E Biological sciences ECT

E Biological sciences, biology Biological sciences E Applied biology E9P E29 A . Social aspects R . Research E9T Kinds & parts of organisms E2M . Mathematics in biology, biometrics * The objects of enquiry, on which the various human E34 . Theoretical biology activities in E2/E9S are used. * For taxonomy, see EJB Kinds of organisms. E9V . Common properties/processes E35 . Practical biology E9X . . Conditions, parameters.., Degrees of freedom.., E36 . . Experimental Ethics Dimension.. E3B . . Equipment & materials.., Cultures.. EA . Biophysics & biochemistry E4 . . . Instrumentation EB . . Biophysics, Biothermodynamics.., Radiation E62 . . Investigatory techniques biophysics, radiobiology.., Molecular E64 C . . . Computer techniques physical properties E67 . . . Microtechniques.., Ultramicrotechniques, EC . . Biochemistry, physiological chemistry nanotechniques EC8 E . . . Preparative techniques E69 . . . Measurement techniques, probe techniques, ECA . . . Physical biochemistry visualization techniques BDH . . . . Kinetics.., Endergonic.., Exergonic.., Radiation E6B . . . . Physical methods.., Mechanical.. chemistry.. E6L . . . . Radiation.., Spectroscopy.., Microscopy.. C . . . . Chemical combination & structure.., Bonds.., E8C . . . . Chemical methods.., Preparative methods.. Molecular physics in biochemistry.., E9E . . . . Biological methods.., Immunological Chains, rings.. techniques.. Y . . . . Reaction biochemistry E9P . Applied biology, biotechnology * For biochemical cycles, see ECK; for * General works only; for specific applications, see the metabolism, see ECM. field of application (eg, agriculture, medicine, ECF . . . Mixed phase biochemistry.., Gases.., Solids.. technology). ECK . . . Biochemical cycles, Carbon.., Carbon dioxide.., Silicon.., Nitrogen.. ECM . . . Metabolism * For nutrition, see macroorganisms EGG. BDH . . . . Kinetics E . . . . . Bio-energetics, energy metabolism, Basal metabolism.. Catabolism, energy release.., Respiration.., Anabolism, biosynthesis ECN . . . . Metabolic pathways.., Intermediary.., Secondary.., Metabolic cycles.., Krebs cycle.. ECP . . . Special physiology.., Pathology ECQ . . . Biochemistry of particular substances ECR . . . . Metabolites.., Salts/Acids/Bases.., Complexes.. ECS . . . . Inorganic biochemistry.., Calcium.. ECT . . . . Organic biochemistry.., Macromolecules.., Carbohydrates.., Lipids.., Amino acids.., Proteins.., Enzymes.., Nucleic acids.., Nucleosides.., Nucleic acids.., DNA.., RNA..

1 EDA EGOAX Biological structures

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biophysics & biochemistry EA Biological structures EDA . . . Organic biochemistry.. ECT Macrosystems EFA . . Genetics EFN EDA Biological structures . . . Evolution EGE EDB . Anatomy, morphology EGL . . Semophyleses * Most of the literature relates to parts, organs and * Evolution of particular characteristics and parts. systems (EI/GR). * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate the EDC . Subsystems Biological materials.., Fluids.., Solids.., evolution of particular organs, etc. to the latter. Surfaces.., Walls.., Membranes.., Cavities.., An * alternative is provided here for libraries Ducts.. wishing to collocate these with evolution in EDK . Microsystems & microstructures general. If this option is taken, proceed as EDM . . Molecular biology.., Ultrastructure, fine structure follows: EDY . Cells & tissues * Add to EGL letters B/Y following EI e.g. Evolution of nervous system EGL J. EE . . Cells, cytology EGN . . . Taxonomic phylogeny EEC P . . . Pathology * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate . . . Special physiological processes the evolution of a particular organism to that * For the two central functions (cell maintenance & organism. This position is an * alternative development, genetic inheritance), see EEM & (not recommended) for libraries wishing to EFV. keep all the literature on evolution together. If EED . . . . Development & growth.., Resting cell.. this option is taken, proceed as follows: EEF . . . . Differentiation.., Regeneration.., Ageing.., * Add to EGN letters E/G. Nutrition.., Endocytosis.., Exocytosis.., Replication.., Cell division.., Mitosis.. EGO Ecology, Bionomics EEH . . . . Cell maintenance * Interaction of organisms with their environment, . . . Morphology abiotic and biotic. For ecosytems specifically, EEJ . . . . Membranes.., Organelles.. * see EHI X. EEK . . . . Nucleus.., Chromosomes.., Nucleolus.., * For environment in general and human ecology, Cytoplasm.., Mitochondria.., * see GY (and the notes there). Lysosomes.. 9D . By place . . . Kinds of cells * This position allows the qualification by place of EEP . . . . Procaryota.., Eucaryota.. ecological phenomena other than organisms - e.g. ecology of Great Britain EGO 9E. For EER . . Tissues, histology topographical distribution of organisms, * see . . . Kinds EHE L. N . . . . Parenchyma.., Stroma.., Contractile.. * Other concepts of place (e.g. tropical) give rise to EFA . Macrosystems, organisms major facets (e.g. types of ecosystems) and these EFB . . Development, biogeny (of individuals, species) will be found below (at EHJ/EHR). EFC . . . Ontogeny (individual development) * Add to EGH 9 letters D/Z from Schedule 2. EFD . . . . Differentiation.., Neoteny, paedogenesis.. AA . Principles EFE . . . . Life cycles.., Growth & restitution.. AC . Research EFG . . . . Embryology AE . . Systemology EFN . . . Genetics, Biochemistry, DNA.., RNA.., Enzymes.. AEX . . . System ecology EFO . . . . Chromosomes, Genes.. AGC . . Sampling . . . . . (Properties & interactions of genes) Linkage.. AGC 9G . . . Grid sampling (ecology) Penetrance.., Dominance.. AGC 9N . . . Permanent sample plots EFR ...... Sequence.., Genetic code.. AGC 9Q . . . Quadrants (ecology) . . . . . Kinds of genes, Alleles.., Control genes.., AM . . Technical procedures, etc. Dominant.., Recessive.. . . . Special environments EFT . . . . . Kinds of chromosomes, Nonocentric.., ARY O . . . . Environmental chambers Polytene.., Sex chromosomes.. ASN . . . Measuring EFV . . . . Genetic variation, inheritance ASO . . . . Biotelemetry D . . . . . Mutation.., Mendelian inheritance.. AX . Applications . . . . . Kinds of organisms by inheritance factor * This class takes general considerations of human EGA ...... Genotypes.., Phenotypes.. intervention in biological phenomena, both conservatory and exploitative. EGB ...... Populations, population genetics * For exploitation, * see classes GS/GW. EGE . . . . Evolution, phylogeny * For palaentology, see EJU.

2 EGOAX Dynamics of ecosystems EGSN

Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA Ecology EGO Ecology EGO Ecosystems EGO K Applications EGO AX Dynamics of ecosystems EGO L Food cycle EGP * The sole function of this class is to allow . . Assimilation rate EGQ OU qualification of specific organisms (e.g. Birds - Habitat destruction). The general class for human EGQ R Biogenchemical cycles actions in the environment is at GY. S . Carbon/oxygen cycle EGO AXH . Conservation of ecosystem T . . Carbon cycle AXN . . Protection of ecosystem U . . Oxygen cycle . Destruction, damaging V . Nitrogen cycle * See Dynamics of ecosystems EGS. VR . . Fixation of nitrogen AY Influencing factors VS . . Nitrification Physiology in general W . Water cycle BB . Adaptive physiology X . Mineral cycle, sedimentary cycle BFV Gradients, sequences XR . . Calcium cycle Time factors Y . . Other, A/Z BGV . Periodicity EGR Devlopment in ecosystems, succession BGW . . Cycles * This class is for the process; for communities defined by BGW N . . . Phenology development stages, * see EHI. * For cyclical features of a particular ecological RL . Establishment of ecosystems process, * see - e.g. food cycle EGP. RN . . Ecological amplitude . . (Circadian rhythm) * see EGW H RO . . Oikesis, ecesis BKA Regulation, control RQ . Competition in ecosystems BKQ . Homeostasis RR . Reaction in ecosystems Response to environment S . Seres BLE . Adaptation (general) T . Relicts * For adaptative behaviours narrowly, U . Climax * see Behaviour EHT BLE. US . . Disclimax BN Biophysics, biochemistry, special physiology UT . . Subclimax * In the context of ecology, the primary role of these V . Primary succession, autogenic succession concepts is that of abiotic factors affecting the W . Secondary succession, allogenic succession external interactive processes of the whole organism. X . Zonation These are located at EGT/EGU below. Purely physiological studies of the individual organism go XS . . Horizontal zonation in EB/EE. This class is unlikely to be used except in XT . . Vertical zonation compounding. EGS . Destruction of ecosystem, damaging of ecosystem * Succession implies a natural process of change & adjustment. This class is for external factors of an K Ecosystems, biosphere exceptional nature entering the process. These are L . Dynamics of ecosystems usually activities of humans & are usually deleterious . . Variation insofar as this term is applicable to ecological M . . . Ecoclines processes. N . . Energy systems in ecology * Destruction of the ecosystem of particular organisms is P . . . Productivity, biological productivity usually considered destruction of their habitat & the latter class (EHE) should be used. But at the general PL . . . . Conversion rate level the terms habitat & ecosystem are hard to Q . . . . Biomass distinguish. * See also Population EHG J * If an effect is on the physiology of organisms rather QR . . . . Primary productivity than their behaviour & ecological interaction, use QS . . . . Secondary productivity Physiology (EBB/EDL) R . . . Flow of energy J . . Agents S . . . Transfer of energy . . . Physical W . . Ecological pyramids * See Components of ecosystems & the note, EGP . . Food cycle, food web preceding EGT B. Also, note at EHB. EGQ . . . Food chains, trophic cycle L . . . Biotic * For trophic levels, * see EHB IX. M . . . . Consumption of food resources OU . . . . Assimilation rate N . . . . . Overconsumption * E.g. overgrazing.

3 EGSP EGVK Abiotic components of ecosystems

Ecology EGO Ecology EGO Ecosystems EGO K Ecosystems EGO K Dynamics of ecosystems EGO L Components of ecosystems . . . Agents EGS J . . Energy forms & interactions EGT D . . . . Biotic EGS L . . . Electrical phenomena in ecosystems EGT FN ...... Overconsumption EGS N . . . . Low voltage EGT FT

EGS P ...... Underconsumption EGT FU . . . . High voltage * E.g. undergrazings. FV . . . . Lightning R . . . . Human exploitative operations FW . . . Magnetic phenomena in ecosystems * Add to EGS R letters S/W following G FWL . . . . Earth’s field in ecosystems S . . . . Technology FWP . . . . Polarity in ecosystems * Add to EGS S letters D/Y following U in G . . . Radiation phenomena in ecosystems, UD/UY (notation provisional) radioecology V . . . . Other/agencies GI * Add to EGS V numbers and letters 3/9, . . . . Atmospheric radiation A/Z from the whole classification (except GL . . . . Radioactive materials for G&U). H . . . . Optical phenomena . . . Processes HK . . . . . Ultra-violet radiation X . . . . Nudation HL . . . . . Light in ecosystems XK . . . . Regeneration of ecosystem HLQ ...... Intensity of light XQ . . . . Failure of environment, death of HLR ...... Direct light environment HLS ...... Diffuse light Components of ecosystems HLT ...... Shadow * Interactions in ecology are generally cyclical. So HLV ...... Daylight the components below play a dual role in that they HM ...... Sunlight have simultaneously the nature of parts of the HN ...... Darkness ecosystems and of agents stimulating ecological HO . . . . . Infra red radiation processes. It is not feasible to maintain the HV . . . . . Colour distinction in the literature. P . . Chemical phenomena in ecosystems EGT B . Abiotic components of ecosystems * Add to EGT letters P/Y following EB. D . . Energy forms & interactions * Add to EGU letters A/Y following EC. * Add to EGT letters D/H following ED in . . . Solution properties EDD/EDH; a selection is given below. SCS . . . . Salinity in ecosystems DL . . . Mechanics SCT . . . . Alkanity in ecosystems DO . . . . Motion SCU . . . . Acidity in ecosystems DOB HM . . . . . Velocity, speed . . . Reactions DOB HN . . . . . Accelertion TR . . . . Fire in ecosystems DOB HP . . . . . Deceleration TRT . . . . . Crown fires DW . . . Weight TRU . . . . . Surface fires DX . . . Gravity TRV . . . . . Ground fires, burnt areas EC . . . Pressure EGU G . . . Substances EG . . . Loading * For cycles (e.g. carbon cycle) * see EGQR. EGH . . . . Impact * For water, * see EGYB. ER . . . Vibration EGV B Extraterrestrial factors ET . . . . Acoustics D . Space & the ecosystem EW . . . . . Intrasonic effects, subsonic effects G . Sun & ecosystem EX . . . . . Ultrasonic effects H . Moon & ecosystem FB . . . Thermal phenomena in ecosystems K . Other factors * See also Climatic conditions EGX H * Further details may be added from Class D FD . . . . Temperature Astronomy. FEH . . . . Heat transfer FK . . . . Low temperature FLM . . . . . Extreme cold FLP . . . . High temperature FLR . . . . . Extreme heat FN . . . Electrical phenomena in ecosystems FO . . . . Static electricity FT . . . . Low voltage

4 EGVN Terrestrial factors EHALV

Biological sciences E Ecosystems EGO K Biological structures EDA Terrestrial factors EGV N Ecology EGO Atomsphere in ecosystems EGW A Ecosystems EGO K . Meteorological & climate conditions EGW F Extraterrestrial factors EGV B . . . . Condensation EGX QN . Other factors EGV K . . . . . Dew EGX QP

EGV N Terrestrial factors EGX QR . . . . Mist, fog P . Geophysical processes QT . . . . Cloud * For volcanoes * see Land ecosystem EHQD. R . . . . Precipitation, rainfall Q . . Earthquakes RBH R . . . . . Distribution R . . Erosion & deposition SD . . . . . Interception of rainfall S . . . Landslides SG . . . . . Throughfall of rain T . . Hot springs, geysers T . . . . . Sleet EGW A . Atomsphere in ecosystems U . . . . . Snow . . Composition V . . . . . Ice, hail C . . Upper atomsphere W . . . . . Frost D . . Troposphere X . . . . . Drought F . . Meteorological & climate conditions . (Radiation) * see EGTG FBG W . . . Cyclical variations EGY B Hydrosphere, water relations H . . . . Circadian cycle E . Flooding I . . . . . Day, daily, diurnal G . Salt water, seawater, ocean J . . . . . Night, nocturnal J . Freshwater L . . . . Seasonal variations K . . Still waters, bodies of water M . . . . . Prevernal L . . Running water N . . . . . Vernal, spring N . Ground water P . . . . . Aestival, summer P . . Water table Q . . . . . Autumn X Lithosphere R . . . . . Hiernal, winter EHA . Soil, edaphic ecology S . . . . Annual * Details should be taken from Class D (soil science). T . . . . Longer periods A brief outline is given here for convenience (based EGX B . . . Meteorology, weather in ecosystem on a classification by B.C. Vickery). Notation is C . . . . Climate, bioclimatology provisional. * In retroactive synthesis within EHA the first 3 C9A F . . . . . Regional climate letters (EHA) may be dropped; e.g. microbiology of C9A J . . . . . Local climate clay soils EHA VLT. * E.g. of a woodland . . Processes C9A M . . . . . Microclimate JB . . . Formation of soil E . . . . Atmospheric pressure JE . . . . Weathering of soil G . . . . Wind, air circulation JH . . . Compacting soil GJ . . . . . Speed of wind JL . . . Loosening soil GL . . . . . Direction of wind JT . . . Erosion GN . . . . . Storms . . Properties GT . . . . . Orographics movement KB . . . Physical H . . . . Thermal climate conditions in ecosystems . . . Physical properties * See also Abiotic factors - Thermal radiation EGTFB KP . . . Physico-chemical J . . . . . Temperature in ecosystems KQ . . . . Moisture content of soil K ...... Extremes of temperature KS . . . . Salinity of soil L ...... Warm climates . . Constituents M ...... Temperate climates LC . . . Chemical N ...... Cold climates LE . . . . Clay complex QD . . . . Hydrometeorology LH . . . . Water in soil QF . . . . . Humidity LK . . . . Humus QH ...... Relative humidity LP . . . Parent material in soil QJ ...... Evaporation power of air . . . Biological constituents of soil QL ...... Saturation deficit LS . . . . Plant litter QN . . . . . Condensation LT . . . . Soil microbiology QP ...... Dew LV . . . . . Bacteria in soil

5 EHALW EHDX Ecosystems

Ecology EGO Biological sciences E Ecosystems EGO K Biological structures EDA Terrestrial factors EGV N Ecology EGO Lithosphere EGY X Ecosystems EGO K . . Constituents Terrestrial factors EGV N . . . . . Bacteria in soil EHA LV . . . . . Saprophytes EHB O

EHA LW . . . . . Fungi in soil EHB P . . . . . Saprophages . . Stucture R Ecological interactions MB . . . Soil morphology * Primarily interactions between organisms which have MD . . . . Profile of soil direct or indirect effects upon the components of ecosystems given above. MF . . . . Strata of soil S . Interspecific interactions MG . . . . . Top soil T . Intraspecific interactions MH . . . . . Subsoil V . Attractive interactions MK . . . . Horizon of soil W . Neutral interactions MP . . . . Pans (soil) X . Replusive interactions, antagonism MR . . . . Aggregates (soil) EHC . Symbiosis MT . . . . Particles (soil) * The scope of this varies in definition and sometimes . . Types of soils excludes parasitism and commensalism. N . . . By rock or mineral origin * Some of the terms are usually restricted to animals but . . . By climatic vegetational zones are given here for convenience. OC . . . . Cold zone soils J . . Facultative symbiosis OF . . . . Temperate zone soils * Not essential to partners. OJ . . . . Subtropical & tropical soils K . . Obligatory symbiosis OL . . . . . Laterite L . . Disjunctive symbiosis ON . . . . Humid soils M . . Conjunctive symbiosis OR . . . . Arid soils N . . Individualism in symbiosis P . . . By physiography P . . Commensalism * Desert, prairie, etc. * One benefits, the other is neutral. . . . By constitution PS . . . Nutricism QC . . . . Peat soils Q . . Messmatism QF . . . . Podzols R . . Mutualism QT . . . . Gley * Both benefit. QV . . . . Saline & alkaline soils S . . . Trophobiosis . . . By texture T . . . Parabiosis S . . . . Sand V . . Metabiosis T . . . . Loam EHD . . Parasitism (general) V . . . . Clay L . . . Vectors (parasitism) EHB Biotic components * For saprophytism, * see Nutrition. * * See note preceding EGTB (ecosystem components). * For parasitic organisms, * see organism - e.g. virus. . Particular organisms P . . . Hosts (parasitism) * This position is provided solely to allow qualification Q . . . Endoparasitism of a specific ecological phenomenon (including another R . . . Ectoporasitism organism) by organism when the latter is clearly the S . . . Helotism, dulosis, slave making agent of an action on it. Do not use if no particular T . . . Inguilinism patient (thing affected) is considered; a document on V . . . Breeding parasitism the general role (as agent) of an organism in an . (Predation) * see Behaviour EHX Q and GHX Q ecosystem goes with that organism. * See also Destruction of ecosystem EGS. X . Competition (ecology) * Add to EHB letters E/G from the main classification. IX . Tropic levels * For role in ecology generally. For autotrophs & heterotrophs as types of organisms (their structure, functioning, etc.) * see Types of organisms EJRQ J . . Autotrophs, producers L . . Heterotrophs, consumers M . . . Mass consumers, biophages N . . . Micro consumers, decomposers O . . . . Saprophytes

6 EHE Ecosystems EHIU

Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA Ecology EGO Ecology EGO Ecosystems EGO K Ecosystems EGO K Populations EHG Ecological interactions EHB R . Dynamics of population EHG K . Competition EHD X . . . . Density independent control EHG MP

