alone: we determine that those areas are management considerations or (1) Unauthorized killing, collecting, essential for the conservation of the protection; and handling, or harassing of individual species and that designation limited to (ii) Specific areas outside the rayed bean or snuffbox, or both species, those areas occupied at the time of geographical area occupied by a species at any life stage. listing would be inadequate to ensure at the time it is listed, upon a (2) Sale or offer for sale of rayed bean the conservation of the species. or snuffbox in addition to delivering, determination that such areas are Section 4 of the Act requires that we receiving, carrying, transporting, or essential for the conservation of the designate critical habitat on the basis of shipping in interstate or foreign species. the best scientific and commercial data ‘‘ ’’ commerce any rayed bean or snuffbox. Conservation is defined in section 3 available. Further, our Policy on (3) Unauthorized destruction or of the Act as meaning the use of all Information Standards Under the alteration of the species’ habitat methods and procedures needed to Endangered Species Act (published in (instream dredging, channelization, bring the species to the point at which the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 impoundment, streambank clearing, listing under the Act is no longer FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act discharge of fill material) that actually necessary. (section 515 of the Treasury and General kills or injures individual rayed bean or Critical habitat receives protection Government Appropriations Act for snuffbox by significantly impairing their under section 7 of the Act through the Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. L. 106–554; H.R. essential behavioral patterns, including prohibition against Federal agencies 5658)), and our associated Information breeding, feeding, or sheltering. carrying out, funding, or authorizing the Quality Guidelines, provide criteria, (4) Violation of any discharge or water destruction or adverse modification of establish procedures, and provide withdrawal permit within these species’ critical habitat. Section 7(a)(2) requires guidance to ensure that our decisions occupied ranges that results in the death consultation on Federal actions that are based on the best scientific data or injury of individual rayed bean or may affect critical habitat. The available. They require our biologists, to snuffbox by significantly impairing their designation of critical habitat does not the extent consistent with the Act and essential behavioral patterns, including affect land ownership or establish a with the use of the best scientific data breeding, feeding, or sheltering. refuge, wilderness, reserve, preserve, or available, to use primary and original (5) Discharge or dumping of toxic other conservation area. Such sources of information as the basis for chemicals or other pollutants into designation does not allow the recommendations to designate critical waters supporting the species that government or public to access private habitat. actually kills or injures individual rayed lands. Such designation does not When we are determining which areas bean or snuffbox by significantly require implementation of restoration, should be designated as critical habitat, impairing their essential behavioral recovery, or enhancement measures by our primary source of information is patterns, including breeding, feeding, or non-Federal landowners. Where a generally the information developed sheltering. landowner seeks or requests Federal during the listing process for the We will review other activities not agency funding or authorization for an species. Additional information sources identified above on a case-by-case basis action that may affect a listed species or may include the recovery plan for the to determine whether they may be likely critical habitat, the consultation species, articles in peer-reviewed to result in a violation of section 9 of the requirements of section 7(a)(2) of the journals, conservation plans developed Act. We do not consider these lists to be Act would apply, but even in the event by States and counties, scientific status exhaustive, and provide them as of a destruction or adverse modification surveys and studies, biological information to the public. finding, Federal action agency’s and the assessments, or other unpublished You should direct questions regarding applicant’s obligation is not to restore or materials and expert opinion or whether specific activities may recover the species, but to implement personal knowledge. constitute a future violation of section 9 reasonable and prudent alternatives to Habitat is often dynamic, and species of the Act to the Field Supervisor of the avoid destruction or adverse may move from one area to another over Service’s Ohio Ecological Services Field modification of critical habitat. time. Furthermore, we recognize that Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION For inclusion in a critical habitat critical habitat designated at a particular CONTACT section). Requests for copies of designation, the habitat within the point in time may not include all of the regulations regarding listed species and geographical area occupied by the habitat areas that we may later inquiries about prohibitions and permits species at the time it was listed must determine are necessary for the recovery should be addressed to the U.S. Fish contain the physical and biological of the species. For these reasons, a