Subsystems within ecosystems EHG MQ . . . . Density dependent control EHE . Habitats MR . . . . . Intercompensation * Physical location of external environment in which N . Dispersion, distribution of population organisms live and interact. In some cases, this is not P . . Density, pressure of population easy to distinguish from ecosystem (see note at EGS). Q . . . Overcrowding * For ecosystems defined by habitat, * see EHI Y. QR . . Random distribution * See also Biotopes EHJ. QT . . Uniform distribution GS . . Destruction * Use this construction only when a particular QV . . Clumping organism is cited first. * See note at EGS. * For communities, see EHI. J . . Selection of habitats QX . . Isolation K . . Capacity of habitats . (Migration) * see EHX G. L . . Spatial distribution of organisms T . Composition, structure of population M . . Movement of organisms, change of habitat TP . . Age-sex ratio . . . Application TQ . . Age ratio * See note at EGO AX TR . . Sex ratio MAX . . . . Introduction by humans . Types of populations . . . Migration U . . Social populations * See Behaviour EHX G and GHX G V . . . Societies, groups MR . . . Barriers to movement W . . . . Special to species - e.g. troops, bands N . . . Colonization X . . Man-made, introduced P . . Microtopography, surface features EHH Synecology * Of a given habitat (e.g. hummocks in a field). * Study of communities (of more than one species) in Q . . Niche relation to environment * Position and status of organisms in the habitat. EHI . Communities, biocoenoses, biota, biotic communities R . . Ecotopes * For social behaviour * see GHV. * Particular types of habitats, within a region. * See also Succession EGR. S . . Biotopes . . Processes * Microhabitats. For a different sense of biotope, * J . . . Biocoenosis see EHJ M . . Colonies . Individuals & species in relation to environment N . . Seral communities EHF . . Autoecology * For seres as process in succession, * see EGR S. EHG . . Populations, species-populations, biota P . . Climax communities * Geographically localized associations of members Q . . Consociations of the same species. * Climax communities characterized by single * For demography, * see KB. dominant species. BGW . . . Cycles * For associations, * see Plants FHI Q. BKA . . . Regulation S . . . Societies (consociational) * For regulation of size, * see EHG M * Minor climax communities within a consociation. FN . . . Genetics For societies as populations * see EHG. * For population genetics, * see EGA. T . . Ecotones . . . General properties * Transitional species and area between two J . . . . Size communities...... (Biomass) see Productivity EGO Q. U . . Edaphic communities JM . . . . Birth rate JQ . . . . Death rate K . . . Dynamics of population L . . . . Development & growth LP . . . . . Biotic potential * Capacity to grow. M . . . . . Regulation of growth MP ...... Density independent control

7 EHIX EHOG Aquatic ecosystems

Biological sciences E Ecology EGO Biological structures EDA Ecosystems EGO K Ecology EGO Environments EHI X Ecosystems EGO K Aquatic ecosystems EHK Subsystems within ecosystems Salt water ecosystems EHL . . . . Edaphic communities EHI U . Structure EHL KQX Types of ecosystems EHL KQZ . . Bed KR . . . Benthic ecosystems Q . . . . Sand banks EHI X . Environments R . . . . Coral reefs S . . . . Littoral zone, neritic zone . . By habitat T . . . . . Seashore, beach Y . . . Formational ecology U ...... Pools * For types of organisms defined by habitit, V ...... Rock crevices * see Organisms EJN JR W . . . . . Intertidal zone, foreshore EHJ . . . Biotopes X . . . . . Continental shelf * Area in which main environmental conditions and the biotypes adapted to them are uniform. EHM B . . . . Benthonic zone * For biotopes as microhabitats, * see EHE S. C . . . . . Continental slope . . . Habitat dominated by specific biota D . . . . . Abyssal plain K . . . . By organism, A/Z * For Benthos organisms, * E.g. mangrove swamp. * see EJN LP. R . . . Aerial ecosystem . . . . Body of ocean & its layers EHK . . . Aquatic ecosystems, water ecosystems, F . . . . . Pelagic zone hydrobiology I ...... Photic zone * For plankton * see EJN MG. LX . . . . Bodies of water * There is very little literature on the generalized J ...... Epipelagic zone concept. K ...... Mesopelagic zone . . . . . Processes L . . . . . Aphotic zone M ...... Tides M ...... Bathypelagic zone N ...... Circulation of water N . . . . . Abyssal zone O ...... Currents in water O . Inlets, fjords, sea-lochs P ...... Temperature layering, stratification in P . Coastal waters water Q . High seas . . . . . Constituents R . Lagoons QD ...... Salinity of water T . Individual oceans & seas QF ...... Detritus in water * Add to EHN letters F/N following A in Schedule 2...... Structure EHN Freshwater ecosystems, inland water R ...... Floor (bodies of water), bed (bodies of S . Standing water, lentic habitats water) T . . Brackish water, stagnant water S ...... Fronts in water U . . Lakes * Boundary interfaces between currents. UP . . . Open lakes ST ...... Layers in water UR . . . Closed lakes T ...... Surface of water V . . Ponds V ...... Water below ice W . Runnlng water, lotlc habltats EHL . . . . Salt water ecosystems, marine biology, oceans, EHO B . . Rivers, streams seas BS . . . Banks KQD . . . . . Salinity BW . . . Weed beds KQX . . . . . Structure C . . . Tidal rivers * Retroactive synthesis with EHK R/T is E . . . . Estuaries, deltas modified here. EW . . Wadis F . Artificial lakes, reservoirs FS . . Gravel pits FV . Canals G Underground waters

8 EHOL Land ecosystems EHRX

Biological structures EDA Ecosystems EGO K Ecology EGO Environments EHI X Ecosystems EGO K Land ecosystems EHO L Environments EHI X By rock & soil formations Aquatic ecosystems EHK . . Rock surface formations EHQ J . Underground waters EHO G . . . Metamorphic rock habitats EHQ M

EHO L Land ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems EHQ N . . . Sedimentary rock habitats . Landmasses by natural barriers O . . . . Limestone regions, Karst regions M . . Biogeographic regions, faunal regions P . . . . Scree, talus N . . . World continent Q . . Clays O . . . . Holarctic, boreal ecosystem S . . Sands P . . . . . Nearctic region T . . Loams Q . . . . . Palearctic region By altitude R . . . . Ethiopian region EHR B . Highland, uplands S . . . . Oriantal region C . . Mountains T . . . Australian region CS . . . Snowline zone V . . . Neotropical region CV . . . Vegetation line zone . By latitude D . . Hills, downland, moors EHP B . . Polar regions E . Valleys, gorges, ravines C . . . Arctic regions F . Lowland D . . . Antarctic regions G . Plains F . . Temperate regions H . Underground H . . Subtropical & tropical regions I . . Caves (see also Sea caves EHP WS) J . . . Subtropical regions J . . Potholes K . . . Tropical regions By climatic/vegetative regions L . . . . Equatorial regions K . Biomes . By incidence of ocean * Large areas with uniformity of climate and vegetation. M . . Continental environments L . . Tundra MS . . Land bridges LT . . Tree line zone N . . Islands M . . Forest (general) O . . Wetlands MS . . . Litter P . . Coastal areas MT . . . Trees Q . . . Submerged at high tide, mudflats * Individual trees regarded as habitats. * For seashore, * see Marine ecosystem EHL. MV . . . Thorny forests R . . . Marshlands N . . Taiga, evergreen forest T . . . Reclaimed land O . . Deciduous forest TS . . . Mudflats OS . . . Woods U . . . Salt meadows OT . . . Copses . . . (Seashore) * see EHL T OV . . Mesic environment V . . . Supratidal habitats P . . Grass land, steppe, prairie, savannah, pampas, W . . . Cliffs puszta WS . . . Sea caves Q . . Heathland, moorland WV . . . Dunes R . . Scrub, bush, chapparal * See also Sand dunes EHQ ST S . . Desert, xeric environment X . . Former river beds SS . . . Oases EHQ B . . Inland habitats SV . . Hygric environment . By rock & soil formations T . . Tropical rainforest, jungles D . . Volcanic regions By origin E . . Glaciers, moraines X . Natural environment, The wild F . . Adephic habitats * Usually assumed. Use only if explicitly distinguished G . . . Acid soil habitats from man-made environment. H . . . Alkaline soil habitats I . . . . Halic formations J . . . Rock surface formations K . . . . Igneous rock habitats M . . . . Metamorphic rock habitats

9 EHSB EHWWP Biological structures

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA Ecology EGO BEHAVIOUR . . . . . Land ecosystems EHO L ...... Natural environment EHR X * For ethology, * see Zoology (GHT). Although theoretically ethology is almost synonymous with EHS B ...... Man-made environments behaviour, the term is usually restricted to animal * For artificial water environments * see behaviour (or even to a particular method of its EHO F. study). * Add to EH letters T/Y following GH so C ...... Urban & industrialized areas far as applicable. CT ...... Cities EHT BB . Physiological factors D ...... Suburbs * For neurophysiology (special to animal DT ...... Parks & gardens behaviour) * see GHU CI. E ...... Pathways, verges BLE . . Adaptative behaviour FM ...... Roads & roadsides . . Hormones FN ...... Railways & cuttings FN . Genetic factors FT ...... Mines, quarries GO . Ecological factors FV ...... Refuse tips, spoil tips . . Time FW ...... Wasteland, derelict land . . . Cycles G ...... Other GOB GW . . . . Phenology (behaviour) * Add to EHS G letters D/Y GON . . Energy systems following U (notation provisional) GOO . . . Energy budget, time-energy budgets H ...... Rural areas * Amounts of time spent on particular J ...... Farmland, cultivated land activities. K ...... Drained land . . (Population factors) * see EHG L ...... Irrigated land I . Psychological factors M ...... Pastures, grazing lands * These are largely confined to animals & a fuller N ...... Arable land schedule is given there. This position is for O ...... Ploughed land general concepts (e.g. sensory processes). P ...... Fallow land EHU P . Concrete behaviour, forms & patterns of Q ...... Hedgerows (including field & behaviour hedgerow) * Add to EH letters UP/Y following GH in GHU P/GHY with the additions below. R ...... Other EHW . . Movements * Add to EHT R letters A/C following U (notation provisional) . . . Responses to specific stimuli ...... (Conservation areas) * see GY L . . . . Orientation movements (general) V ...... Confined environments, cages . . . . Tropisms . . . . . Determined by organisms * Usually implies plants. * See Botany FHW L. * Special to animals. R . . . . Taxis, tactic movements W ...... Breeding grounds * Directed movements. A few of the X ...... Wintering grounds concepts below apply only to plants or to ...... Territory home range animals, but are included here for * * See territorial behaviour GHY E. convenience...... (Non-terrestrial habitats) * see Space biology RP . . . . . Positive EJO RQ . . . . . Negative, avoidance reactions EHT BEHAVIOUR, BEHAVIOURAL BIOLOGY RS . . . . . Klinotaxis * The activities of organisms resulting from their interaction RT . . . . . Tropotaxis with the environment. But nearly all the literature is on RV . . . . . Telotaxis animal behaviour, q.v. BEHAVIOUR S . . . . . Geotaxis * The relations of behaviour with ecology are discussed in SP . . . . . Tonotaxis the Introduction (Section 12.5) It can be seen as an SQ . . . . . Thigmotaxis extension of ecology in that it concentrates on the SS . . . . . Seisimotaxis problems of responses to stimuli (external & internal) of ST . . . . . Andiotaxis the individual organism & groups of organisms & with T . . . . . Thermotaxis particular reference to genetic, evolutionary & learned U . . . . . Electrotaxis, galvanotaxis factors. V . . . . . Phototaxis * For the structure & physiological mechanisms of W . . . . . Chemotaxis functional parts, organs & systems regarded as subsystems of the whole organism, * see Parts, etc. (EI). WP ...... Aerotaxis

10 EHWWR Biological structures EIPR

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA BEHAVIOUR Circulatory systems EIG . . . . Taxis EHW R . (Transport processes) * Use EIG E . . . . . Chemotaxis EHW W . . Diffusion EIG EF ...... Aerotaxis EHW WP EIG F . Other special physiological processes of circulation EHW WR ...... Hydrotaxis * Normal retroactive synthesis is resumed here after the WT . . . . . Rheotaxis interruption at EIG DDC. WV . . . . . Osmotaxis * Add to EIG F letters E/Y following ED in EDE/EDY . . . . (Kinesis) * see Animal behaviour GHW X * Add to EIG G letters E/H following E in EE/EH EIH Regulatory systems, coordination systems R . Regulation & control Parts, Organs, Systems * Add to EIH R letters B/Y following EBK * Concrete subsystems of the organism, in which S structural parts are defined by the functions they serve. . Response * * For the external behaviour of the organism acting as a Add to EIH S letters C/Y following EBL whole, * see Behaviour EHT. If a document deals with SG . . Irritability, sensitivity the structures & mechanisms (anatomy & physiology) T . . Receptors underlying a specific behaviour as well as the external U . . Transmission of stimuli behaviour itself, prefer the behaviour class & qualify, if V . . Special stimuli necessary by EHT BB (physiology) W . . . Stress * Most of the literature refers to particular types of EIJ . Electro-chemical control, nervous system organisms (plants, animals...) & only those very general * Add to EIJ letters R/U following GIU so far as they concepts * applicable to all organisms are given here. apply. EIB . Regional organs, systems EIK . Chemical control, secretory system * Organisms regarded topographically. For specific S . . Hormone systems morphological concepts * see EDP. * Add to EIK letters B/D following GIW so far as they apply. . Functional organs, systems EIL Respiration systems, breathing systems EIC Y . . Protection, support, locomotion * Mechanisms for effecting energy release. EID . . . Support systems, frameworks * For tissue respiration (internal respiration alone) * see . . . . Cytology Metabolism EBX T ERS . . . . . Mechanocytes, fibrocytes . Special processes * Add to EIM letters K/S following HWE D with the EIE . . . External coverings, integumentary systems in following modifications. general EIM DE . . Absorption DI . . . . Pigmentation systems DF . . Diffusion DIN . . . . . Pattern-distribution (pigmentation) DP . . Transport DIQ . . . . . Variegation (pigmentation) EC . . Pressure DIS . . . . . Albinism M . . Ventilation, gaseous exchange, external respiration R . . . . Epidermis (narrowly) EIF . . . Locomotion systems N . . . Inhalation, inspiration * For paratonic & autonomic movements (tropisms, O taxes, etc.) * see Behaviour EHW. . . . Exhalation, expiration R . . . . Amoeboid movement, protoplasmic streaming Q . Respiratory gases S . . . . Ciliary movement, flagellary movement R . . Oxygen . . . . (Muscular contraction) * see Zoology GIT U. RX . . Expired air EIG . . Circulatory systems, transport mechanisms, S . . Carbon dioxide translocation of substances . (Aerobic & anaerobic respiration) * see Metabolism . . . (Transport processes) * Use EIG E EBX T. * Add to EIG E letters C/Y following EDD. Normal EIN D . . Breathing surfaces retroactive qualification is resumed at EIG G. EIP Digestive systems, nutrition processes, food processing EC . . . . Cytoplasmic streaming, cyclosis systems EF . . . . Diffusion * Procurement & digestion of nutrients (metabolites). * In non-vascular systems * This class deals only with the process of nutrition & digestion broadly & the parts & organs by which it is effected. * For purely metabolic aspects, * see EBY Q. * For transport of nutrients to site of metabolic activity, * see Circulation EIG. For feeding behaviour, * see EHX N. R . Intake, ingestion

11 EIPS EIYF Reproductive cell systems

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA Digestive systems EIP Reproductive systems EIX . Intake EIP R Asexual reproduction EIX Q . . . Blastogenesis EIX US EIP S . Digestion T . . Absorption EIX UW Reproductive cell systems * By spores or gametes. U . . Resorption * Add to EIX UW letters F/Q following EIY when . . (Assimilation) * see Metabolism EBY M applicable. W . . Intracellular digestion V . Sporulative reproduction X . . Extracellular digestion * Asexual; reproductive cell develops into new EIQ . Types of nutrition individual directly. C . . By energy source * For sporophyte generation, * see Development EFB D . . . Phototrophic nutrition, photosynthetic nutrition, S. holophytic nutrition VDJ . . Sporulation F . . . Chemotrophic nutrition, chemosynthetic VE . . Cytology nutrition VF . . . Spore mother cells . . By food source . . Organs G . . . Autotrophism VS . . . Sporangia H . . . . Photolithotrophism . . Types of spores J . . . . Chemolithotrophism WC . . . Merospores L . . . Heterotrophism, holozoic nutrition WE . . . Holospores LEE . . . . Cytology WG . . . Sporangiospores LER T . . . . . Protein secreting cells WJ . . . Zoospores, swarm spores LER U . . . . . Protein retaining cells WM . . . Mitospores N . . . . Photoorganotrophism WP . . . Meiospores P . . . . Chemoorganotrophism WS . . . Special to particular types of organisms Q . . . Saprophytic nutrition . . . . Special to Monera & Protista S . . Foods WT . . . . . Aplanospores EIS Secretion and storage systems (together) . . . . Special to fungi * For secretion as chemical control, * see EIK WV . . . . . Basidiospores * For intracellular secretion, * see Cytology EEE L. V . Storage Y . Gametic reproduction EIT Waste disposal systems, excretion * Embraces sexual reproduction proper & apomixis. * Reproductive cell requires sexual process before it EIX Reproductive systems develops into new individual. * Structures & mechanisms concerned with the production of new individual organisms up to the EIY . . Sexual reproduction, amphimixis production of a zygote. For subsequent developments, DJ . . . Sexual activity * see Development & growth EFB and the notes there. * Add to EIY DJ letters N/W following HXA DJ. Q . Asexual reproduction, organic reproduction DL . . . Pathology R . . Vegetative reproduction DLP V . . . . Infertility * Involving only mitosis. * For regenerative reproduction, * see Growth EFD DLP W . . . . Sterility M. E . . . Cytology S . . . Fission EER T . . . . Cells by function SS . . . . Primary fission, simple fission, binary fission F . . . . . Gametes, germ-cells, sex cells ST . . . . Multiple fission * The notation here is modified in order to give briefer classmarks for this class. SV . . . . Transverse fission Retroactive qualification of the sexual T . . . Fragmentation reproductive system by EES/ET is resumed U . . . Budding at EIY M. US . . . . Blastogenesis * Add to EIY F letters A/R following EE in EEA/EER.

12 EIYFDJ Sexual reproduction EJAM

Biological structures EDA Reproductive systems EIX Reproductive systems EIX Reproductive cell systems EIX UW Reproductive cell systems EIX UW Gametic reproduction EIX Y Gametic reproduction EIX Y Sexual reproduction EIY Sexual reproduction EIY Cytology EIY E Gametes EIY F . . . . . Zygotes EIY LZ

EIY FDJ Gametogenesis EIY M Histology, development, variation FFG . Mitosis * At this point, retroactive qualification of sexual FG . Meiosis reproductive systems by preceding classes EA/EH is * * Alternative (not recommended) is to collocate with resumed after the interruption at EIY F. cytology at EEG. * Add to EIY M letters ES/H following E in EES/EH. FGF . . Stages of first division N Constituent materials & general structures FGG . . . Interphase * Add to EIY N letters N/O following ED. * Add to EIY O letters P/W following ED. FGH . . . Prophase I QT Elements derived from other parts, organs, systems FGI . . . . Preleptotene * Add to EIY Q letters T/Y following EI. FGJ . . . . Leptotene, leptonema Facilitating structures & processes FGK . . . . Zygotene S . Reproductive organs, sexual organs, genitalia * For zygote cells * see EIY LZ. . . Special processes FGL . . . . Pachytene * For processes at cellular level * see EIY E/EIY L. FGM . . . . Diplotene . . . Collateral system FGN . . . . Diakinesis T . . . . Sexuality, sexual process FGO . . . Metaphase I * Strictly speaking, this is quite distinct from FGP . . . Anaphase I reproduction; e.g. in syngamy and conjugation FGQ . . . Teleophase the result of sexual union of two cells is one cell FGR . . Stages of second division and two (different) cells respectively. But in FGR S . . . Prophase II nearly all the literature reproduction and FGR T . . . Anaphase II sexuality are treated together - hence their FGR U . . . Teleophase II collocation here. . . Other meiotic processes TF . . . . . Human sexuality (HXB) . . . (Crossing over) * see Chromosomes EFR J TI . . . . Psychological factors FGS . . . Somatic reduction TR . . . Sexual activity * Types of gametes If this is considered independently of reproductive demands. . By relative size U . Special structures * See Types of sexual reproduction EJA. * These vary markedly from one type of organism to . By role another. * See the particular types (plants, animals, etc.) * For sexually dimorphic organisms, the female & * Structures special to females & males in sexually male gametes are subordinated to the female and dimorphic organisms are subordinated to females & male of the species. The classes below are not used males. when qualifying such organisms. . . By sex role G . . Receptor, female gamete * The two classes below are provided for organisms in GR . . . Ovum, egg-cell which there is no or very slight sexual dimorphism. GS . . . . Oogenesis For sexually dimorphic organisms, use EJ. H . . Donor, male gamete W . . . Male HR . . . Sperm X . . . Female HS . . . . Spermatogenesis EJA Forms of sexual reproduction . Conjugated gametes . By relative size and state of gametes J . . Release of gametes & union C . . Merogamy, microgamy * For sexual activity of whole organism, facilitating D . . Hologamy, macrogamy union, * see EIY DJ. E . . Isogamy JR . . . Conjugation . . . (Zygospore) * see Development FFD V L . . Fertilization, synagamy F . . Anisogamy, heterogamy LR . . . Karyogamy G . . . Oogmy LS . . . Plasmogamy * Receptor is large, non-motile ovum. LT . . . Internal fertilization . By origin, or mode of production of gametes LU . . . External fertilization J . . Allogamy, cross-fertilization LV . . Pronuclei K . . Automixis, self-fertilization LZ . . Zygotes L . . . Parthenomixis, parthenogamy M . . . Autogamy

13 EJAN EJKG Biological structures

Reproductive systems EIX Biological sciences E Reproductive cell systems EIX UW Biological structures EDA Gametic reproduction EIX Y Parts, Organs, Systems Sexual reproduction EIY ...... Paedogenesis EJA X . . . Automixis EJA K . . . . Autogamy EJA M TYPES OF ORGANISMS * For Taxonomy * see Systematic biology EJT. EJA N . . . Hermaphroditic reproduction, bisexual reproduction EJB C . Non-taxonomic categories . . . . Allogamy . . By numbers D . . . Common O . . . . . Cross-fertilizing hermaphroditism * Usually assumed . . . . Autogamy E . . . Rare P . . . . . Self-fertilizing hermaphroditism, homothallism ET . . . . Threatened, endangered (in fungi) . . . . Extinct Q Apomixis * See Fossil organisms by stratigraphic era EJV. * Asexual gametic reproduction, without fertilization and/or F . . Fossil forms meiosis. * The sole purpose of providing this location is to allow * See also Vegetative reproduction E IX R. all non-taxonomic forms to be qualified by their fossil . Apospory forms - e.g. Coelomates - Fossil forms. If this * Special to plants, * see FJA R. provision is used, proceed as follows (where hyphen . Apogamy represents the classmarks added to): * Special to Pteridophyta: * see FJA S. * Add to EJB F letters A/Y following EGF. T . Agamospermy * Add to EJB G letters A/Y following EGG. * Embryos & seeds formed asexually. X . . By sex U . . Pseudogamy * There is very little general literature on these - most V . . Parthenogenesis, agamogenesis of it refers to particular types of animals (see GJ B W . . . Endomixis X). X . . . Paedogenesis * For sexual reproduction & sexuality, * see EIY. * See also Neoteny EFB N. Y . . . Sexual dimorphism EJC . . . Males EJE . . . Females EJI . . By application * * Alternative (not recommended) to collocating with applied biology GX or H. * The major classes are given here also for convenience. Q . . . Useful to humans R . . . . Edible organisms S . . . . Medical organisms V . . . Harmful to humans W . . . . Allergenic organisms X . . . . Poisonous organisms EJJ . . By topographical distribution) Biogeography (general * Add to EJJ letters D/Z from Schedule 2 - e.g. flora & fauna of the British Isles EJJ E. EJK B . . By physiological characteristics * Add to EJK letters B/D following E . . By cell & tissue characteristics * See Structual characteristics EJQ E. G . . By developmental characteristics * Add to EJK letters G/W following EFB - e.g. diplontic organisms EJK V. * Add to EJL letters CJ/L following EF - EJL E Embryonic forms.

14 EJND Biological structures EJSC

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA By developmental characteristics EJK G By structural characteristics . Diploblastic organisms EJQ N . By variation & genetic characteristics * For organisms classified by structural-cum- EJQ P . Triploblastic organisms phylogenetic characteristics, * see taxa EK/EU, R . Coelomates FK/FV, GK/GR. S . Pseudocoelomates * Add to EJL letters M/Y following EF - e.g. mutants T . Acoelomates EJL V. X . Other * Add to EJM letters A/N following EG * Add to EJQ X letters P/W following ED. By ecological factors EJR By part, organ or system characteristics * This class is for organisms specified by these factors, not * Add to EJR letters B/Y following EI. for the factors themselves. For ecological interactions * P . Nutritional see Ecology EGO. * Add to EJM letters O/Y following EG - e.g. nitrogen QG . . Autotrophic organisms fixing organisms EJM QVR. QL . . Heterotrophic organisms * Add to EJN letters A/Y following EH. A selection of EJS A . By sexual reproduction method prominent examples is given below. * Add to EJS A letters A/Y following EJA. . By interaction C . Special groups within a taxon EJN D . . Parasites * This notation (EJS C/Q) allows for the insertion of such IM . . Colonial organisms types as trees or herbaceous plants under flowering . By habitat plants. JR . . Aerial organisms K . . Aquatic organisms L . . . Marine organisms LP . . . . Benthos MF . . . . Pelagic organisms MG . . . . . Plankton MH . . . . . Nekton N . . . Freshwater organisms OL . . Land organisms PB . . . Polar organisms PF . . . Temperate zones organisms PK . . . Tropical organisms QF . . . Adephic organisms RB . . . Highland organisms RF . . . Lowland organisms RK . . . By biome SB . . Organisms of manmade environments EJO . . Non-terrestrial organisms, space biology EJP T By behaviour * Add to EJP letters T/W following EH. VY . Sessile organisms W . Motile organisms By structural characteristics EJQ E . Cytological & histological * Add to EJQ E letters E/X following EE. . . (Unicellular organisms) * see Microorganisms EKQ RU. . . (Procaryotae & Eucaryotae) * see EMW & EJY X. EQY . . Multicellular organisms G . Assymetrical organisms H . Symmetrical organisms J . Spherical organisms K . Radial organisms L . Bilateral organisms N . Diploblastic organisms

15 EJSR EJVN Biological structures

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA Non-taxonomic categories EJB C Systematic biology EJS R . . Special groups within a taxon EJS C . . Taxonomy EJT . . . Elements of systems, levels, units Taxonomic categories . . . . Family EJT LM EJS R . Systematic biology EJT LP . . . . Genus S . . Systematics LS . . . . Species * Taxonomy & nomenclature, identification & practical classification. But the term is sometimes LV . . . . . Subspecies level used as a synonym for taxonomy alone. * Varieties, strains, etc. EJT . . . Taxonomy, classification . . . Types of classification . . . . Characters, criteria * Each type of classification may be qualified as follows, (where hyphen represents its classmark): BB . . . . . Monothetic groups * Add to - letters A/L following EJT. BC . . . . . Polythetic groups M . . . . Artificial classification * With multiplicity of characteristics. N . . . . Natural classification . . . . . Physiological, structural & other criteria P . . . . Phenetic classification, classical taxonomy * Some of the concepts below are special to * Based on affinity, on maximum observable particular types of classification (e.g. similarities. analogous similarities are special to phenetic classification). They are given together here Q . . . . Phyletic classification, phylogenetic for convenience of display & to give classification maximum facilities for qualifying. * Based on evolutionary relationships. * Add to EJT letters BF/I following E. A R . . . . Numerical taxonomy selection of major concepts is given below . . . . Particular systems with some special additions. S . . . . . Pre-Linnaean classification BF ...... Physiological criteria T . . . . . Linnaean classification * See also Characteristics of parts, organs, * For binomial nomenclature, * see EJT XY. systems EI U . . . . . Post-Linnaean classification BP ...... Biochemical criteria US ...... Adansonian classification DP ...... Morphological criteria in general V . . Identification of type DPG ...... Analogous similarities WB . . . Type specimens DPH ...... Shape X . . Nomenclature DPJ ...... Symmetry XY . . . Binomial nomenclature DPK ...... Bilaterality EJU Fossil forms of organisms DPL ...... Other, A/Z * For documents not confined to a particular type of EDY ...... Cytological & histological organism. The preferred arrangement is to subordinate EJ ...... Nucleus fossils of a particular type to the organism. FB ...... Developmental criteria (general) * An * alternative (not recommended) is to locate this class FE ...... Embryological with Palaentology, at EGF P/EGG. * See notes at EGF and EGF MY where further options are indicated. FMV ...... Variation criteria B . By non-taxonomic characters FN ...... Genetic criteria * Add to EJU letters B/R following EJ FYT ...... Homologous similarities . By stratigraphic eras FYU ...... Patristic similarities * The order below is taken from historical stratigraphy in FYV ...... Cladistic similarities Class D. * Closeness of descent relationships. EJV B . . Pre-Cambrian, azoic FYW ...... Convergence C . . . Archeozoic, archaen GO ...... Biological criteria D . . . Proterozoic, eozoic, Algonkian HT ...... Behavioural criteria E . . Palaeozoic I ...... Part, organ & system criteria F . . . Cambrian IN ...... Serological criteria G . . . Ordovician IP ...... Nutritional criteria H . . . Silurian . . . . Elements of systems, levels, units I . . . Devonian LB . . . . . Taxon J . . . Carboniferous LD . . . . . Kingdom K . . . Permian LF . . . . . Phylum, division (phylum) L . . Mesozoic LG . . . . . Class M . . . Triassic LJ . . . . . Order N . . . Jurassic LM . . . . . Family

16 EJVO MICROORGANISMS EKFDU

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA Fossil forms of organisms EJU By cell nucleus structure . . Mesozoic EJV L . Eucaryotae EJY U . . . Jurassic EJV N EK MICROORGANISMS, MICROBIOLOGY, EJV O . . . Cretaceous MICROBES P . . Cenozoic, neozoic * This general class, and any particular type of Q . . . Tertiary microorganism may be qualified by all preceding R . . . . Palaeocene classes so far as they apply. Certain modifications to S . . . . Palaeogene these qualifying classes are noted below. T . . . . . Eocene * For discussion of the taxonomic status of micro- U . . . . . Oligocene organisms, * see Introduction Section (12.76/12.77). V . . . . Neocene EKD D . Special physiological processes * W . . . . Miocene See also Types of Microorganisms specified by these processes - e.g. thermoduric microorganisms EKM X . . . . . Pliocene TFM. EJW . . . Quarternary DHU . . Bioluminescence EJX . . . . Pleistocene EKE . Cytology L . . . . . Interglacial * In these taxa the cell constitutes the whole organism N . . . . . Late Pleistocene and the sharp distinction drawn in general biology, R . . . . . Recent, post-glacial botany and zoology between microsystems and By cell nucleus structure macrosystems does not apply. Moreover, the EJY P . Procaryotae, monera (in general) procaryotic organization of many of them means that * With nucleoplasm devoid of basic protein, without some of the structures and processes given in EE are nuclear membrane or sexual reproduction. not found in them. Nevertheless, many of these * All procaryotae are microorganisms but not all structures and processes do approximate to those in microorganisms are procaryotae. Therefore, an Monera and Protista and the greater detail found in * alternative (not recommended) is provided at EMW for EE allows nearly all of the relevant concepts to be libraries wishing to keep this general material with the obtained by a process of extraction. This is other material on microorganisms. demonstrated by the selection given below. U . Eucaryotae (general) Unbracketed terms are special to microorganisms. * With nucleus separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear DJ . . Development & growth of cells membrane and the genetic material borne on * For spore forms, * see EKI XV and EKL DR. chromosomes of DNA and protein. Comprise all GY . . Morphology microorganisms which are not procaryotae & all plants HH . . . Cell wall & animals. * For capsule, * see spores EKL DS. HI . . . . Membrane HKB . . . . . Coating HKF . . . Mesosomes * Infolding of plasma membrane. HT . . . Lomasomes J . . . Nucleoides JP . . . . Chromatinic bodies OR . . . Chromoplasts, chromatophores OV . . . . Thylakoids PX . . . Flagella PY . . . Flimbriae QL . . . Spherules QM . . . Chrystals QN . . . . Raphidosomes QW . . . Eye spot EKF B . Development & growth of organism DQ . . Stages * For endospores, * see EKL DR. . . . Rest DR . . . . Insolution DS . . . Unbalanced growth DT . . . Differentiation in space DU . . . Lag phase

17 EKFDV EKRS MICROORGANISMS

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK Development & growth of organism EKF B Parts, organs, systems EKI B . . Lag phase EKF DU . . Sexual EKI Y

EKF DV . . Stationary phase EKJ B Types of microorganisms DW . . Logarithmic phase * Any given type may be qualified by all preceding LJ . . Lysis facets. * See Special Auxiliary Schedule G2 (p. ) for LW . . Death guidance on notation. * The classes below (non-taxonomic types) constitute a N Genetics selection from EJB/EJR with some modifications & O . Chromosomes shorter notation from EKK B onwards. . . Special processes BC . Non-taxonomic categories P . . . Genetic exchange * Specific types should go with their taxon in EK/EU * * See also Sexual reproduction EKI Y. and not in a non-taxonomic class. PQ . . . Conjugation X . . By sex PS . . . Transformation . . By application PT . . . Transduction * * As EJI. PTR . . . . Abortive transduction EKK . . By other non-taxonomic characteristics PTS . . . . Unrestricted transduction * Add to EK letters K/X following EJ. PTT . . . . Restrictive transduction B . . By physiological characteristics PU . . . Lysogeny G . . By developmental characteristics V . Mutation . . . By stage of development VO . . Suppressor mutations . . . . Resting VQ . . Extra chromosomal inheritance EKL DR . . . . . Endospores XQM . . . Episomes * Encapsulated, non-reproductive. For true XQN . . . . Fertility factors (reproductive) spores * see EKI XV. XQP . . . Plasmids DS ...... Capsule XQR . . . . Resistance factors DST ...... Encystment EKG O Ecology DSV ...... Slime layer EKH IM . Colonies M . . By variation & genetic factors T Behaviour V . . . Mutants W . Movement . . By ecological & behavioural factors X . . Propulsion EKM TFK . . . Psychrophilic Y . . Migration TFL . . . Mesophilic * Of internal inclusions. TFM . . . Thermoduric EKI B Parts, organs, systems EKN CR . . . Mutualistic P . Nutrition D . . . Parasitic X . Reproduction DV . . . . Plant parasitic * See also Genetics EKF N DW . . . . Animal parasitic XS . . Asexual . . . . (Human parasitic) * see HRL XV . . Sporulative, Spores JR . . . Aerial microorganisms * For non-reproductive spores, * see Endospores K . . . Aquatic microorganisms EKL DR. QF . . . Soil microorganisms . . . Special forms of spores EKP VY . . . Immotile microorganisms XWT . . . . Oidiospores W . . . Amoeboid microorganisms XWV . . . . Conidia . . By structural characteristics Y . . Sexual EKQ RT . . . Acellular organisms (general) RU . . . Unicellular organisms (general) . . By nutritional system EKR QD . . . Phototrophic QF . . . Chemotrophic QG . . . Autotrophic QL . . . Heterotrophic . . . By reproductive system S . . . Spores

18 EKSR VIRUSES ELJV

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK Non-taxonomic categories EKJ BC VIRUSES EL . . Spores EKR S Special processes

EKS R By taxonomic categories ELI B . Virus-host interaction * For discussion of the taxonomic status of the C . . Entry into host, infective process following classes, * see Introduction, Section 12. D . . Adsorption, attachment . (Pre-monera) * See Procaryotae EMW F . . Penetration (of host cell) H . . Localization, site of growth EL . VIRUSES, VIROLOGY . . Intracell reproductive processes * The taxonomic status of these is still unsettled. * Add to ELI J letters H/T following EFP -e.g. They are located here on the score that non-cellular transcription ELI JM. life should precede cellular forms. L . . Growth (viral particle numbers) * For medical virology, * see HRO. * In number of viral particles. ELB P . . Biochemistry M . . Maturation ELC CSM . . . Nucleic acids * For virion, * see ELM J. CSN . . . . DNA N . . Release of viruses CSO F . . . . . Singlestrandedness * From host, with lysis of host cell. CSO J . . . . . Doublestrandedness . . Interaction of host with temperate viruses CSP . . . . RNA P . . . Lysogeny CSP YF . . . . . Singlestrandedness PP . . . . Prophage CSP YJ . . . . . Doublestrandedness * See also Episomes EKF XQM CSQ . . . . . Messenger RNA, mRNA PQ . . . . Abortive lysogeny CT . . . Proteins PR . . . . Pseudo-lysogeny CU . . . Enzymes PS . . . . Polylysogeny CUW . . . . Polymerases R . . Multiple-viral infection, mix ELF N . . Genetics S . . . Interference P . . . Genetic code * Inhibition of viral activity by presence of another viral invader. PN . . . Special genetic processes ELJ G Morphology PQ . . . . Conjugation * The distinction, recognized in general biology (at EDP) PS . . . . Transformation and for many organisms, between micro- and PT . . . . Transduction macro-structures in which the latter generate new . . . . . (Lysogeny) * see ELI P processes, does not apply to viruses and the morphology is UR . . . Genome therefore moved to this location. ELG O . . Ecology * Add to ELJ letters H/J following EB. A brief selection is ELH D . . . Parasitism given here, with modifications: DJ . . . . Mode of transmission HT . Dimensions, size DJP . . . . . Ingestion IH . Shape DJR . . . . . Inhalation . . (Symmetry) * Use ELJ K DJS . . . . . Contact K . Symmetry DL . . . Vectors, carriers L . . Cubic structure DM . . . . Microorganisms M . Helical structure * Add to DM letters K/U following E N . Complex structure DN . . . . Plants NV . Viroplasm * Add to ELH DN letters J/V following F . (Accessory structures) * see Types of viruses ELM C DO . . . . Animals Q . Envelope * Add to ELH DO letters J/R following G QR . . Surface projections . . Special processes R . Capsid, coat * Normal retroactive synthesis from EI/EK is RS . . Nucleocapsid interrupted here and resumed at ELK. RT . . Capsomers RV . . Peplos, outer envelope S . Oxial canal T . Filaments U . Head V . Tail

19 ELK ELXS VIRUSES

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK VIRUSES EL VIRUSES EL Morphology ELJ G By host . Tail ELJ V . . Viruses of vertibrates ELP N ELK Parts, organs, systems By nucleic acid and envelope * Retroactive synthesis by EI/EJ (so far as applicable) is * The following schedule has been extracted from resumed here after the interruption at ELI. Classification and nomenclature of viruses: 3rd report of * Add to ELK letters B/T following EI. the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (by R.E.F. Matthews), 1979. A few general classes have been Types of viruses added which do not appear explicitly in the report. * Species and members of a given genus may be . Non-taxonomic categories accommodated in the letters P/X following the classmark * Add to ELL letters I/R following EJ. of the genus or subfamily - e.g., Squirrel fibroma ELU LQ . . By shape ELQ N . Enveloped viruses (general) ELL S . . . Spherical P . Non-enveloped viruses (general) T . . . Helical ELR . DNA viruses (general) V . . . Rodlike X . . Double stranded-DNA (enveloped) X . . . Filament-like ELS . . . Poxviridae (family), pox virus group . . By structure ELT . . . . Chordopoxvirinae (subfamily), poxviruses of ELM C . . . With accessory structure vertebrates E . . . Without accessory structure V . . . . . Orthopoxvirus (genus), vaccinia subgroup G . . Regular ELU B . . . . . Parapoxvirus (genus), Orf subgroup * Usually assumed. E . . . . . Avipoxvirus (genus), fowlpox subgroup H . . Mutants H . . . . . Capripoxvirus (genus), sheep pox subgroup J . . Virions L . . . . . Leporipoxvirus (genus), myxoma virus * Mature infective particle. P . . . . . Suipoxvirus (genus), swinepox K . . . Complex virions S . . . . Entomopox virus (subfamily) M . . Pseudotypes V . . . . Other members of Poxviridae, not yet assigned ELV . . . Herpesviridae (family), herpes virus group SQ . Taxonomic categories T . . . . Alphaherpesvirinae (subfamily), Herpes simplex ST . . Taxonomy virus group . . By host V . . . . Betaherpesvirinae (subfamily), Cytomegalovirus * For viruses defined by host and by nucleic acid, etc., group * see latter - e.g., Pox viruses of vertebrates ELT. X . . . . . Human cytomegalovirus group ELN K . . . Viruses of microorganisms ELW B . . . . . Murine herpesvirus group * Add to ELN letters K/U following E D . . . . Gammaherpes virinae (subfamily), N . . . . Bacterial viruses, bacteriophages, phages Lymphoproliferative virus group ELO . . . Plant viruses * Add to ELO letters J/V following F. H . . . Baculoviridae (family), baculovirus group ELP . . . Animal viruses J . . . . Baculovirus (genus) * Add to ELP letters J/R following G. L . . . . . Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (subgroup) KA . . . . Viruses of invertibrates N . . . . . Granulosis virus (subgroup) N . . . . Viruses of vertibrates R . . . Plasmidviridae (family), mycoplasma virus type 2 phages X . . Double-stranded-DNA (nonenveloped) ELX B . . . Iridoviridae (family), icosahedral cytoplasmic deoxyriboviruses C . . . Iridovirinae (proposed subfamily) E . . . . Iridovirus (genus) G . . . . Ranavirus (proposed genus) J . . . Adenoviridae (family), adenovirus family L . . . . Mastadenovirus (genus) N . . . . Aviadenovirus (genus) P . . . Papovaviridae (family), papovavirus group R . . . . Papillomavirus (genus) S . . . . Polyomavirus (genus)

20 ELXV RNA viruses EMLC

MICROORGANISMS EK Single-stranded RNA EMC V VIRUSES EL . Without DNA step in replication cycle EMC W DNA viruses ELR . . With positive sense genome EMC X . Double-stranded-DNA ELW X . . . Togaviridae EMD B . . Papovaviridae ELX P . . . . Flavivirus EMD F . . . Polyomavirus ELX S ...... Specific members, A/Z EMD M