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critical habitat designation does not otherwise occur because the species conservation of the species. These signal that habitat outside the may not be present; (2) focusing include, but are not limited to: designated area is unimportant or may conservation activities on the most (1) Space for individual and not be required for recovery of the essential habitat features and areas; (3) population growth and for normal species. increasing awareness of important behavior; Areas that are important to the habitat areas among State or county (2) Food, water, air, light, minerals, or conservation of the species, but are governments, or private entities; and (4) other nutritional or physiological outside the critical habitat designation, preventing inadvertent harm to the requirements; will continue to be subject to species. (3) Cover or shelter; conservation actions we implement Critical habitat designation includes (4) Sites for breeding, reproduction, under section 7(a)(1) of the Act. Areas the identification of the physical and and rearing (or development) of that support populations are also subject biological features of the habitat offspring; and (5) Habitats that are protected from to the regulatory protections afforded by essential to the conservation of each disturbance or are representative of the the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy standard, as species that may require special determined on the basis of the best historical, geographical, and ecological management and protection. As such, distribution of a species. available scientific information at the these designations will provide useful time of the agency action. Federally We are currently unable to identify information to individuals, local and the physical and biological features funded or permitted projects affecting State governments, and other entities listed species outside their designated essential for the conservation of the engaged in activities or long-range rayed bean and snuffbox because critical habitat areas may still result in planning that may affect areas essential jeopardy findings in some cases. information on those features for these to the conservation of the species. species is not known at this time. The Similarly, critical habitat designations Conservation of the rayed bean and made on the basis of the best available apparent poor viability of the species’ snuffbox and essential features of their occurrences observed in recent years information at the time of designation habitats will require habitat will not control the direction and indicates that current conditions are not management, protection, and sufficient to meet the basic biological substance of future recovery plans, restoration, which will be facilitated by habitat conservation plans (HCPs), or requirements of these species in many disseminating information on the rivers. Since the rayed bean and other species conservation planning locations and the key physical and efforts if new information available at snuffbox have not been observed for biological features of those habitats. In decades in many of their historical the time of these planning efforts calls the case of the rayed bean and snuffbox, for a different outcome. locations, and much of the habitat in these aspects of critical habitat which they still persist has been Prudency Determination designation would potentially benefit drastically altered, the optimal Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as the conservation of the species. conditions that would provide the amended, and implementing regulations Therefore, since we have determined biological or ecological requisites of (50 CFR 424.12), require that, to the that the designation of critical habitat these species are not known. Although maximum extent prudent and will not likely increase the degree of we can surmise that habitat degradation determinable, we designate critical threat to these species and may provide from a variety of factors has contributed habitat at the time we determine that a some measure of benefit, we find that to the decline of these species, we do species is endangered or threatened. designation of critical habitat is prudent not know specifically what essential Our regulations (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)) for the rayed bean and snuffbox. physical or biological features of that state that the designation of critical Critical Habitat Determinability habitat are currently lacking for the habitat is not prudent when one or both rayed bean and snuffbox. of the following situations exist: (1) The As stated above, section 4(a)(3) of the Key features of the basic life history, species is threatened by taking or other Act requires the designation of critical ecology, reproductive biology, and human activity, and identification of habitat concurrently with the species’ habitat requirements of most mussels, critical habitat can be expected to listing ‘‘to the maximum extent prudent including the rayed bean and snuffbox, increase the degree of threat to the and determinable.’’ Our regulations at 50 are unknown. Species-specific species, or (2) such designation of CFR 424.12(a)(2) state that critical ecological requirements have not been critical habitat would not be beneficial habitat is not determinable when one or determined (for example, minimum to the species. both of the following situations exist: water flow and effects of particular There is currently no imminent threat (i) Information sufficient to perform pollutants). Population dynamics, such of take attributed to collection or required analyses of the impacts of the as species’ interactions and community vandalism under Factor B designation is lacking, or structure, population trends, and (overutilization for commercial, (ii) The biological needs of the species population size and age class structure recreational, scientific, or educational are not sufficiently well known to necessary to maintain long-term purposes) for the rayed bean or permit identification of an area as viability, have not been determined for snuffbox, and identification of critical critical habitat. these species. Of particular concern to habitat is not expected to initiate such When critical habitat is not both species is that many of the a threat. In the absence of finding that determinable, the Act provides for an remaining rayed bean and snuffbox the designation of critical habitat would additional year to publish a critical populations consist of very low increase threats to a species, if there are habitat designation (16 U.S.C. densities, which limit our ability to any benefits to a critical habitat 1533(b)(6)(C)(ii)). investigate their population dynamics. designation, then a prudent finding is In accordance with sections 3(5)(A)(i) Basics of reproductive biology for these warranted. The potential benefits and 4(b)(1)(A) of the Act and regulations species are unknown, such as age and include: (1) Triggering consultation at 50 CFR 424.12, in determining which size at earliest maturity, reproductive under section 7(a)(2) of the Act, in new areas to propose as critical habitat, we longevity, and the level of recruitment areas for actions in which there may be must consider those physical and needed for species’ survival and long- a Federal nexus where it would not biological features essential to the term viability. As we are unable to