ELX V . . Caulimovirus (group), cauliflower mosaic virus EMD P . . . . Rubivirus (genus), rubella virus group R . . . . Pestivirus (genus), mucosal disease virus group ELY B . . Tectiviridae (family), PRD1 phage group T . . . Coronaviridae (family), corona virus group D . . Corticoviridae (family), PM2 phage group V . . . . Coronavirus (genus) F . . Tailed phages X . . With negative sense genome * No assigned status. EME . . . Paramyxoviridae (family) H . . . Myoviridae (family) S . . . . Paramyxovirus (genus) J . . . . T-even phage group (genus) T . . . . Morbillivirus (genus), measles-rinderpest- L . . . Styloviridae (family) distemper group N . . . . 2 Phage group (genus) V . . . . Pneumovirus (genus), respiratory syncytial virus P . . . Pedoviridae (family) group R . . . . T7 phage group (genus) EMF . . . Orthomyxoviridae (family), influenza virus group EMA B . Single-stranded-DNA (nonenveloped) S . . . . Influenzavirus D . . Parvoviridae (family) EMG B . . . Rhabdoviridae (family), bullet-shaped virus group F . . . Parvovirus group (genus) D . . . . Vesiculovirus (genus) G . . . Adeno-associated virus, AAV (genus) F . . . . Lyssavirus (genus), rabies virus group H . . . Densovirus (genus), insect parvovirus group H . . . . Plant rhabdoviruses (ungrouped) K . . Geminivirus (group) K . . . Bunyaviridae (family), Bunyamwera supergroup M . . Microviridae (family), qX phage group N . . . Arenaviridae (family), arenavirus group P . . Inoviridae (family), rod-shaped phages P . . . . Arenavirus (genus), LCM virus group Q . . . Filamentous phages (proposed genus) . . Genome not established R . . . Mycoplasma virus type 1 phages (proposed genus) T . . . Tomato spotted wilt virus group Y . With DNA step in replication cycle EMB RNA viruses (general) EMH . . Retroviridae (family), RNA tumor viruses T . Double-stranded-RNA (enveloped) R . . . Oncovirinae (subfamily), RNA tumor virus group V . . Cystoviridae (family), q6 phage group T . . . . Type C oncovirus group (genus) Y . . Double-stranded-RNA (nonenveloped) U . . . . . Mammalian type C oncoviruses (subgenus) EMC D . . . Reoviridae (family) V . . . . . Avian type C oncoviruses (subgenus) F . . . . Reovirus (genus) W . . . . . Reptilian type C oncoviruses (subgenus) G . . . . Orbivirus (genus) EMI B . . . . Type B oncovirus group (Genus) H . . . . Rotavirus (genus) D . . . . Type D oncovirus group (proposed genus) J . . . . Phytoreovirus (genus), plant reovirus subgroup 1 H . . . Spumavirinae (subfamily), foamy virus group K . . . . Fijivirus (genus), plant reovirus subgroup 2 L . . . Lentivirinae (subfamily), Maedi/visna group M . . . . Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus group (genus) V Single-stranded RNA (nonenveloped) P . . . Pencillium chrysogenum virus group (proposed X . Monoparti te genomes group) EMJ . . Picornoviridae (family), picornovirus Q . . . Penicillium stoloniferum PSV-S group (proposed R . . . Enterovirus (genus) group) S . . . Cardiovirus (genus) V . Single-stranded RNA (enveloped) U . . . Rhinovirus (genus), common cold virus W . . Without DNA step in replication cycle W . . . Aphthovirus (genus), foot-and-mouth disease virus X . . . With positive sense genome EMK B . . Caliciviridae (proposed family), calicivirus group EMD B . . . . Togaviridae (family) C . . . Calicivirus (proposed genus) D . . . . . Alphavirus (genus), arbovirus group A F . . Leviviridae (family), ss-RNA phages F . . . . . Flavivirus (genus), arbovirus group B J . . Tymovirus (group), turnip yellow mosaic virus group G ...... Mosquito-borne virus L . . Luteovirus (group), barley yellow dwarf virus group H ...... Specific members, A/Z N . . Tombusvirus (group), tomato bushy stunt virus J ...... Tick-borne group K ...... Specific members, A/Z Q . . Southern bean mosaic virus group (group) L ...... Vector unknown T . . Tobacco necrosis virus group (group) M ...... Specific members, A/Z W . . Maize chlorotic dwarf virus group (group) EML C . . Clostervirus (group), beet yellow virus group

21 EMLE EOJP BACTERIA

Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK BACTERIA EN VIRUSES EL Phototrophic procaryotae phototrophic bacteria ENR ...... Monoparti te genomes EMI X . Cyanophyta ENS ...... Clostervirus EML C . . . Pleurocapsales ENT V

EML E ...... Calavirus (group), carnation latent virus ENU . . . Chamaesiphonales (Dermocarpales) group W . . . . Chamaesiphonaceae H ...... Potyvirus (group), potato virus Y group ENV . . . Hormogonales J ...... Potexvirus (group), potato virus X group R . . . . Nostocinales (suborder) EMM ...... Tobamovirus (group), tobacco mosaic S . . . . . Oscillatoriaceae (family) virus group V . . . . . Nostocaceae X ...... Bipartite genomes X . . . . . Rivulaniaceae EMN C ...... Nepovirus (group), tobacco ringspot virus Y . . . . . Scytonemataceae group EOB . Rhodospirillales (order) E ...... Pea enation mosaic virus group (group) X . . Rhodospirillaceae (family), red photobacteria G ...... Comovirus (group), cowpea mosaic virus EOC . . . Rhodospirillum (genus) group T . . . Rhodopseudomonas J ...... Tobravirus (group), tobacco rattle virus V . . . Rhodomicrobium group EOD B . . Chromatiaceae N ...... Tripartite genomes C . . . Chromatium Q ...... Cucumovirus (group), cucumber mosaic E . . . Thiocystis virus group G . . . Thiosarcina S ...... Bromovirus (group), brome mosaic virus H . . . Thiospirillum group J . . . Thiocapsa U ...... Ilarvirus (group), tobacco streak virus L . . . Lamprocystis group M . . . Thiodictyon W ...... Alfalfa mosaic virus group (group) N . . . Thiopedia X ...... Hordeivirus (group), barley stripe mosaic P . . . Amoebobacter virus group Q . . . Ectothiorhodospira EMW Procaryotae, Monera (Kingdom) EOE . . Chlorobiaceae, green photobacteria * See definition & note at EJY P R . . . Chlorobium * * Alternative (not recommended) to locating at EJY P. S . . . Prosthecochloris EMY Thallophyta T . . . Chloropseudomonas * Obsolete term. * See Plantae FKC V . . . Pelodictyon W . . . Clathrochloris EN BACTERIA, SCHIZOMYCOPHYTA, SCHIZOMYCETES EOG Scotobacteria, dark bacteria, schizophyta * Use this general position when document includes * Procaryotes indifferent to light. photobacteria and algal microbiology as well as EOH . Gliding bacteria Scotobacteria (bacteria proper). * The arrangement (except for classes ENS/ENV) is taken R . . Myxobacterales (order) from Bergey: Manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th S . . . Myxococcaceae (family) ed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins, 1974 (adjusted to T . . . . Myxococcus (genus) proposals for 9th ed.). V . . . Archangiaceae ENR . Phototrophic procaryotae phototrophic bacteria, W . . . . Archangium photobacteria, algal microbiology EOJ B . . . Cystobacteraceae ENS . . Cyanophyta, blue-green photobacteria, blue-green D . . . . Cystobacter algae F . . . . Melittangium * Alternative (not recommended) is to collocate with G . . . . Stigmatella Algae in Plantae (at FKE). K . . . Polyangiaceae * From Engler (see ref. at FJV B) Abt. II. M . . . . Polyangium ENT . . . Cyanophycea (class), Myxophyceae, N . . . . Nannocystis Schizophyceae P . . . . Chondromyces R . . . . Chroococcales (order) S . . . . . Chroococcaceae (family) V . . . . Pleurocapsales

22 EOK Scotobacteria EPDT

MICROORGANISMS EK Biological structures EDA BACTERIA EN MICROORGANISMS EK Scotobacteria EOG BACTERIA EN Gliding bacteria EOH Scotobacteria EOG . Myxobacterales EOH R Budding and/or appendaged bacteria EOQ B . . . Chondromyces EOJ P . Metallogenium EOR H

EOK . Cytophagales EOR J . Caulococcus R . . Cytophagaceae K . Kusnezovia S . . . Cytophaga EOS Spirochetes T . . . Flexibacter R . Spirochaetales (order) V . . . Herpetosiphon S . . Spirochaetaceae (family) X . . . Flexithrix T . . . Spirochaeta EOL B . . . Saprospira V . . . Cristispira D . . . Sporocytophaga EOT . . . Treponema EOM . . Beggiatoaceae S . . . Borrelia R . . . Beggiatoa V . . . Leptospira T . . . Vitrioscilla EOU Spiral and curved bacteria V . . . Thioploca S . Spirillaceae (family) EON B . . Simonsiellaceae EOV . . Spirillum (genus) D . . . Simonsiella S . . Campylobacter F . . . Alysiella T . Genera of uncertain affiliation H . . Leucotrichaceae TN . . Bdellovibrio (genus) K . . . Leucothrix V . . Microcyclus M . . . Thiothrix W . . Pelosigma O . Families and genera of uncertain affiliation X . . Brachyarcus P . . Toxothrix (genus) R . . Achromatiaceae (family) EOW Gram-negative bacteria S . . . Achromatrium (genus) EOX . Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci T . . Pelonemataceae (family) EPA . . Pseudomonadaceae (family) V . . . Pelonema EPB . . . Pseudomonas (genus) W . . . Achroonema T . . . Xanthomonas X . . . Peloploca V . . . Zoogloea Y . . . Desmanthos W . . . Gluconobacter (genus) EOP B Sheathed bacteria EPC B . . Azotobacteraceae (family) D . Spaerotilus (genus) D . . . Azotobacter (genus) F . Leptothrix F . . . Azomonas H . Streptothrix H . . . Beijerinckia L . Lieskaela J . . . Derxia N . Phragmidiothrix M . . Rhizobiaceae P . Crenothrix P . . . Rhizobium R . Clonothrix R . . . Agrobacterium EOQ B Budding and/or appendaged bacteria T . . Methylomonadaceae D . Hyphomicrobium (genus) V . . . Methylomonas F . Hyphomonas W . . . Methylococcus H . Pedomicrobium EPD B . . Halobacteriaceae J . Caulobacter D . . . Halobacterium L . Asticcacaulis F . . . Halococcus N . Ancalomicrobium H . . Genera of uncertain affiliation P . Prosthecomicrobium J . . . Alcaligenes (genus) R . Thiodendron L . . . Acetobacter T . Pasteuria N . . . Brucella V . Blastobacter P . . . Bordetella X . Seliberia R . . . Francisella EOR BB . Gallionella T . . . Thermus D . Nevskia F . Planctonyces H . Metallogenium

23 EPE EQHW Gram-negative bacteria

MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK BACTERIA EN BACTERIA EN Scotobacteria EOG Scotobacteria EOG Gram-negative bacteria EOW Gram-negative bacteria EOW Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci EOX . Gram-negative cocci and coccobacilli EPS . . Thermus EPD T . . . Paracoccus EPU C

EPE Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods EPU D . . . Lampropedia EPF . Enterobacteriaceae (family) EPV . Gram-negative anaerobic cocci EPG . . Escherichia (genus) EPW . . Veillonellaceae (family) T . . Edwardsiella T . . . Veillonella (genus) V . . Citrobacter V . . . Acidaminococcus EPH . . Salmonella X . . . Megasphaera EPI . . Shigella EPX . Gram-negative chemo-lithotrophic bacteria EPK . . Klebsiella N . . Oxidizing ammonia or nitrite EPL . . Enterobacter T . . . Nitrobacteraceae (family) T . . Hafnia V . . . . Nitrobacter (genus) V . . Serratia X . . . . Nitrospira EPM . . Proteus EPY B . . . . Nitrococcus T . . Yersinia D . . . . Nitrosomonas V . . Erwinia F . . . . Nitrosospira EPN . Vibrionaceae H . . . . Nitrosococcus R . . Vibrio J . . . . Nitrosolobus T . . Aeromonas L . . Metabolizing sulfur V . . Plesiomonas N . . . Thiobacillus (genus) X . . Photobacterium P . . . Sulfolobus EPO B . . Lucibacterium Q . . . Thiobacterium D . Genera of uncertain affiliation R . . . Macromonas E . . Zymomonas (genus) S . . . Thiovulum F . . Chromobacterium T . . . Thiospira G . . Flavobacterium EQ . . Depositing iron or manganese oxides H . . Haemophilus EQA . . . Siderocapsaceae (family) J . . . H. vaginalis S . . . . Siderocapsa (genus) K . . Pasteurella T . . . . Naumanniella L . . Actinobacillus V . . . . Ochrobium M . . Cardiobacterium W . . . . Siderococcus N . . Streptobacillus EQB Methane-producing bacteria P . . Calymmatobacterium S . Methanobacteriaceae (family) R . Parasites of Paramecium T . . Methanobacterium EPP Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria V . . Methanosarcina EPQ . Bacteroidaceae (family) X . . Methanococcus S . . Bacteroides (genus) EQC Gram-positive cocci V . . Fusobacterium EQD . Aerobic and/or facultatively anaerobic X . . Leptotrichia EQE . . Micrococcaceae (family) EPR . Genera of uncertain affiliation S . . . Micrococcus (genus) B . . Desulfovibrio EQF . . . Staphylococcus D . . Butyrivibrio V . . . Planococcus E . . Succinivibrio X . . Streptococcaceae F . . Lachnospira EQG . . . Streptococcus G . . Selenomonas S . . . Leuconostoc EPS Gram-negative cocci and coccobacilli T . . . Pediococcus EPT . Neisseriaceae (family) V . . . Aerococcus S . . Neisseria (genus) X . . . Gemella T . . Branhamella EQH . Anaerobic V . . Moraxella S . . Peptococcaceae X . . Acinetobacter T . . . Peptococcus (genus) EPU . Genera of uncertain affiliation V . . . Peptostreptococcus C . . Paracoccus W . . . Ruminococcus

24 EQHX Scotobacteria ERTG

Biological structures EDA MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK BACTERIA EN BACTERIA EN Scotobacteria EOG Scotobacteria EOG Actinomycetes and related organisms EQN Gram-positive cocci EQC . . Actinoplanaceae EQQ B . . . Ruminococcus EQH W . . . Planomonospora EQQ P

EQH X . . . Sarcina EQQ R . . . Planobispora EQI Endospore-forming rods and cones T . . . Dactylosporangium X . Bacillaceae (family) V . . . Kitasatoa EQJ . . Bacillus (genus) EQR B . . Dermatophilaceae T . . Sporolactobacillus D . . . Dermatophilus EQK . . Clostridium F . . . Geodermatophilus T . . Desulfotomaculum H . . Nocardiaceae V . . Sporosarcina J . . . Nocardia W . Genera of uncertain affiliation L . . . Pseudonocardia X . . Oscillospira N . . Streptomycetaceae EQL Gram-positive, asporogenous rod-shaped bacteria P . . . Streptomyces T . Lactobacillaceae (family) R . . . Streptoverticillium V . . Lactobacillus (genus) T . . . Sporichthya W . Genera of uncertain affiliation V . . . Microellobosporia EQM B . . Listeria EQS B . . Micromonosporaceae E . . Erysipelothrix D . . . Micromonospora H . . Caryophanon F . . . Thermoactinomyces EQN Actinomycetes and related organisms H . . . Actinobifida S . Coryneform group J . . . Thermomonospora T . . Corynebacterium (genus) L . . . Microbispora V . . . Human and animal parasites and pathogens N . . . Micropolyspora EQO B . . . Plant pathogenic Corynebacteria ER Rickettsias E . . . Non-pathogenic Corynebacteria * Obligate intracellular Scotobacteria in eucaryotic cells H . . Arthrobacter ERR B . Rickettsiales (order) K . . Genera of uncertain affiliation D . . Rickettsiaceae (family) L . . . Brevibacterium F . . Rickettsieae (tribe) M . . . Microbacterium G . . . Rickettsia (genus) P . . Cellulomonas H . . . Rochalimaea Q . . Kurthia J . . . Coxiella S . Propionibacteriaceae (family) L . . Ehrlichieae (tribe) T . . Propionibacterium (genus) M . . . Erlichia (genus) V . . Eubacterium N . . . Cowdria EQP B . Actinomycetales (order) P . . . Neorickettsia D . . Actinomycetaceae (family) R . . Wolbachieae (tribe) F . . . Actinomyces (genus) S . . . Wolbachia (genus) H . . . Arachnia T . . . Symbiotes J . . . Bifidobacterium (genus) V . . . Blattabacterium L . . . Bacterionema W . . . Rickettsiella N . . . Rothia ERS B . . Bartonellaceae (family) R . . Mycobacteriaceae (family) D . . . Bartonella (genus) S . . . Mycobacterium (genus) F . . . Grahamella V . . Frankiaceae H . . Anaplasmataceae (family) W . . . Frankia J . . . Anaplasma (genus) EQQ B . . Actinoplanaceae L . . . Paranaplasma D . . . Actinoplanes N . . . Aegyptianella F . . . Spirillospora P . . . Haemobartonella H . . . Streptosporangium R . . . Eperythrozoon J . . . Amorphosporangium ERT C . Chlamydiales (order) L . . . Ampullariella E . . Chlamydiaceae (family) N . . . Pilimelia G . . . Chlamydia (genus) P . . . Planomonospora

25 ERTX ETC Eucaryotic microorganisms

Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK Eucaryotic microorganisms ESC BACTERIA EN Protistan algae ESG . . Rickettsias ER . Pyrrophyta ESH . . . . . Chlamydia ERT G . . . Phytodiniformes ESK V

ERT X . . Mycoplasmas ESL . Chrysophyta, golden-brown algae ERU . . . Mollicutes (class) ESM . . Heterokortae, Xanthophyceae, yellow-green algae R . . . . Mycoplasmatales (order) S . . . Heterosiphonales (order) S . . . . . Mycoplasmataceae (family) V . . . . Vaucheriaceae (family) T ...... Mycoplasma (genus) ESN . . Chrysophyceae, yellow-brown algae V . . . . . Acholeplasmataceae S . . . Chrysomonadales W ...... Acholeplasma T . . . . Chromulininales (suborder) X . . . Genera of uncertain affiliation V . . . . . Mallomonadaceae (family) ERV D . . . . Thermoplasma W . . . . Ochromonadinales F . . . . Spiroplasma ESO . . . Chrysocapsales (order) L . . . Mycoplasma-like bodies in plants S . . . . Hydruraceae (family) ESP . . Bacillariophyceae (class), diatoms ESC Eucaryotic microorganisms, protista ESQ . . . Centricae (subclass), Centrales JRP . Autotrophic S . . . . Discales (order) JRQ L . Heterotrophic T . . . . Soleniales . (Algae) * see FKE. V . . . . Biddulphiales . (Fungi) * see FMJ. X . . . . . Rutilariaceae ESE . Euglenophyta, euglenoids ESR . . . Pennatae (Pennales) * Alternative (not recommended) is to collocate with S . . . . Araphidales Plantae, at FLE T . . . . . Fragilanaceae * From Engler (see ref. at FJV B) Abt. V V . . . . Raphidioidales, Raphidioideae ESF . . Euglenales (order) W . . . . . Eunotiaceae R . . . Eugleninales (suborder) ESS C . . . . Monoraphidales, Monoraphideae S . . . . Euglenaceae (family) E . . . . . Achnanthaceae T . . . . Astasiaceae G . . . . Biraphidales, Biraphideae V . . . . Peranemaceae J . . . . . Naviculaceae W . . . Colaciinales L . . . . . Epithemiaceae X . . . . Colaciaceae N . . . . . Nitzschiaceae ESG . Protistan algae * * Alternative (not recommended) is to collocate with EST Protozoa (phylum) Algae in Plantae at FKE. * Unicellular, animal-like protista. * For algal microbiology in general, and blue-green * * Alternative (not recommended) is to class in Zoology, at algae, etc., * see ENR GKA U. ESH . . Pyrrophyta, fire algae * Based on Rothschild (see note at GJS R) ESI . . . Crytophyceae (class), cryptoflagellates N . Fossil forms S . . . . Monomastigales (order) ESU . Mastigophora (class), Flagellata T . . . . Cryptomonadales S . . Phytomastigina (subclass), Phytoflagellata V . . . . . Cryptomonadaceae (family) T . . . Phytomonadina (order), Volvocina ESJ . . . Chloromonadophyceae V . . . . Chlamydomonas S . . . . Chloromonadales W . . . . Volvox T . . . . . Chloromonadaceae X . . . Xanthomonadina ESK . . . Dinophyceae Y . . . Chloromonadina S . . . . Dinoflagellatae (subclass) ESW . . . Euglenoidina T . . . . . Peridiniales (order) * * Alternative (not recommended) to locating at ESF V . . . . Phytodiniformes (subclass) ESY . . . Cryptomonadina * * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with Pyrrophyta at ESH ETB . . . Dinoflagellata, Peridineae * * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with Pyrrophyta at ESK ETC . . . Ebrideae, Ebriaceae (order)

26 ETCS Protozoa EUBF

MICROORGANISMS EK MICROORGANISMS EK Eucaryotic microorganisms ESC Eucaryotic microorganisms ESC Protozoa EST Protozoa EST Mastigophora ESU Sporozoa ETQ . Phytomastigina ESU S . Gregarinomorpha ETQ S . . Ebrideae ETC . . Schizogregarina ETQ X

ETC S . . Silicoflagellata ETR . Coccidiomorpha (subclass) V . . Coccolithophorida S . . Prococcidia (order) ETD . . Chrysomonadina T . . Eucoccidia * * Alternative (not recommended) to locating with V . . . Adeleidea (suborder) Protistan algae at ESN W . . . Eimeridea ETF . Zoomastigina (subclass), Zooflagellata X . . . . Eimeria, Coccidium ETG . . Protomonadina (order) ETS . . . Haemosporidia S . . . Leishmania S . . . . Plasmodium T . . . Trypanosoma ETU . Sporozoa of uncertain affiliation V . . . Bodo C . . Toxoplasma W . . . Schizotrypanum E . . Sarcocystis ETH . . Metamonadina, Polymastigina and Hypermastigina G . . Babesia S . . . Trichomonas J . . Theileria T . . . Trichanympha ETV Cnidosporidia (class), Nematocystida, Neosporidia, V . . Distomatina, Diplomonadida Amoebosporidia X . . Opalinina S . Myxosporidia ETJ Rhizopoda (class), Sarcodina T . Microsporidia S . Rhizomatigina (order), Pantostomatida V . Actinomyxidia T . . Mastigamoeba X . Haplosporidia V . . Histomonas ETW Ciliata (class), Ciliophora, Infusoria Y . Amoebina N . Fossil forms ETK . . Amoeba T . Holotricha (subclass) T . . Entamoeba V . . Gymnostomatida (order) ETL . Testacea ETX B . . . Rhabdophorina (suborder) S . . Arcella D . . . . Prorodon T . . Difflugia F . . . . Didinium V . . Chlamydophrys H . . . Cyrtophorina ETM . Foraminifera K . . Suctorida, Acineta, Tentaculifera N . . Fossil forms N . . Chonotrichida, Peritricha S . . Globigerina P . . Trichostomatida T . . Peneroplis R . . . Balantidium V . . Textularia T . . Hymenostomatida (order) X . . Nummulites V . . . Tetrahymenina (suborder) ETN B . . Rotalia X . . . Peniculina D . . Miliola ETY B . . . . Paramecium, slipper animalcule M . Mycetozoa D . . . Pleuronematina ETO Actinopoda (class) F . . Astomatida, Anoplophryinea ETP . Radiolaria (order) H . . Apostomatida N . . Fossil forms J . . Thigmotrichida S . . Acanthometra L . . Petrichida, Stomatoda T . . Sphaerocapsa N . . . Vorticella V . . Acanthosphaera P . . . Epistylis X . Heliozoa (order) EUA . Spirotricha (subclass) ETQ Sporozoa (class), Telosporidia S . . Heterotrichida (order) S . Gregarinomorpha (subclass) T . . . Heterotrichina (suborder) T . . Archigregarina (order) V . . . . Stentor V . . Eugregarina X . . . Licnophorina W . . . Gregarina EUB B . . Oligotrichida X . . Schizogregarina D . . . Halteria F . . Tintinnida

27 EUBH FBYG PLANTS

MICROORGANISMS EK Biological sciences E Eucaryotic microorganisms ESC Biological structures EDA Protozoa EST MICROORGANISMS EK Ciliata ETW ...... Euplotes EUB R Spirotricha EUA Tintinnida EUB F F PLANTS, BOTANY EUB H Entodiniomorphida F2 . Common subdivisions * As E2/E9 J . Cycloposthium F7 . . Herbaria N Odontostomatida, Ctenestomatida F8 . . Botanical gardens P Hypotrichida FAA . Principles, schools of thought, viewpoints R . Euplotes FAC . Research FAG C . . Sampling C9G . . . Grid sampling C9L . . . Permanent sample plots C9Q . . . Quadrants FAK . Experimental & practical botany FBB . Physiology in general J . . By organism * * Alternative/& (not recommended) for libraries wishing to cite organism * after/& processes & structures. If this option is taken, proceed as follows: * Add/& to FBB letters J/V following F in FJ/FV. e.g. germination in Primulaceae FFL G BB UHR. FBC . . By part, organ or system * * Alternative/& (not recommended) for libraries wishing to cite physiology before parts, organs & systems. If this option is taken, proceed as follows: * Add/& to FBC letters C/Y following FI in FIC/FIY. * Add/& to FBD letters A/H following FJ in FJA/FJH, e.g. effect of light on mineral asbsorption by by plant roots FIP T CHP BOH BDC. FBP . . Biochemistry FBW . . . Metabolism & nutrition * For organs & processes serving intake of nutrients, * see/& Digestive system, FIP. C . . . . Pathways E . . . . . Intermediary metabolism FBX N . . . . Energy metabolism * For metabolism of particular substances, * see/& substances (in FCF/FCY) - e.g. lipid respiration. S . . . . . Catabolism T ...... Respiration * For external respiration, * see/& Respiratory system FIL U ...... Aerobic respiration V ...... Anaerobic respiration W ...... Fermentation X ...... Cellular respiration FBY B . . . . . Anabolism, biosynthesis * Covers chemistry of autotrophic nutrition. For heterotrophic nutrition, * see/& Digestive system FIP. D ...... Photosynthesis E ...... Light reactions F ...... Phosphorylation FD ...... Cyclicphosphorylation FG ...... Non-cyclic phosphorylation G ...... Dark reactions

28 FBYK PLANTS FEWG

Physiology in general FBB Biological sciences E . Biochemistry FBP Biological structures EDA . . Metabolism & nutrition FBW PLANTS F . . . Energy metabolism FBX N Cytology FE . . . . . Photosynthesis FBY D . Plastids FEO P ...... Dark reactions FBY G . . Aleuroplast FEO QT

FBY K . . . . . Chemosynthesis, chemoautrophic nutrition . Quasi-cellular structures M . . . . . Assimilation FER V . . Coenocytes . . . Special nutritional processes * Analogous to synotum in animals. S . . . . Storage, reserve formation X . . Plasmodium FCF . . Biochemistry of particular substances FES Histology, tissues FCI . . . Inorganic elements & compounds * For growth tissue (meristems, etc.) * see Growth & E . . . . Essential elements (general) development in general, FFF. F . . . . Hydrogen . Development & growth G . . . . Water DJ . . Formation of tissue J . . . . Carbon . Types of tissues, by cell characters Q . . . . Nitrogen S . . Parenchyma, ground tissues U . . . . Phosphorus ST . . . Pits (tissues) FCJ A . . . . Oxygen . . . Mesophyll * see leaves FJG EST FCN T . . . . Trace elements (general), micronutrients TV . . Collenchyma FCO . . . Organic compounds * For photosynthesis, * see/& FBY D. . Types of tissues, by function FCR O . . . . Sugars . . Mechanical support FCS B . . . . Lipids FET C . . . Sclerenchyma JB . . . . Nucleosides & nucleotides TD . . . . Sclereids, stone-cells T . . . . Amino acids TF . . . . Fibres FCT . . . . Proteins TG . . . . . Bast fibres FCU . . . . . Enzymes . . Protection FCW . . . . . Hormones TJ . . . Epidermis, tegumentary tissue L . . . . Plant growth substances TK . . . . Cuticle FCY . . . . Pigments TL . . . . . Cutin FDD . Special physiological processes TM . . . . Hairs, papillae C . . Transport processes TP . . . . Guard cells (of leaf & stem) L . . Biomechanics TQ . . . . Stoma, stomata (of leaf & stem) P . . Motility, movement TR . . . . Piliferous layers (of root) PR . . . Circulation TV . . . Cortex FDF B . . Thermal phenomenol TW . . . Endodermis FDH . . Optical phenomenol TX . . . . Passage cells (of root) FDL . . Pathology FEU C . . Conducting tissues QE . . . Galls . . . Elements * See also/& Regeneration FFD M. E . . . . Tracheal elements FDN Constituent materials F . . . . . Tracheids FDO . Fluids G ...... Pits (conducting tissue) N . . Water relations J . . . . . Vessel elements * See also/& Circulation & transport FIG. . . . Types FDP Anatomy, morphology in general FEV . . . . Vascular tissue FE Cytology * For secondary vascular tissue, FEH H . Cell walls * see FIG T. KG . Surface membranes S . . . . . Vascular bundle KP . . Pellicle T ...... Phloem KS . . . Cuticle V ...... Sieve cells L . Lamellae W ...... Sieve tube elements M . Plasmodesmata X ...... Primary phloem P . Protoplasm, Protoplast FEW B ...... Xylem, woody tissue FEO P . Plastids D ...... Primary xylem QT . . Aleuroplast, aleurone-plast F . . . . . Stele G ...... Pericycle

29 FEWJ FFEK Life cycles

PLANTS F Biological sciences E Histology, tissues FES Biological structures EDA . Types of tissues, by function PLANTS F . . Conducting tissues FEU C Life cycles FFB P . . . . Vascular tissue FEV Diplohaplontic life cycle FFB Q ...... Pericycle FEW G . Sporophytic phase FFB S ...... (Pith) 6&see FJE R FFB T Single-phase development FEW J . . . . Aerative tissue V . Diplontic life cycle K . . . . . Aerenchyma * For reproductive system, * see FIU. L . . . . . Lenticels W . Haplontic life cycle O . . . . Laticiferous tissues * For reproductive system, * see FIU. P . . Storage R . . . Reserve cell tissue FFD . Growth S . . . . Aleurone layer . . Growth substances T . Other tissues E . . Differential growth H . . Localization of growth FFB Development & growth, ontogeny HI . . . Intercalary growth * The concept of an "individual" plant is more ambiguous J . . Restitution than in the case of the animal kingdom, owing to such * For galls, * see Pathology FDL QE. phenomena as vegetative reproduction, alternation of K . . . Reparation generations and the ability of somatic cells to initiate re- * Renewed meristem activity by damaged cells production under certain conditions. So it is more difficult themselves. to maintain a clear demarcation line between plant M . . . Regeneration reproduction & plant development. * For vegetative reproduction, * see FIU T. * The preferred arrangement is to locate here material on complete development/reproduction cycles & to locate under Reproductive system (FIU ) material on the Q . . Stages of growth structure, functions & immediate products of the organs of * Subsequent to formation of Zygote (see FIV LZ). sporulative & gametic reproduction. Note that * For cell division, * see FIV FDJ. gametophyte forms in alternation of generations (e.g. S . . . Spores thalli, protonemae) are regarded as reproductive organs & * For production of spores, * see Reproductive go in FIV R. system FIU V. * An * alternative (not recommended) is to locate all T . . . . Sporogonia material on development & reproduction under * Special to Bryophyta & homosporous Reproductive system. Pteridophyta. K . Differentiation (general) V . . . . Zygospores * See also Differentiation & morphogenesis under * Special to Algae & Fungi Embryology FFE F. W . . . Seeds . Life span * Special to Spermatophytes. * See FFL L X . . . . Formation of seeds, production of seeds * For specific elements of seed (e.g. hilum) * see embryo. For seed dormancy * see FFL E. P . Life cycles FFE . . . Embryos Q . . Diplohaplontic life cycle, alternation of generations, E . . . . Cytology metagenesis, multiphase development EN . . . . Histology R . . . Gametophyte phase, haplophase * For special growth tissues see Meristem FFF. * For reproductive organs & reproduction phases up F . . . . Differentiation & morphogenesis to formation of zygotes, * see Reproductive system FIV R. G . . . . . Diffrentiation S . . . Sporophytic phase, diplophase, sporophyte H ...... Induction, embryonic induction generation HT ...... Metamorphosis * For spore-production organs (sporophylls, J . . . . . Morphogenesis sporangia, etc.) see Reproductive system FIU V. JN ...... Photomorphogenesis K . . . . Self-sustaining functions * This allows qualification of particular stages and structures by general processes where necessary - e.g. nutrient supply to growth tissue.

30 FFF Stages of growth FFLNR

PLANTS F PLANTS F Life cycles FFB P Life cycles FFB P Growth FFD Growth FFD Stages of growth FFD Q Stages of growth FFD Q Embryos FFE Embryos FFE Self-sustaining functions FFE K . Winged FFI W

FFF Meristem, growth tissue FFJ Fruit * Remains permanently embryonic throughout life of plant. * Ripened ovary, usually enclosing seed. N . Apical meristem, growing points * Special to Angiosperma. P . Primary meristem . Formation R . . Protoderm EFC . . Parthenocarpy S . . Ground meristem * See also Seedless fruit FFJ V T . . Procambrium . Parts * Special to vascular plants. N . . Exocarp W . Residual meristem P . . Mesocarp . (Secondary meristem) * see FFL S R . . Endocarp FFG Permanent tissue . Types * See also Post-embryo development FFL B. V . . Seedless fruit N . Intercellular spaces W . . Dehiscent fruit . (Ground tissue) * see Parenchyma FES SC X . . . Capsule Parts of embryo FFK B . . Indehiscent fruit . Special to Spermatophyta D . . . Nut FFH C . . Proembryo * Usually an achene. D . . Embryo sac F . . . Fleshy fruit, succulent fruit E . . Endosperm G . . . . Berry G . . Suspensor H . . . . . Hesperidum H . Shoot apex J . . . . Drupe J . Root apex K . . . . . Aggregate L . Foot apex, basal apex L . . . . . Pepo N . Nucellus N . . . . Dry fruit * For nucellus of ovule before formation of zygote, * see P . . . . . Achene Reproductive system FIX W. Q ...... Caryopsis P . Plumule S . False fruit, pseudocarp Q . . Epicotyl * derived from parts of flower other than ovary. R . . Coleoptile T . . Anthocarp, multiple fruit S . Radicle V . . Pome T . . Coleorhiza FFL B Post-embryo development V . Hypocotyl C . Dispersal of seed, dissemination of seed . Special to Spermatophyta D . Seed dormancy X . . Cotyledon DN . . Innate dormancy FFI . . Seed coat, testa DP . . Induced dormancy M . . . Micropyle DR . . Enforced dormancy P . . . Hilum G . Germination R . . . Particular forms GN . . Date of germination Types of embryos GP . . Decay of seedcoat T . Adventitious embryo GR . . Successful germination V . Multiple embryo, polyembryony GS . . Unsuccessful germination Types of seeds J . Degeneration W Winged JP . . Cicatrization JQ . . . Liquefaction K . Ageing, senescence L . . Longevity, life span N . Seedlings, young plants NP . . Emergency from soil NQ . . . Rate of emergency NR . . Self-thinning

31 FFLQ FI PLANTS

Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA PLANTS F PLANTS F Ecology FGO Development & growth, ontogeny FFB . Movements FHW ...... Seedlings FFL N . . Paratonic movements FHW LP ...... Self-thinning FFL NR . . . . Tactic movements FHW R

FFL Q ...... Mature plants, maturation FHW S . . . . Nastic movements, nasty * Special to Spermatophyta * Independent of direction of stimulus. S ...... Secondary meristem SR . . . . . Hyponasty T ...... Cambium SS . . . . . Epinasty TN ...... Fasciscular cambium ST . . . . . Seismonasty TP ...... Interfasciscular cambrium SV . . . . . Haptonsty U ...... Periderm SW . . . . . Thermonasty UN ...... Cork cambium, phellogen T . . . . . Photonasty UP ...... Phelloderm, secondary cortex U ...... Nyctinasty W ...... Death * See also Sleep, rest GHXIP. FFM T Variation, genetics, evolution V . . . . . Chemonasty FGO Ecology W ...... Hydronasty * * See/& notes at EHT. The following selection from FHX E . . Autonomic movements GHT/GHY includes some adjustments. F . . . Nutation, circumnutation FHW . Movements G . . . Unfolding, closing LC . . Curvature H . . Projection LG . . Growth movements (general) FHY F . Protection LJ . . Independent of growth FQ . . Against mechanical forces LP . . Paratonic movements FR . . . Solidity of organs * Responses to external stimuli FS . . . Attachment of organs LR . . . Mechanical movements L . . Against other organisms, self preservation LT . . . . Hygroscopic movements, hydration movements LT . . . Secretion, raphides M . . . . Turgor M . . . Mimicry, deception MR . . . Irritability movements MX . . . Electric charge N . . . . Tropisms, tropic movements * Directed movements of part of a plant. NP . . . . . Positive tropisms FI Parts, organs, systems, Organology * The preferred arrangement is to subordinate to a given NQ ...... Aggregation part, organ or system all those aspects which have NR . . . . . Negative tropisms already appeared in the schedule on physiology & NS ...... Contact inhibition anatomy, cytology & histology, etc. NT . . . . . Autotrophism * * Alternatives to this arrangement have been indicated NV . . . . . Orthotropism, parallelotropism under preceding classes ( e.g. at physiology FBC) OE . . . . . Geotropism whereby parts, organs & systems may be subordinated to OF ...... Plagiotropism the special aspect. OH ...... Diogeotropism * Any given part, organ or system may be qualified by all preceding facets by following the instructions below. OK . . . . . Thigmatropism, haptotropism These modify simple, retroactive synthesis in one detail OM . . . . . Thermotropism only. Classes FDN/FDY (Constituents, and General OR . . . . . Radiothermotropism structures) are moved down to file immediately before OT . . . . . Electrotropism, galvanotropism specific structural subclasses. P . . . . . Phototropism * Add to the classmark of the part, organ or system PQ ...... Heliotropism (represented below by hyphen) as follows: - A PR ...... Nyctitropism (Physiology, microsystems, development, etc.) Q . . . . . Chemotropism * Add to - lketters A/H following F in FA/FH * except for letters DN/DW - I (Constituents) QR ...... Aerotropism * Add to - I letters N/O following FD in FDN/FDO QS ...... Hydrotropism (General structures) QT . . . . . Rheotropism * Add to - I letters P/W following FD in FDP/FDW - J QV . . . . . Osmotropism (Elements from other parts, organs, systems) QW . . . . . Traumotropism * * See notes under next heading (Regional systems) R . . . . Tactic movements, taxes * Add to - J letters C/Y following FI in FIC/FIY - e.g. * Directed movements of whole organism. Leaves - circulatory system FJGJG * Add to - K letters A/H following FJ in FJA/FJH

32 FI Parts FIS

Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA PLANTS F PLANTS F Parts FI Parts FI Circulatory system, translocation system FIG . Other processes, structures, etc. FIG G * The regional parts of plants (root, stem, etc.) are best . . Elements from other parts FIG J regarded as multi-functional organs and are located at the end of this facet. By the normal retroactive principle this FIG L . Substances transported means that a given regional organ will be cited before a * Add to FIG L letters G/Y following EC in ECG/ECY. "mono-functional" organ/ system, to give, for example, * Add to FIG M letters N/O following ED in EDN/EDO. Leaves - Circulatory system FJG JG. . Structures * But if a document deals with the role or contribution of a T . . Vascular system regional part to the operations of the whole organ or * Special to vascular plants. system (e.g. Respiration - * role of - Leaves) then cite the U . By tissue origin regional part * after the mono- functional organ/system - * Add to FIG letters U/W following FE - e.g. Vascular e.g. Respiration - Leaves FIL KG. bundle FIG VS. FIC Y . Protective, supportive, locomotive systems FIH Regulatory system, coordination system FID . . Support system FIK . Chemical control * See also Roots FJC ; Stem FJE. S . . Hormone systems FIE . . Integumentary system * Add to FIK S letters P/Y following FCW L - e.g. FIF . . Locomotive system auxins FIK SP. * See Movement (behaviour) FHW. FIL Respiratory system FIG . Circulatory system, translocation system * External system (’breathing’) only. For catabolism & AK . . Experimental & practical botany cellular respiration, * see FBX T. For transpiration, * see AKN . . . Ringing FIG FR. DC . . Special physiological processes . Ecology * For Transport processes, * use FIG E. Normal GWI . . Daytime respiration retroactive qualification is resumed at FIG G. GWJ . . Night-time respiration E . . Transport processes FIM . Special processes * Add to FIG E letters C/I following EDD, with the FIN . Structures additions shown below D . . Breathing surfaces EE . . . Absorption F . . . Pores EF . . . Diffusion H . . . Stomata EP . . . Circulation, conduction, rising of sap J . . . Guard cells EPR . . . . Vertical conduction L . . . Lenticels F . . . Suction N . . . Intercellular spaces FG . . . . Root pressure FIP Digestive system FJ . . . . Stem suction * Procurement & digestion of nutrients. FL . . . . Leaf suction, negative tension * For metabolism & nutrition, * see FBW. FN . . . . Guttation R . Intake FP . . . Exudation S . Digestion FR . . . Transpiration, emmission T . . Absorption FS . . . . Transpiration stream . . (Assimilation) * see Metabolism FBY M. G . . Other processes, structures, etc. W . . Intracellular digestion * Normal retroactive synthesis is resumed here after . . (Translocation of nutrients) * see Circulation FIG interruption for FIG E. FIQ L . Heterotrophic nutrition in plants * Add to FIG G letters DL/N following FD in * For autotrophic nutrition, see Biosynthesis FBY B. FDDL/FDN FIS Secretory, storage & excretory systems GDL . . . Biomechanics GH . . . Optical phenomena . . . (Constituents & general structures) * See FIG I H . . . Cytology, Development, Ecology, etc * Add to FIG H letters E/H following F in FE/FH e.g. growth of circulatory system FIG HFD. . . . . (Conducting tissues) * see FIG P I . . . Constituents J . . . Elements from other parts