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identify many physical and biological accommodation, in the Federal Register National Environmental Policy Act (42 features essential to the conservation of and local newspapers at least 15 days U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) the rayed bean and snuffbox, we are before the hearing. unable to identify areas that contain Persons needing reasonable We have determined that we do not these features. Therefore, although we accommodation to attend and need to prepare an environmental have determined that the designation of participate in a public hearing should assessment, as defined under the critical habitat is prudent for the rayed contact the Ohio Ecological Services authority of the National Environmental bean and snuffbox, because the Field Office at 614–416–8993, ext. 22, as Policy Act of 1969, in connection with biological and physical requirements of soon as possible. To allow sufficient regulations adopted under section 4(a) these species are not sufficiently known, time to process requests, please call no of the Act. We published a notice we find that critical habitat for the rayed later than one week before the hearing outlining our reasons for this bean and snuffbox is not determinable date. Information regarding this determination in the Federal Register at this time. proposed rule is available in alternative on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). formats upon request. Peer Review References Cited Required Determinations In accordance with our policy, A complete list of all references cited ‘‘Notice of Interagency Cooperative Clarity of Rule in this proposed rule is available on the Policy for Peer Review in Endangered We are required by Executive Orders Internet at http://www.regulations.gov ’’ Species Act Activities, that was 12866 and 12988 and by the or upon request from the Field published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR Presidential Memorandum of June 1, Supervisor, Ohio Ecological Services 34270), we will seek the expert opinion 1998, to write all rules in plain Field Office (see FOR FURTHER of at least three appropriate language. This means that each rule we INFORMATION CONTACT section). independent specialists regarding this publish must: proposed rule. The purpose of such (a) Be logically organized; Author review is to ensure listing decisions are (b) Use the active voice to address based on scientifically sound data, The primary author of this proposed readers directly; rule is Angela Boyer of the Ohio assumptions, and analysis. We will send (c) Use clear language rather than Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR copies of this proposed rule to the peer jargon; reviewers immediately following (d) Be divided into short sections and FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section). publication in the Federal Register. We sentences; and List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 will invite these peer reviewers to (e) Use lists and tables wherever comment, during the public comment possible. Endangered and threatened species, period, on the specific assumptions and If you feel that we have not met these Exports, Imports, Reporting and the data that are the basis for our requirements, send us comments by one recordkeeping requirements, conclusions regarding the proposal to of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES Transportation. list rayed bean and snuffbox as section. To better help us revise the Proposed Regulation Promulgation endangered and our proposal regarding rule, your comments should be as critical habitat for this species. specific as possible. For example, you Accordingly, we propose to amend We will consider all comments and should tell us the names of the sections part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title information we receive during the or paragraphs that are unclearly written, 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations, comment period on this proposed rule which sections or sentences are too as follows: during preparation of a final long, the sections where you feel lists or rulemaking. Accordingly, our final tables would be useful, etc. PART 17—[AMENDED] decision may differ from this proposal. Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. Public Hearings 3501, et seq.) 1. The authority citation for part 17 continues to read as follows: The Act provides for one or more This proposed rule does not contain public hearings on this proposal, if any new collections of information that Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. requested. Requests must be received require approval by the Office of 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. within 45 days after the date of Management and Budget (OMB) under publication of this proposal in the the Paperwork Reduction Act. This rule 2. Amend § 17.11(h) by adding new Federal Register (see DATES). Such will not impose new recordkeeping or entries for ‘‘Mussel, rayed bean’’ and requests must be sent to the address reporting requirements on State or local ‘‘Mussel, snuffbox’’ in alphabetical order shown in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION governments, individuals, businesses, or under CLAMS to the List of Endangered CONTACT section. We will schedule organizations. We may not conduct or and Threatened Wildlife as follows: public hearings on this proposal, if any sponsor and you are not required to are requested, and announce the dates, respond to a collection of information § 17.11 Endangered and threatened times, and places of those hearings, as unless it displays a currently valid OMB wildlife. well as how to obtain reasonable control number. * * * * *

Species Vertebrate population Historic range where en- Status When listed Critical Special Common name Scientific name dangered or habitat rules threatened

******* .

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Species Vertebrate population Historic range where en- Status When listed Critical Special Common name Scientific name dangered or habitat rules threatened

CLAMS

******* Mussel, rayed bean ..... Villosa fabalis ...... U.S.A. (IL, IN, KY, MI, NA E ...... NA NA NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV, WI).

******* Mussel, snuffbox ...... Epioblasma triquetra ... U.S.A. (AL, AR, IL, IN, NA E ...... NA NA IA, KS, KY, MI, MN, MS, MO, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WV, WI).

*******

* * * * * Dated: October 15, 2010. Gary D. Frazer, Acting Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. [FR Doc. 2010–27413 Filed 11–1–10; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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