33 FIU FIVTW Parts

Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA PLANTS F PLANTS F Parts FI Parts FI Gametes FIV F Secretory, storage & excretory systems FIS . Types of gametes . . . Sperm FIV HR FIU Reproductive system * For relations between reproduction process & FIV J . Release of gametes & union development * see notes at FF B. K . . Pollination * This class is confined to the structures and mechanisms * Special to flowering plants designed to produce a zygote or spore from which a new KR . . . Self-pollination organism develops. KS . . . Cross-pollination * Add to FIU letters A/Y following EIX with the KT . . . Anemophily amendments & additions indicated below. KU . . . Hydrophily S . Asexual reproduction, agamic reproduction KV . . . Zoophily T . . Vegetative reproduction KW . . . Entomophily TS . . . Fission L . Fertilization, syngamy UF . . . Fragmentation . . Products UJ . . . Budding, propagules LV . . . Pronuclei UN . . . . Bulbils LZ . . . Zygotes UQ . . . . Meristogenetic reproduction * Fertilized egg For germination & subsequent UR . . . . . Gemmae development * see FFL B US . . . . . Suckers UT . . . . . Tubers Facilitating structures & processes

UW . Reproductive cell systems R . Reproductive organs V . . Sporulative reproduction * Many of the terms below & of the concepts they stand VDJ . . . Sporulation for are drawn from sexual reproduction in VE . . . Cytology Spermatophyta. Where a term is peculiar to a type other VER . . . . Spore mother cells than Spermatophyta this is noted. . . . Organs * Generally speaking, the main use of this class will be to VR . . . . Sporophylls qualify spermatophyt But insofar as other types of VS . . . . Sporangia, capsules plants, or plants in general, have closely analogous parts WC . . . Types of spores or processes, these parts & processes may be used for . . . Products of spores reproduction in plants in general (& located here) or to qualify types of plants other than Spermatophyta (e.g. XD . . . . Protonema Bryophyta - Archegonium FOI XR). * Special to Bryophyta XH . . . . Prothalli * Special to Pteridophyta . . Macrostructures TR . . . Protonemae * Special to Bryophyta Y . . Gametic reproduction TS . . . Prothalli * Special to Pteridophyta FIV . . . Sexual reproduction, amphimixis TT . . . . Microprothallis * Add/& to FIV letters A/N following EIY TU . . . . Megaprothallis * Add/& to FIV O letters C/Y following FI TV . . . Cones, strobili * Add/& to FIV P letters A/H following FJ * Special to Gymnosperma * Note that this instruction overrides those at FI and TW . . . . Sporophylls incorporates their provisions - e.g. (Constituents) is FIV N not FIV I F . . . . Gametes FDJ . . . . . Gametogenesis FFG ...... Mitosis FG ...... Meiosis . . . . . Types of gametes G ...... Receptor GR ...... Ovum H ...... Donor HR ...... Sperm

34 FIVU Flowers FIYKS

Biological structures EDA PLANTS F PLANTS F Parts FI Parts FI Reproductive organs FIV R Reproductive organs FIV R Flowers FIV U Cones FIV TV Subsystems . Sporophylls FIV TW ...... Placenta FIX US

FIV U Flowers FIX V ...... Ovule, megasporangium . Presentation W ...... Nucellus U2H V . . Floral diagrams WS ...... Megasporocyte, embryo-sac mother cell U2H W . . . Floral formulae WT ...... Megaspore . Subsystems WY ...... Mature ovule . . Accessory flower parts X ...... Embryo sac V . . . Receptacle, thalamus, torus XR ...... Haploid nucleus W . . . Perianth ...... Egg-cell WR . . . . Calyx * See Gametes FIX KF WS . . . . . Sepal XT ...... Antipodal cell WT . . . . Corolla XV ...... Polar nucleus, primary endosperm WU . . . . . Petal nucleus WV . . . . Tepal XW ...... Synergida . . Essential flower parts YB ...... Micropyle X . . . Theca, sporangium YE ...... Venter XS . . . . Sporogonium, capsule Types of flowers * Special to liverworts, etc . By completeness of structure FIW . . . Male organs FIY CD . . Complete * Add/& to FIW letters A/P following FIV CF . . Incomplete . . . . Cytology CH . . . Apetalous . . . . . Gametes . By symmetry F ...... Sperm, spermatozoid, antherozoid CM . . Zygomorphic, bilaterally symmetrical R . . . . Androecium, antheridium CP . . Actinomorphic S . . . . . Stamen, microsporophyll . By union/separation of appendages ST ...... Filament DC . . Distinct T ...... Anther DE . . Coalescent ...... (Microsporangium) * see/& FIW W DG . . Synsepalous TS ...... Microsporocyte, pollen mother cell DJ . . Sympetalous TT ...... Microspore DL . . Synadelphous U ...... Pollen grain DN . . Syncarpous * Young male gametophyte DP . . Adnate UT ...... Tube cell DS . . Heterostyled UW ...... Generative cell . By sexual parts ...... (Sperm) * See/& Gametes FIW KF E . . Perfect, monoclinous, bisexual V ...... Mature anther F . . Imperfect, diclinous, unisexual W ...... Pollen sac, microsporangium FS . . . Staminate FIX . . . Female organs FT . . . Pistillate * Add to FIX letters A/P following FIV G . . . Monoecious, hermaphrodite EZ . . . . Gametes GR . . . . Protandrous F . . . . . Ovum, egg-cell GT . . . . Protogynous R . . . . Gynoecium, oogonia, archegonium H . . . Dioecious S . . . . . Carpel, pistil, megasporophyll, J . . Polygamous macrosporophyll * With perfect & imperfect flowers on one plant. T ...... Style . By position of ovary/receptacle TS ...... Stigma KH . . Hypogynous U ...... Ovary KP . . Perigynous US ...... Placenta KS . . Epigynous

35 FIYL FJEV Parts

PLANTS F Biological sciences E Parts FI Biological structures EDA Sexual reproduction, amphimixis FIV PLANTS F . Facilitating structures & processes Parts FI ...... By position of ovary/receptacle Reproductive system FIU ...... Epigynous FIY KS . . . . . Parthenogenesis FJA V

FIY L ...... Inflorescence FJB Regional parts, organs, systems * Flowering shoot. . Anatomy M ...... Head, composite flower DP . . Regional anatomy, topographical anatomy N ...... Florets T . Thallus NR ...... Marginal, ray florets * Simple, vegetative plant body, without ...... By branching method differentiation into root, stem & leaf. P ...... Indefinite branching, racemose FJC . Roots branching ES . . Tissues Q ...... Raceme ET . . . Hairs, trichome * See also Integument FIE QS ...... Corymb JE . . Integument QV ...... Panicle . . . Degeneration R ...... Spike JED LQC . . . . Desquamation RS ...... Catkin . . Parts of roots RV ...... Spadix R . . . Growing points RX ...... Umbel T . . . Tip S ...... Capitulum V . . . . Meristematic region, promeristem T ...... Definite branching, cymose branching W . . . . Enlargement region TS ...... Monochasium X . . . . Maturation region TV ...... Diachasium Y . . . . Cap V ...... Mixed . Forms of sexual reproduction FJD E . . . Primary root, radicle * See also Embryo radicle FFH S . . By size and state of gametes G . . . Secondary root, branch root, lateral root FJA C . . . Merogamy . . Types of roots D . . . Hologamy . . . By origin E . . . Isogamy J . . . . Seminal root F . . . Anisogamy K . . . . Adventitious root G . . . . Oogamy L . . . . Prop root . . By organ or mode of production of gametes N . . . Taproot J . . . Allogamy, cross-fertilization P . . . Fibrous root K . . . Automixis, self-fertilization Q . . . Tuberous root L . . . . Parthenogamy R . . . Fascicled root M . . . . Autogamy . . . By modifications N . . . Hermaphroditic reproduction, bisexual T . . . . Aerial root reproduction V . . . . Climbing root O . . . . Allogamy FJE . Stems, axes P . . . . Autogamy JE . . Integument Q Apomixis JEP . . . Prickles, thorns R . Apospory JER . . . Spines S . Apogamy JES . . . Scales * Special to Pteridophyta. . . Parts T . Agamospermy R . . . Medulla, pith U . . Pseudogamy S . . . Buds V . . Parthenogenesis SS . . . . Bud scales ST . . . . Axillary buds, lateral buds T . . . Neck, hypocotl U . . . Nodes UT . . . Internodes UW . . . Leaf gaps UX . . . Leaf scars V . . . Lenticels

36 FJEW Parts FJLCG

Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA PLANTS F PLANTS F Parts FI Parts FI Stems FJE . . Leaves FJG . Parts . . . Types . . Lenticels FJE V . . . . . Pinnate leaves FJH M

FJE W . . Shoots . . . Modified forms X . . Branches, ramification FJH P . . . . Bracts . . . Degeneration . . . . (Stipules) * see FJGS Y . . . . Deramification, loss of branches Q . . . . Scales . Types of stems R . . . . Cataphylls, bud scales . . By woody tissue content . . . . (Tendrils) * see Stem FJE FJF B . . . Woody stems S . . . . Foliar spines D . . . Herbaceous stems T . . . . Needles . . By modification . . . . By function G . . . Rhizomes V . . . . . Absorbing leaves H . . . Suckers W . . . . . Storage leaves J . . . Stolons, runners X . . . . . Trapping and digesting organs L . . . Tubers . . Flowers N . . . Bulbs * Directle or indirectly, these serve only one function - P . . . Corms that of reprodeuction. They are therfore subordinated R . . . Tendrils to the Reproductive system at FIVU * For seed & fruit * see Development FFDW and FFJ. T . . . Cladodes, phylloclades V . . . Peduncles FJG Leaves Types of plants ES . Tissues * Any type of plant, however defined (taxonomically or not) EST . . Mesophyll may be qualified retroactively by adding to its classmark letters A/J following F - e.g. physiology of aquatic plants EST R . . . Palisade mesophyll FJN KBB. EST S . . . Spongy mesophyll FJI B . Non-taxonomic categories . . Vascular bundle * Specific classes, orders, familes, genera or species of EVS . . . Veins, venation, ramification plants should go with their taxon in EK/EW and not in a . Development non-taxonomic class; e.g. Utricularia are not classed FB . . Foliation with symbiotic plants but with the taxon of . Degeneration Bladderworts. FLJ . . Defoliation, loss of leaf * For argricultural & horticultural crops, * see G . Properties * The nature & order of the classes is exactly the same as in EJB/EJS, but the notation is modified at the very N . . Arrangement, phyllotaxy begining (FJI). FJJ/FJS are the same as EJJ/EJS. . Parts * Add to FJI letters C/G following EJB - e.g. rare plants R . . Abscission layer FJIE. S . . Stipules K . . By sex T . . Stipels L . . . Sexual dimorphism V . . Petioles, stalks M . . . Males W . . Phyllodes N . . . Females X . . Laminae, blades . . By application . Types * Add to FJI letters Q/X following EJI - e.g. useful . . By origin plants FJIQ. FJH C . . . Megaphylls . . By topographical distribution D . . . Microphylls FJJ . . . Floras (by country) . . By shape FJK B . . By physiological charactistics F . . . Simple leaves G . . By development characteristics G . . . Compound leaves . . . By cyclical factors H . . . Obovate leaves FJL CC . . . . Ephemeral plants J . . . Linear leaves CE . . . . Annual plants, therophytes K . . . Sagittate leaves CF . . . . Biennial plants L . . . Palmate leaves CG . . . . Perennial plants M . . . Pinnate leaves

37 FJMO FKC PLANTS

Biological sciences E Biological sciences E Biological structures EDA Biological structures EDA PLANTS F PLANTS F By development characteristics FJK G Non-taxonomic categories FJI B . . Perennial plants FJL CG . Other special groupings FJS M

FJM O By ecological & behavioural factors FJS R Taxonomic categories, Plantae FJN AQL . Halophytes FJT . Botanical taxonomy AQP . Calcicoles X . Botanical nomenclature AQQ . Califuges FJU . Fossil forms C . Symbiotic plants * * See/& notes on treatment of Palaeobotany EGF MY K . Aquatic plants, hydrophytes * Fossil forms of particular classes, orders, families, etc. NKT . . Floating leaf communities go with the class, etc, NKW . . Subaqueous . . By stratigraphic eras PR . Helophytes SC . Urban plants FJV B . Taxa SQ . Hedgerow plants * The detailed taxa below are taken from A. Engler’s FJP W . Motile plants Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien. 12th ed. Berlin, 1954. By part, organ, system characteristics But a number of major categories have been moved so * Add to FJR letters C/Y following FI. as to obtain an order closer to modern views on . By nutritional system structural and phylogenetic relationships. * Alternatives/& are provided below for libraries wishing FJR P . . Autotrophs to follow Engler’s order without alteration. * Usually assumed. * In addition to the detailed taxa extracted from Engler, a QL . . Heterotrophs limited number of large groupings from earlier . By reproductive system botanical classification are included in their YG . . Hermaphroditic plants, monoecious plants approximately correct position in order to accommodate YX . By forms of sexual reproduction the general works using such groupings. That they do * Add to FJS letters A/H follow FJ. not feature in Engler’s 12th edition is noted in each . . By character of perennatory buds case. FJS GRU . . . Phanerophytes * In order to keep the enumeration of taxa within reasonable bounds, division ceases at the level of GRV . . . Chamaephytes families and subfamilies, although not all families and GRW . . . Geophytes, cryophytes subfamilies are included. Genera and species are not GRX . . . Heicryophytes included, but space in notation is provided for their M Other special groupings addition alphabetically (see/& Introduction, sections * For herbaceous, woody plants, etc. * see seed plants 12.74/12.78). FQL. FKB . . Cryptogamia * From earlier classifications. Not in Engler. * Reproductive organs not prominent as in Phanerogamia (FQ). Includes Thallophyta, Bryophyta and Pteridophyta.

FKC . . Thallophyta * From earlier classifications. Not in Engler. * No differentiation of root, stem, leaf. Includes Bacteria, Algae, Fungi, Lichens. * * Alternative/& (not recommended) at EMY. . . . Bacteria * This class (Abteilung I in Engler) is not used, being replaced by Bergey’s classification. * See/& under Monera EN.

38 FKE ALGAE FMBJ

Biological sciences E PLANTS F Biological structures EDA Thallophyta FKC PLANTS F ALGAE FKE Thallophyta FKC Chlorophyta FLT Bacteria . Ulotrichales FLU M . . . Sphaeropleaceae FLU W FKE ALGAE (general), phycology * Now abandoned as a formal taxon. Abteilung II/XI in FLV C . Chaetophorales (order) Engler. This class takes general works on Algae. E . . Chaetophoraceae (family) * Alternatives/& are provided below which allow a library F . . . Chaetophoreae to keep all Algae together here, although the preferred G . . . . Aphanochaetaceae arrangement is to distribute a number of major categories, J . . Trentepohliaceae as indicated below. K . . Coleochaetaceae FKF . Cyanophyta, blue-green algae L . . Cladophoraceae * Engler’s Abteilung II. The preferred arrangement is to M . . Witrochiellaceae place with Monera ENR. O . Oedogoniales * * Alternative/& (not recommended) is to place here. If this option is taken proceed as follows: Q . . Oedogoniaceae * Add/& to FKF/FKI letters following ENS/ENV FLW A . Conjugatae Conjugales respectively (i.e. F = S; G = T; H = U; I = V). C . . Mesotaeniaceae (family) FKJ . Glaucophyta D . . . Zygnemataceae * Engler’s Abteilung III. F . . Desmidiinales R . . Glaucophyceae (class) H . . . Desmidiaceae FKK . Myxophyta K . Siphonales, Siphonocladales (order) * Engler’s Abt. IV. * Alternative/& (not recommended) M . . Caulerpaceae (family) to locating after Fungi, at FNA. If this option is taken, N . . . Bryopsis proceed as follows P . . Derbesiaceae * Add/& to FKK/FKM letters following FNA/FNC Q . . Dasycladaceae respectively (i.e. K = A; L = B; M = C). T . . Codiaceae FLE . Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, Chrysophyta * Engler’s Abt. V/VII. * Alternative/& (not V . . Valoniaceae recommended) to subordinating to Protista at ESE. If W . . . Siphonocladeae this option is taken, proceed as follows FLX Charophyta, stoneworts * Add/& to FL letters E/S following ES in ESE/ESS. * Engler’s Abt. IX. FLT . Chlorophyta, green algae M . Charales (order) * Engler’s Abt. VIII. P . . Characeae (family) L . . Volvocales (order) R . . . Nitelleae N . . . Chlamydomonadinales (suborder) FMA Phaeophyta, brown algae P . . . . Chlamydomonadaceae (family) * Engler’s Abt. X Q . . . . Volvocaceae JSN . Kelps S . . . Testrasporinales L . Isogeneratae (class) V . . . . Tetrasporaceae N . . Ectocarpales (order) W . . . . Chaetopeltidaceae P . . . Ectocarpaceae (family) FLU C . . Chlorococcales, Euprotococcales (order) Q . . . . Giffordia E . . . Protosiphonaceae S . . Sphacelariales F . . . Chlorellaceae V . . . Sphacelariaceae G . . . Oocystaceae W . . . Choristocarpaceae H . . . Hydrodictyaceae FMB A . . Cutleriales J . . . Coelastraceae C . . . Cutleriaceae K . . . Chlorosphaeraceae E . . Tilopteridales M . . Ulotrichales F . . . Tilopteridaceae O . . . Ulotrichinales (sub-order) H . . Dictyotales P . . . . Ulotrichaceae (family) J . . . Dictyoptaceae Q . . . . Cylindrocapsaceae R . . . Ulvinales S . . . . Ulvaceae (family) V . . . Sphaeropleinales (suborder) W . . . . Sphaeropleaceae

39 FMBL FMMW Thallophyta

PLANTS F Biological structures EDA Thallophyta FKC PLANTS F ALGAE FKE Thallophyta FKC Phaeophyta FMA ALGAE FKE . Isogeneratae FMA L . . . Cryptonemiales FMH A . . . Dictyoptaceae FMB J . . . . Gloiosiphoniaceae FMH H

FMB L . Heterogeneratae FMH K . . . Gigartinales N . . Haplostichidae (sub-class) M . . . . Nemastimaceae P . . . Chordariales (order) N . . . . Plocamiaceae Q . . . . Myrionemataceae O . . . . Sphaerococcaceae R . . . Elachistaceae P . . . . Rhodophyllidaceae S . . . Corynophlocaceae Q . . . . Phyllophoraceae T . . . Chordariaceae Mesogloiaceae R . . . . Gigartinaceae V . . . Spermatochnaceae FMI . . . Rhodyminiales (order) FMC A . . . Sporochnales (order) M . . . . Rhodymeniaceae (family) B . . . . Sporochnaecae (family) P . . . Ceramiales D . . . Desmarestrales R . . . . Ceramiaceae E . . . . Desmarestiaceae S . . . . Delesseriaceae H . . Polystichidae (sub-class) T . . . . Dasyaceae J . . . Dictyosiphonales (order) K . . . . Punctariaceae, Asperococcaceae (family) FMJ FUNGI, MYCOTA, MYCOPHYTA, MYCOLOGY L . . . . . Hydroclathrus * Engler Abt. XII. N . . . . Dictyosiphonaceae M . Archimycetes, Myxochytridiales (class) P . . . Laminariales O . . Olpidiaceae (family) R . . . . Chordaceae P . . Synchytriaceae T . . . . Laminariaceae Q . . Plasmodiophoraceae V . . . . . Macrocysteae T . Eumycetes FMD . Cyclosporeae (class) * From earlier classification. Not used in Engler. L . . Fucales (order), rock wees, seaweeds FMK . Physomycetes, Algal fungis, moulds, mildews N . . . Durvilleaceae (family) JNK . . Aquatic forms P . . . Notheiaceae M . . Chytridiales (order) R . . . Fucaceae O . . . Rhizophydiaceae (family) FME Rhodophyta, red algae P . . . Rhizidiaceae * Engler’s Abt. XI. Q . . . Cladochytriaceae FMF . Bangiophyceae, Protoflorideae, Bangioidea (class) S . . Hyphochytriales, Anisochytriales L . . Porphyrideales (order) T . . . Hyphochytriaceae N . . Bangiales FML A . . Blastocladiales P . . . Bangiaceae B . . . Blastocladiaceae R . . Compsopogonales D . . Monoblepharidales S . . . Compsopogonaceae E . . . Monoblepharidaceae V . . Rhodochactales G . . Saprolegniales, water moulds W . . . Rhodochactaceae J . . . Saprolegniaceae FMG . Florideae (class), red seaweeds, sea mosses K . . . Leptomitaceae L . . Nemalionales (order) P . . Peronosporales N . . . Lemaneaceae (family) Q . . . Pythiaceae O . . . Thoreaceae R . . . Peronosporaceae P . . . Helminthocladiaceae FMM . . Zygomycetes (sub-class) Q . . . Chaetangiaceae * Not in Engler. S . . Gelidiales L . . . Mucorales (order) V . . . Gelidiaceae M . . . . Mucoraceae FMH A . . Cryptonemiales N . . . . Mortierellaceae C . . . Dumontiaceae O . . . . Choanephoraceae D . . . Rhizophyllidaceae P . . . . Piptocephalidaceae E . . . Squamariaceae R . . . Entomophthorales F . . . Corallinacea S . . . . Entomophthoraceae G . . . Grateloupiaceae V . . . Endogonales H . . . Gloiosiphoniaceae W . . . . Endogonaceae

40 FMN Euascomycetidae FMUP

Biological structures EDA PLANTS F PLANTS F Thallophyta FKC Thallophyta FKC FUNGI FMJ FUNGI FMJ Ascomycetes FMN Physomycetes FMK . . Sphaeriales FMQ E . . . Endogonaceae FMM W . . . Amphisphaeriaceae FMQ N

FMN Ascomycetes (class), sac fungi FMQ P . . . Gnomoniaceae . Special groups Q . . . Diatrypaceae * Not in Engler. R . . . Valsaceae JSP . . Pyrenomycetes S . . . Xylariaceae JSQ . . Discomycetes V . . Clavicipitales L . Protasiomycetidae (sub-class) FMR A . . Pezizales N . . Protascales, Endomycetales (order) C . . . Pyronemaceae P . . . Eremascaceae E . . . Rhizinaceae Q . . . Dipodascaceae F . . . Pezizaceae R . . . Endomycetaceae G . . . Ascobolaceae S . . . Saccharomycetaceae, yeasts H . . . Helvellaceae T . . . Spermaphthoraceae J . . Helotiales, Phacidales FMO A . . Taphrinales L . . . Ostropaceae C . . . Ascocorticiaceae M . . . Dermeaceae D . . . Taphrinaceae N . . . . Mollisiaceae E . . . Protomycetaceae P . . . Phacidraceae F . . . Pencystaceae Q . . . . Hypodermataceae H . Euascomycetidae (subclass) R . . . Helotiaceae J . . Plectascales, Aspergillales, Eurotiales (order) S . . . Geoglossaceae L . . . Gymnoascaceae (family) T . . . Cyttariaceae M . . . Aspergillaceae V . . . Tryblidiaceae N . . . . Aspergillus FMS A . . Hysteriales P . . . . Penicillium C . . . Hysteriaceae Q . . . Onygenaceae D . . . Celidiaceae R . . . Trichocomaceae F . . Tuberales S . . . Elaphomycetaceae H . . . Tuberineae, truffles FMP A . . Erysiphales, Perisporiales * Not in Engler. C . . . Meliolaceae, Perisporiaceae J . . . Eutuberaceae D . . . Protocadiciaceae K . . . . Balsamia F . . Myhangiales L . . . Terfeziaceae H . . . Myriangiaceae N . . Laboulbeniales J . . Pseudosphaeriales P . . . Ceratomycetaceae M . . . Pseudosphaeriaceae Q . . . Laboulbeniaceae N . . . . Pleosporiacceae R . . . Peyritschiellaceae P . . . . Massariaceae FMT Basidiomycetes (class) Q . . . Mycosphaerellaceae M . Holobasidiomycetidae (sub-class) R . . . Botryosphaeriaceae O . . Hymenomycetales (order) S . . . . Melogramma Q . . . Exobasidiinales (sub-order) T . . . Cucurbitariaceae R . . . . Exobasidiaceae (family) V . . . Coryneliaceae S . . . Thelephorinales W . . . Dothideaceae T . . . . Thelephoraceae FMQ A . . Hemisphaeriales FMU A . . . Clavariinales C . . . Microthyriaceae C . . . . Clavariaceae E . . Sphaeriales E . . . Hydninales G . . . Sordariaceae F . . . . Hydnaceae H . . . Hypocreaceae H . . . Polyporinales J . . . Chaetomiaceae J . . . . Polyporaceae K . . . Sphaeriaceae L . . . Agaricinales L . . . Ceratostomataceae N . . . . Amanitaceae M . . . Lophiostomataceae P . . . . Agaricaceae, mushrooms N . . . Amphisphaeriaceae

41 FMVA FNFM Thallophyta

Thallophyta FKC Biological sciences E FUNGI FMJ Biological structures EDA Basidiomycetes FMT PLANTS F . Holobasidiomycetidae FMT M Thallophyta FKC . . Hymenomycetales FMT O FUNGI FMJ . . . . Agaricaceae FMU P . Mycelia sterilia FMY S

FMV A . . Gastromycetales FNA MYXOPHYTA, Schleimpilze, slime-moulds C . . . Hymenogastrinales * Engler’s Abt. IV (under Algae). * Alternative (not D . . . . Hymenogastraceae recommended) is to subordinate to Algae at FKK. F . . . Sclerodermatinales M . Acrasieae (class) G . . . . Sclerodermataceae P . . Acrasiales (order) H . . . . Calostomataceae Q . . . Dictyosteliaceae (family) J . . . . Tylostomataceae S . . Labyrinthalales K . . . . Sphaerobolaceae FNB . Myxomycetes, Mycetozoa, Myxogastcres, M . . . Nidulariinales, bird’s-nest fungi Phytosarcodina, slime fungi N . . . . Nidulariaceae M . . Exosporeae P . . . Lycoperdinales N . . . Ceratiomyxaceae Q . . . . Lycoperdineae, puff-balls P . . Endosporeae R . . . . Hycoperdaceae R . . . Physarales T . . . Phallinales S . . . . Physaraceae V . . . . Clathraceae T . . . . Didymiaceae W . . . . Phallaceae, stink-horn FNC A . . . Stemonitales, Amaurochaetineae FMW A . Phragmobasidiomycetidae (sub-class) C . . . . Collodermaceae C . . Tremellales (order) D . . . . Stemomtaceae E . . . Tremellaceae (family) F . . . Liceales F . . . . Tulasnella H . . . . Cribrariaceae G . . . Hyaloriaceae J . . . . Liceaceae I . . Auriculariales K . . . . Tubiferaceae J . . . Auriculariaceae L . . . . Reticulariaceae K . . . Phlegmaceae, Pilacraceae N . . . Trichiales, Calonemineae M . . Uredinales, rust fungi P . . . . Dianemaceae, Margaritaceae N . . . Melampsoraceae Q . . . . Arcyriaceae O . . . . Cronartieae R . . . . Trichiaceae P . . . Pucciriaceae T . . . Hydromyxales R . . Ustilaginales, smut fungi V . . . Plakopaceae S . . . Ustilaginaceae W . . . Vampyrellaceae T . . . Tilletiaceae FND LICHENES, lichens FMX Fungi imperfecti, Deuteromycetes * Engler’s Abt XIII. M . Sphaeropsidales (order) P . Phycolichenes (class) P . . Sphaeropsidaceae (family) R . . Geosiphonales (order) Q . . Zythiaceae, Nectrioideaceae FNE . Ascolichenes R . . Leptostromataceae M . . Pyrcuocarpeae S . . Excipulaceae P . . . Verrucariales (family) FMY A . Melanconiales R . . . . Moniolaceae C . . Melanconiaceae S . . . . Epigloeaceae E . Moniliales, Hyphomycetes T . . . . Verricariaceae G . . Moniliaceae, Mucedinaceae V . . . . Dermatocarpaceae H . . Dematiaceae W . . . . Pyrenothamniaceae J . . Stilbaceae FNF A . . . Pyrenulales K . . Tuberculariaceae C . . . . Pyrenulaceae S Mycelia sterilia D . . . . Phyllopyreniaceae E . . . . Trypretheliaceae F . . . . Paratheliaceae G . . . . Astrotheliaceae J . . . Pyrenidiales L . . . . Strigulaceae M . . . . Pyrenidaceae

42 FNG Embryophyta FOMW

PLANTS F Biological sciences E Thallophyta FKC Biological structures EDA LICHENES FND PLANTS F . Ascolichenes FNE Thallophyta FKC . . Pyrcuocarpeae FNE M . Lichenes imperfecti FNM . . . . Pyrenidaceae FNF M FNO Embryophyta, metaphyta FNG . . Gymnocarpeae, Discolichens * From earlier classification. Not in Engler. M . . . Coniocarpiidae (order-group) * All plants with multicellular sex organs and embryo. O . . . . Caliciales(order) P . . . . . Caliciaceae FNP . Archegoniatae, asiphonogamic embryophyta Q . . . . . Cypheliaceae * From earlier classification. Not in Engler. S . . . . . Sphaerophoraceae * Cryptogams in which female sex organ is archegonium FNH A . . . Graphidiidae and fertilization is not via pollen tube, (c f. C . . . . Graphidales Spermatophyta FQ ). Includes Bryophyta and E . . . . . Arthoniaceae Pteridophyta. F . . . . . Graphidaceae G . . . . . Chiodectoriaceae FO . . Bryophyta (phylum division), mosses & liverworts H . . . . . Dirinaceae * Engler Abteilung XIV. K . . . . Roccellales FOJ U . . . Fossil forms M . . . . . Roccellaceae FOL . . . Hepaticae (class), liverworts FNI . . . Cyclocarpiidae M . . . . Anthocerotoles (order), hornworts M . . . . Thelotrematales P . . . . . Anthocerotaceae (family) P . . . . . Lecanactinaceae Q . . . . . Notothylaceae Q . . . . . Chrysotrichaceae S . . . . Jungermaniales (order) R . . . . . Thelotremataceae V . . . . . Anacrogynae (suborder) S . . . . . Diploshistaceae W ...... Metgeriaceae (family) T . . . . . Asterothyriaceae, Ectolechiaceae FOM A . . . . . Calobryinales V . . . . . Gyalectaceae C . . . . . Acrogynae W . . . . . Coenogoniaceae E ...... Jungermaniineales (family groups) FNJ A . . . . Cyanophilales F ...... Ptilidiaceae (family) C . . . . . Ephebaceae G ...... Junger maniaceae, scale mosses D . . . . . Pyrenopsidaceae H ...... Scapaniaceae E . . . . . Lichinaceae J ...... Pleuroziaceae F . . . . . Collemataceae L ...... Jubulineales G . . . . . Heppiaceae N . . . . Sphaerocarpales (order) H . . . . . Pannariaceae P . . . . Marchantiales J . . . . . Stictaceae Q . . . . . Marchantiales (family group) K . . . . . Peltigeraceae R ...... Targioniaceae (family) M . . . . Lecideales S ...... Marchantiaceae P . . . . . Lecideaceae V . . . . . Ricciieales Q . . . . . Phyllosporaceae W ...... Ricciaceae (family) R . . . . . Cladoniaceae FNK A . . . . Lecanorales C . . . . . Acarosporaceae D . . . . . Pertusariaceae E . . . . . Lecanoraceae F . . . . . Parmeliaceae G . . . . . Usneaceae K . . . . Caloplacales M . . . . . Caloplacaceae N . . . . . Reloschistaceae P . . . . . Buelliaceae Q . . . . . Physciaceae FNL . Basidolichenes (class) FNM Lichenes imperfecti, Deuterolichenes

43 FON FOUS Bryidae

PLANTS F Bryophyta FO Embryophyta FNO Musci FON Archegoniatae FNP Bryidae FOO Bryophyta FO Eubryales FOR A Hepaticae FOL . Bryinales FOR B . . . Ricciaceae FOM W . . Mniaceae FOR G

FON Musci (class), mosses FOR J . Rhizogoniiales L . Sphagnidae (sub-class) L . . Drepanophyllaceae (family) N . . Sphagnales (order) M . . Eustichiaceae P . . . Sphagnaceas (family), bog mosse, peat mosses N . . Sorapillaceae R . Andreacidae (sub-class) P . . Mitteniaceae S . . Andreaeales (order), black mosses Q . . Calomninoceae T . . Andreaceae (family) R . . Rhizogoinaceae S . Hypnodendrinales FOO . Bryidae (sub-class) T . . Hypnodendraceae (family) L . . Archidiales (order) FOS . Bartramiinales M . . . Archidiaceae (family) L . . Anlacomniaceae (family) P . . Dicranales M . . Meeseaceae Q . . . Ditrichaceae (family) N . . Bartramiaceae R . . . Archifissidentaceae P . Spindentinales S . . . Bryoxiphiaceae R . . Spiridentaceae (family) T . . . Dicranaceae T . Timmiinales (suborder) V . . . . Seligerioideae V . . Timmiaceae (family) W . . . Dicnemonoceae FOT A Isobryales (order) X . . . Pleurophascaceae C . Orthotrichinales (suborder) Y . . . Leniobryaceae D . . Erpodiaceae (family) FOP C . . Fissidentales E . . Ptychomitriaceae E . . . Fissidentaceae F . . Orthotrichaceae G . . Pottiales(order) G . Rhacopilianles J . . . Synhopodontinales (sub-order) H . . Heliophyliaceae (family) K . . . . Cahyamperaceae (family) I . . Rhacopilaceae L . . . Encalyptinales K . Leuodontinales N . . . Pottiinales L . . Hedwigiaceae (family) P . . . . Pottiaceae (family) M . . Cryphaceaceae R . . Grimmiales (order) N . . Leucodontaceae T . . . Grimmiaceae (family) P . . Cyrtopodaceae FOQ A . . Funariales Q . . Ptychomniaceae C . . . Gigaspermaceae (family) R . . Rutenbergiaceae (family) D . . . Disceliaceae S . . Trachpypodaceae E . . . Ephemeraceae T . . Myuriaceae F . . . Funariaceae V . . Pterobryaceae G . . . Oedipodiaceae W . . Meteoriaceae H . . . Splachnaceae FOU B . Necherinales (suborder) K . . Schistostegales (order) D . . Phynogoinaceae (family) L . . . Schistostegaceae (family) E . . Neckeraceae N . . Tetraphidales F . . Lembophyllaceae P . . . Georgiaceae (family) G . . Echinodiaceae FOR A . . Eubryales I . Fontinalinales B . . . Bryinales (suborder) K . . Fontinalaceae (family) C . . . . Bryaceae (family) L . . Climaciaceae D . . . . . Orthodontioideae (subfamily) N Hookeriales (order) E . . . . . Mielichoferioideae P . Nemataceae (family) F . . . . Lettostomaceae Q . Pilotrichaceae G . . . . Mniaceae R . Hookeriaceae S . Hypopterygiaceae

44 FOVA PTERIDOPHYTA FPUT

PLANTS F PLANTS F Embryophyta FNO Embryophyta FNO Archegoniatae FNP Tracheophyta FOY . . . Bryidae FOO PTERIDOPHYTA FP . . . . Hookeriales FOU N Lycopsida FPN . . . . . Hypopterygiaceae FOU S . Lepidospermiales FPO L

FOV A . . . . Hypnobryales (order) FPO P Psilotopsida (class), Psilotinae, Tinesopsida C . . . . . Theliaceae (family) Q . Psilotales (order) D . . . . . Fabroniaceae R . . Psilotaceae (family) E . . . . . Leskeaceae FPP Articulatea (class), Sphenopsida F . . . . . Thuidiaceae JU . Fossil forms G . . . . . Amblystegiaceae M . Hyeniales (order) H . . . . . Brachytheciaceae N . . Hyeniaceae (family) J . . . . . Entodontaceae P . Pseudoborniales (order) K . . . . . Plagiotheciaceae Q . . Pseudoborniaceae (family) L . . . . . Sematophyllaceae S . Sphenophyllales M . . . . . Hypnaceae T . . Sphenophyllaceae N . . . . . Rhytidiaceae V . . Cheirostirbaceae P . . . . . Hylocomiaceae FPQ A . Calamitales FOW A . . . Buxaumiidae (subclass) C . . Calamitaceae C . . . . Buxbaumiales (order) E . Equisetales, horsetails D . . . . . Diphysciaceae (family) G . . Equisetaceae E . . . . . Buxbaumiaceae FPR Filices (class), Pteropsida, ferns and seedplants H . . . Polytrichidae (subclass) JU . Fossil forms J . . . . Polytrichales (order) M . Primofilices (subclass) K . . . . . Polytrichaceae (family) O . Eusporangiatae M . . . . Dawsoniales P . . Ophioglossales (order), adder’s tongue ferns, grape P . . . . . Dawsoniaceae (family) ferns Q . . . Ophioglossaceae (family) FOY Tracheophyta, vascular plants S . . Marattiales * Modern division based on physiological and phylogenetic T . . . Marattiaceae significance of the vascular system. Not in Engler. FPS A . Osmundidae (subclass) * Includes Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta (seed plants). M . . Osmundales (order) FP . PTERIDOPHYTA (phylum, division), vascular O . . . Osmundaceae, flowering ferns cryptogams FPT . Leptosporangiatae FPJ U . . Fossil forms M . . Filicales (order) FPM . . Psilophytopsida (class), Psilophyta, Psilophytinae P . . . Schizacaceae (family), curly grasses JU . . . Fossil forms Q . . . Gleicheniaceae L . . . Psilophytales (order) R . . . Matoniaceae N . . . . Rhyniaceae (family) S . . . Dipteridaceae P . . . . Asteroxylaceae T . . . Hymenophyllaceae, filmy ferns Q . . . . Pseudosporochnaceae V . . . Hymenophyllopsidaceae FPN . . Lycopsida (class), Lycopodiinae, club mosses FPU A . . . Loxsomaceae JU . . . Fossil forms C . . . Dicksoniaceae M . . . Protolepidodendrales (order) E . . . Cyatheaceae, tree ferns N . . . Lycopodiales G . . . Polypodiaceae P . . . . Lycopodiaceae (family) H . . . . Asplenirideae R . . . Selaginellales K . . . Parkeriaceae S . . . . Selaginellaceae M . . Marsileales (order) FPO A . . . Lepidodendrales, Lepidophytales N . . . Marsileaceae (family), water clovers C . . . . Lepidodendraceae (family) S . . Salviniales D . . . . Bothrodendraceae T . . . Salviniaceae E . . . . Sigillariaceae F . . . . Pleuromeiaceae H . . . Isoctales I . . . . Isoetaceae (family), quillworts L . . . Lepidospermiales

45 FQ FSML Spermatophyta

Biological structures EDA Tracheophyta FOY PLANTS F Spermatophyta FQ Embryophyta FNO GYMNOSPERMAE FR Tracheophyta FOY . Coniferopsida FRN PTERIDOPHYTA FP . . . Taxodiaceae FRO T . . . . Salviniaceae FPU T . . . . Sequoieae FRO V

FQ Spermatophyta, phanerogamia, seed plants, FRO W . . . . Toxodieae, bald cypresses spiphonogamatic embryophyta FRP C . . . Cupressaceae, cypresses * From earlier classifications. Not in Engler. E . . . . Cupressoideae (sub-family) * Reproductive organs clearly evident (cf. Cryptogamia G . . . . Thujoideae FKB). J . . . . Juniperoideae, junipers, red cedars . Non-taxonomic categories M . . . Podocarpaceae FQL . . Herbaceous plants (general) O . . . . Pherosphaeroideae (sub-family) * Without woody stems. P . . . . Phyllocladoideae . . . (Flowering plants) * see FS Q . . . . Podocarpoideae FQN . . . Quasi-shrubs & vines S . . . Cephalotaxaceae * Including carpet & mat plants, succulents, bush plants, climbers. U . . . Araucariaceae FQP . . Woody plants FRQ . Taxopsida (class), Taximae FQQ . . . Evergreen plants M . . Taxales (order) FQR . . . Deciduous plants P . . . Taxaceae (family), yews FQT . . . Trees FRR . Chlamydospermae (class), Chlamydospermophyta, * For forestry * see GV Gnetophyta FQU . . . Shrubs (general), frutices JU . . Fossil forms FQV . . . Vines (general) N . . Gnetales (order) FR . GYMNOSPERMAE (phylum,division), P . . . Welwitschiaceae (family) Archiospermae Q . . . Ephedraceae FRL . . Cycadopsida (class), Cycadophyta R . . . Gnetaceae M . . . Pteridospermae (order), Cycadofilices, Samenfarne FS ANGIOSPERMAE (phylum, division), Archiospermae, MJU . . . . Fossil forms flowering plants ML . . . . Lyginopteridaceae (family) MN . . . . Medullosaceae FSG . Non-taxonomic categories N . . . Caytoniales N . . Herbaceous flowering plants, wild flowers P . . . Cycadales, Palmfarne Q . . . . Cycadaceae (family) R . . . . . Zamirideae, sage palms FSL . . DICOTYLEDONEAE (class) S . . . Nilssoniales T . . . Bennettitales, Cycadeoideales M . . . ARCHICHLAMYDEAE (subclass), Apetalae and V . . . . Bennettitaceae (family) Chloripetalae W . . . Pentoxylales O . . . . Casuarinales (order), Verticillatea FRM . . . Ginkgoales P . . . . . Casuarinaceae (family), beefwood JU . . . . Fossil forms Q . . . . Juglandales and Myricales M . . . . Ginkgoaceae (family), maidenhair trees R . . . . . Juglandaceae, walnuts FRN . . Coniferopsida (class), Coniferophyta S . . . . Balanopales, Balanopsidales JU . . . Fossil forms T . . . . Leitneriales M . . . Cordaitales (order) V . . . . . Leitneriaceae, cork wood P . . . . Pityaceae (family) FSM A . . . . Salicales R . . . . Cordaitaceae C . . . . . Salicaceae, willows FRO . . . Coniferae (order) F . . . . Fagales and Betulales M . . . . Protopinaceae H . . . . . Betulaceae, birches N . . . . Pinaceae, pines J . . . . . Fagaceae, beeches P . . . . . Abietoideae (subfamily), firs L . . . . Quercoideae (sub-family) Q . . . . . Laricoideae, larches R . . . . . Pinoideae T . . . . Taxodiaceae, swamp cypresses V . . . . . Sequoieae, redwoods

46 FSN ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSWR

Tracheophyta FOY DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL Spermatophyta FQ ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M ANGIOSPERMAE FS Centrospermae FSQ A DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL . Portulacineae FSQ P ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M . . Portulaiaceae FSQ Q Quercoideae FSM L . . . Montioideae FSQ R

FSN Urticales, Urticiflorae FSQ T . . Basellaceae L . Rhoipteleaceae FSR A . Caryophyllineae M . Ulmaceae, elms C . . Cartophyllaceae, carnations N . Eucommiaceae E . . . Paronychioideae (sub-family) P . Moraceae, mulberries F . . . Alsinoideae Q . . Moroideae (sub-family) G . . . . Sclerautheae R . . . Artocarpeae H . . . Silenoideae S . . Conocephaloideae J . Chenopodiineae (sub-order) T . . Cannaboideae L . . Chenopoidioceae (family) V . Urticaceae, nettles M . . Amaranthaceae FSO A Proteales P Cactales (order), Opuntiales C . Proteaceae Q . Cactaceae (family), Opuntiaceae, cacti D . . Proteoideae (sub-family) R . . Opuntioideae E . . Grevilleoideae S . . Cactoideae (sub-family), Cereoideae G Santalales FSS Magnoliales (order) I . Santalineae (sub-order) M . Magnoliaceae (family) K . . Olacaceae (family) N . Himantandraceae L . . . Schoepfioideae (sub-family) P . Annonaceae M . . . . Octoknemeae Q . Eupomatiaceae N . . . . Schoepfieae R . Myristicaceae, nutmeg O . . . Olacoideae S . Monimiaceae (family) Q . . Opiliaceae T . . Monimioideae (sub-family) R . . Grubbiaceae V . Calycanthaceae S . . Santalaceae, sandalwood FST A . Lauraceae, laurel T . . Misodendraceae C . . Lauroideae (sub-family) FSP A . Loranthineae (sub-order) E . Hernandiaceae C . . Loranthaceae (family), mistletoe F . Trochodendraceae D . . . Loranthoideae G . Euptelaceae E . . . Viscoideae H . Cercidiphyllaceae G Balanophorales (order) FSU Ranunculales (order), Ranales H . Balanophoraceae (family) M . Ranunculineae (sub-order) J Medusandrales P . . Ranunculaceae (family), crowfoot, buttercup L Polygonales Q . . Berberidaceae, barberry N . Polygonaceae R . . . Podophylloideae (sub-family) P . . Eriogonoideae (sub-family) S . . Lardizabalaceae Q . . Polygonoideae T . . Menispermaceae (family), moonseed R . . Cocoloboideae FSV . Nymphaeineae (sub-order), Nymphaeales FSQ A Centrospermae, chenopoidiales, caryophyllales M . . Nymphaeaceae (family), water-lillies C . Phytolaccineae (sub-order) P . . . Cabomboidea E . . Phytolaccaceae (family) Q . . . Nymphaeoidea F . . . Phytolaccoideae (sub-family) R . . . Nelumbonoideae G . . Gyrostermonaceae T . . Ceratophyllaceae, hornworts H . . Achatocarpaceae FSW Piperales (order), Sauruales J . . Nyctaginaceae M . Piperaceae (family), peppers K . . Molluginaceae (family) P Aristolochiales L . . Aizoaceae, Ficoidaceae Q . Aristolochiaceae M . . . Ruschioideae (sub-family) R . Rafflesiaceae, Cytinaceae N . . . Tetragonioideae P . Portulacineae (sub-order) Q . . Portulaiaceae (family) R . . . Montioideae

47 FSX FTHD ARCHICHLAMYDEAE

Spermatophyta FQ Spermatophyta FQ ANGIOSPERMAE FS ANGIOSPERMAE FS DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M Aristolochiales FSW P Papaverales FTB . Rafflesiaceae FSW R . . Moringaceae FTD G

FSX Guttiferales, Theales, Guttales, Clusiales, Parietales FTD J Batales, Batidales M . Dillencineae (sub-order), Dilleniales L . Bataceae, Batidaceae N . . Dilleniaceae (family) FTE Rosales P . . Orossosomataceae M . Hamamelidineae (sub-order) Q . . Eucryphiaceae O . . Platanaceae (family), plane trees R . . Modusagynaceae P . . Hamamelidaceae, witch hazel S . . Actinidiaceae Q . . . Hamamelidoideae (sub-family) FSY A . Ochnineae (sub-order), Ochnales R . . . Rhodoleioideae C . . Ochnaceae (family) S . . . Symingtonioideae, Bucklandioideae D . . Dipterocarpaceae T . . . Liquidambaroideae, Altingiaceae G . Theineae (sub-order), Theales V . . Myrothamnaceae H . . Theaceae (family), tea FTF A . Saxifragineae (sub-order) J . . . Ternstroemioideae (sub-family) C . . Crassulaceae (family), stone-crops L . . Marcgraviaceae D . . Cephalotaceae M . . Guttiferae, Clusiaceae, Balsam fig F . . Saxifragaceae N . . . Kielmeyeroideae (sub-family) G . . . Penthoroideae (sub-family) P . . . Calophylloideae H . . . Saxifragoideae Q . . . Clusioideae J . . . . Astilbeae R . . . Moronoboideae K . . . Ribesioideae S . . . Hypericoideae L . . . Parnassioideae T . Ancistrocladineae (sub-order) M . . . Baueroideae FTA Sarraceniales (order), Nepenthales, Droserales N . . . Pterostemonoideae M . Sarraceniaceae (family) P . . . Hydrangloideae P . Nepenthaceae Q . . . Iteoideae R . Droseraceae R . . . Iteoideae FTB Papaverales, Rhoeadales, Cruciferales, Brassicales S . . . Escallonioideae M . Papaverineae (sub-order), Rhoeadineae FTG A . . Brunelliaceae (family) N . . Papaveraceae (family), poppies C . . Cunoniaceae P . . . Hypecooideae (sub-family) D . . . Cunonieae Q . . . Papaveroideae F . . Pittosporaceae R . . . Fumarioideae G . . Byblidaceae FTC A . Capparineae, Capparidales H . . Roridulaceae C . . Capparaceae (family), Capparidaceae J . . Bruniaceae D . . . Capparoideae (sub-family) L . Rosineae (sub-order) E . . . . Koeberlinieae M . . Rosaceae (family), roses F . . . Emblingioideae N . . . Spiraeoideae (sub-family) G . . . Cleomoideae P . . . Rosoideae (sub-family) H . . . Dipterygioideae Q . . . Maloideae, Pomaceae, Malaceae J . . Cruciferae (family), Brassicaceae R . . . Prunoideae, Amygdalaceae, Drupaceae K . . . Stanleyeae T . . Neuradaceae L . . . Sisymbricae V . . Chrysobalanaceae (family) M . . . Hesperideae FTH A . Leguminosineae (sub-order) N . . . Arabideae C . . Connaraceae (family) P . . . Alysseae D . . . COnnaroideae (sub-family) Q . . . Lepideae R . . . Brassiceae T . . Tovariaceae FTD A . Resedineae (sub-order) C . . Resedaceae (family) E . Moringineae G . . Moringaceae, Ben nut

48 FTHF ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FTQO

ANGIOSPERMAE FS ANGIOSPERMAE FS DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M Rosales FTE Geraniales FTJ J . . Connaraceae FTH C . . Euphorbiaceae FTL M . . . COnnaroideae FTH D . . . Phyllanthoideae FTL P

FTH F . . Leguminosae, Fabaceae FTL Q . . . Euphorbioideae G . . . Mimosoideae (sub-family) R . . . . Crotoneae H . . . . Acacieae T . . Daphniphyllaceae (family) J . . . . Mimoseae, mimosa FTM Rutales (order), Terebinthales L . . . Caesalpinioideae L . Rutineae (sub-order) M . . . . Caesalpinieae, senna N . . Rutaceae (family), rue N . . . . Bauhineae P . . . Rutoideae (sub-family) P . . . . Cassieae Q . . . . Zanthoxyleae FTI A . . . Faboideae R . . . . Ruteae C . . . . Sophoreae S . . . Dictyolomatoideae D . . . . Podalyrieae T . . . Flindersioideae E . . . . Dalbergieae V . . . Spathelioideae G . . . . Genisteae W . . . Toddalioideae H . . . . Astragaleae, Galegeae X . . . Citroideae J . . . . Loteae Y . . . Rhabdodendroideae L . . . . Coronilleae, Hedysareae FTN C . . Cneoraceae M . . . . Ononideae E . . Simaroubaceae N . . . . Trifoliae F . . . Surianoideae (sub-family) P . . . . Fabeae, Vicieae G . . . Simarouboideae Q . . . . Phaseoleae H . . . Picramnioideae R . . Krameriaceae (family) J . . . Alvaradoideae FTJ A Hydrostachyales (order) L . . Burseraceae (family), balsam-trees C . Hydrostachyaceae (family) N . . Meliaceae E Podostemales, Podostemonales P . . . Cedreloideae (sub-family) G . Podostemaceae, Podostemonaceae Q . . . Swietenioideae H . . Tristichoideae (sub-family) R . . . Melioideae J Geraniales, Gruinales T . . Akaniaceae L . Limnanthineae (sub-order) FTO . Malpighiineae (sub-order), Malpighiales M . . Limanthaceae M . . Malpighiaceae (family) O . Geraniineae N . . Trigoniaceae Q . . Oxalidaceae (family), wood sorrel P . . Vochysiaceae R . . Geraniaceae, stork’s bill R . Polygalineae (sub-order), Polygalales T . . Tropaeolaceae, nasturtiums T . . Tremandraceae (family) FTK A . . Zygophyllaceae V . . Polygalaceae, milk wort C . . . Peganoideae (sub-family) X . . . Xanthophylleae D . . . Chitonioideae FTP Sapindales (order), Acerales, Terebinthales E . . . Tetradiclidoideae M . Coriariineae (sub-order), Coriariales F . . . Augeoideae P . Anacardiineae G . . . Zygophylloideae Q . . Anacardiaceae, sumac H . . . Nitrarioideae S . Sapindineae J . . . Balanitoideae T . . Aceraceae, maple L . . Linaceae, flax V . . Bretschneideraceae M . . . Linoideae (sub-family) FTQ A . . Sapindaceae, soap-berry trees N . . . Ctenolophonoideae C . . . Dodonaeoideae (sub-family) P . . . Ixonanthoideae D . . . Sapindoideae, Eusapindaceae Q . . . Humirioideae F . . Hippocastanaceae, Aesculaceae, Horse chestnut S . . Erythroxylaceae, coca H . . Sabiaceae FTL . Euphorbiineae, Euphorbiales, Tricoccae J . . Melianthaceae M . . Euphorbiaceae (family) K . . Aextoxicaceae P . . . Phyllanthoideae (sub-family) M . Balsaminineae, Balsaminales O . . Balsaminaceae

49 FTQR FUBL ARCHICHLAMYDEAE

Spermatophyta FQ Spermatophyta FQ ANGIOSPERMAE FS ANGIOSPERMAE FS DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M Sapindales FTP Thymelaeales FTU A . . Balsaminaceae FTQ O . Elaegnaceae FTU R

FTQ R Julianiales (order) FTV Violales (order), Parietales, Bixales FTR Celastrales L . Flacourtiineae (sub-order), Flacourtiales M . Celastrineae (sub-order) N . . Flacourtiaceae (family), Samydaceae O . . Cyrillaceae (family) P . . . Lacistemeae P . . Pentaphylacaceae R . . Violaceae, violets Q . . Aquifoliaceae, holly S . . Stachyuraceae R . . Corynocarpaceae T . . Turneraceae S . . Celastraceae, spindle-tree W . . Malesherbiaceae T . . Staphyleaceae X . . Passifloraceae, passion-flower V . . Hippocrateaceae FTW C . . Achariaceae FTS A . . Stackhousiaceae E . Cistineae C . . . Stackhousioideae (sub-family) G . Tamaricineae (sub-order), Tamaricales E . . Salvadoraceae I . . Tamaricaceae (family), tamarisk G . Buxineae (sub-order) J . Caricineae, Papayineae H . . Buxaceae (family), box K . Loasineae, Loasales K . Icacinineae L . . Loasaceae L . . Icacinaceae N . Begoniineae, Begoniales, Datiscales P Rhamnales (order) O . . Datiscaceae R . Rhamnaceae (family), buckthorn P . . Begoniaceae S . Vitaceae, vines R Cucurbitales (order), Peponiferae T . Leeaceae T . Cucurbitaceae FTT A Malvales (order) V . . Melothriceae C . Elaeocarpineae W . . Cucurbiteae E . . Elaeocarpaceae X . . Sicyoideae G . Chlaenineae FTX Myrtiflorae (order), Myrtales I . Malvineae M . Myrtineae (sub-order) J . . Tiliaceae (family), lime N . . Lythraceae (family) K . . . Brownlowioideae P . . Crypteroniaceae L . . . Tilioideae Q . . Myrtaceae, myrtle M . . Malvaceae, mallow R . . . Leptospermoideae (sub-family) N . . . Malveae S . . . Myrtoideae O . . . Hibisceae T . . Sonneratiaceae Q . . Bombacaceae, cotton-trees FTY A . . Punicaceae, pomegranate S . . Sterculiaceae C . . Lecythidaceae, monkey-pot T . . . Byttnerieae D . . . Planchonioideae V . Scytopetalineae (sub-order) E . . . Lecythidoideae W . . Scytopetalaceae (family) F . . . Napoleonoideae FTU A Thymelaeales (order) H . . Melastomataceae C . Geissolomataceae (family) J . . . Melastomatoideae (sub-family) E . Penaeaceae K . . . Astronioideae G . Dichapetalaceae, Chailletiaceae L . . . Memecyloideae J . Thymelaeaceae N . . Rhizophoraceae, mangroves L . . Gonystyloideae (sub-family) P . . Combretaceae, Terminaliaceae M . . Aquilarioideae Q . . Onagraceae, Oenotheraceae N . . Gilgiodaphnoideae R . . Oliniaceae P . . Thymelaeoideae S . . Haloragaceae R . Elaegnaceae (family), oleaster T . . . Haloragoideae V . . . Gunneroideae W . . Theliogonaceae, Cynocrambaceae FUB . Hippuridineae (sub-order), Hippuridales L . . Hippuridaceae, Mare’s tail

50 FUBN SYMPETALAE FUMH

ANGIOSPERMAE FS Spermatophyta FQ DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL ANGIOSPERMAE FS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE FSL M DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL . Myrtiflorae FTX SYMPETALAE FUF . . Hippuridineae FUB Ericales FUF P . . . Hippuridaceae FUB L . Epacridaceae FUG L

FUB N . . Cynomoriineae, Cynomoriales FUH Primulales (order) P . . . Cynomoriaceae M . Theophrastaceae (family) FUD . Umbelliflorae (order), Umbelliferales, Umbellales, N . Myrsinaceae Apiales, Ammiales P . . Myrsinoideae (sub-family) L . . Alangiaceae (family) Q . . Maesoideae N . . Nyssaceae, tupelo R . Primulaceae, primroses P . . Cornaceae, dogwood S . . Lysimachieae Q . . . Curtisioideae (sub-family) T . . Cyclamineae R . . . Mastixioideae V . . Primuleae, Androsaceae S . . . Cornoideae W . . Samoleae T . . Garryaceae FUI A Plumbaginales (order) V . . Araliaceae, ginseng C . Plumbaginaceae, lead-wort W . . . Aralieae, ivy D . . Plumbagineae FUE A . . Umbelliferae, Apiaceae, Ammiaceae E . . Staticeae C . . . Hydrocotyloideae G Ebenales (order), Diospyrales D . . . . Hydrocotyleae H . Sapotineae (sub-order) E . . . . Mulineae J . . Sapotaceae (family) G . . . Saniculoideae K . . . Sideroxyloideae (sub-family) H . . . . Saniculeae L . . . . Bumelieae J . . . . Lagoecieae M . . . Achradoideae L . . . Apioideae N . . . . Mimusopeae N . . . . Echinophoreae P . Ebenineae, Diospryineae P . . . . Scandiceae Q . . Ebenaceae, ebony Q . . . . Coriandreae R . . Styracaceae R . . . . Smirnieae S . . Lissocarpaceae S . . . . Peucedameae T . . Symplocaceae T . . . . Laserpitieae V . . Hoplestigmataceae V . . . . Dauceae FUJ Oleales (order), Ligustrales M . Oleaceae (family), olives FUF SYMPETALAE (sub-class), Metachlamydeae N . . Jasminoideae (sub-family) M . Diapensiales (order) P . . . Jasmineae N . . Diapensiaceae (family) Q . . . Forsythieae P . Ericales, heaths S . . Oleoideae Q . . Clethraceae T . . . Fraxineae R . . Pyrolaceae, wintergreen V . . . Oleae S . . . Pyroloideae (sub-family) FUL Gentianales (order), Contortae, Loganiales, Apocynales T . . . Monotropoideae L . Loganiaceae (family) FUG A . . Ericaceae, heather M . . Gelsemieae C . . . Rhododendroideae N . . Loganieae D . . . Arbutoideae P . . Spigelieae E . . . . Andromedeae Q . . Strychneae F . . . Vaccinioideae S . Desfontainiaceae G . . . . Gaylussacieae T . Gentianaceae, gentian H . . . Ericoideae V . Menyanthaceae K . . Empetraceae FUM A . Apocynaceae L . . Epacridaceae C . . Plumerioideae (sub-family) D . . Cerberoideae E . . Apocynoideae, Echitoideae G . Asclepiadaceae (family), silk-weed H . . Periplocoideae (sub-family)

51 FUMJ FUTV SYMPETALAE

ANGIOSPERMAE FS DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL SYMPETALAE FUF SYMPETALAE FUF Tubiflorae FUN Gentianales FUL . Solanineae FUP N . Asclepiadaceae FUM G . . Solanaceae FUP Q . . Periplocoideae FUM H . . . Salpiglossideae FUP V

FUM J . Rubiaceae FUQ A . . Scrophulariaceae L . . Cinchonoideae (sub-family) C . . . Scrophularioideae (sub-family), Antirrhinoideae, M . . Rubioideae, Coffeoideae Pseudosolanoideae FUN Tubiflorae (order), Solanales D . . . . Gratioleae L . Convolvulineae (sub-order), Convovulales, E . . . . Verbasceae Polemoniales F . . . . Collinsieae M . . Polemoniaceae (family), Jacob’s ladder G . . . . Antirrhineae N . . . Cobaeeae J . . . Rhinanthoideae P . . Fouquieriaceae K . . . . Digitaleae Q . . Convolvulaceae, bindweed L . . . . Buchereae, Gerardieae R . . . Convolvuloideae (sub-family) M . . . . Veroniceae S . . . . Convolvuleae P . . Globulariaceae (family), globe daisy T . . . Cuscutoideae Q . . Bignoniaceae, calabast FUO A . Boraginineae Boraginales, Lamiales, Lennoineae R . . Acanthaceae C . . Hydrophyllaceae (family) S . . . Nelsonioideae (sub-family) D . . Boraginaceae T . . . Thunbergioideae E . . . Cordioideae (sub-family) V . . . Mendoncioideae F . . . Ehretioideae W . . . Acanthoideae G . . . Heliotropoideae FUR A . . Pedaliaceae (family), sesame H . . . Boraginoideae C . . Martyniaceae J . . . Wellstedioideae D . . Gesneriaceae L . . Lennoaceae E . . . Cyrtandroideae N . Verbenineae (sub-order), Verbenales, Lamiales F . . . Gesnerioideae P . . Verbenaceae (family) G . . Columelliaceae Q . . . Viticoideae (sub-family) H . . Orobanchaceae, broom-rape R . . . . Viticeae J . . Lentibulariaceae, butter wort S . . . Verbenoideae (sub-family) L . Myoporineae (sub-order), Myoporales T . . . . Verbeneae M . . Myoporaceae (family) V . . . Avicennioideae O . Phyrmineae X . . Callitrichaceae P . . Phrymaceae FUP A . . Labiatae R Plantaginales (order) B . . . Prostantheroideae (sub-family) S . Plantaginaceae (family), plantains C . . . Ajugoideae FUS Dipsacales, Rubiales D . . . Ocimoideae M . Caprifoliaceae, honeysuckle E . . . Catopherioideae P . Adoxaceae, moschatel F . . . Lavanduloideae R . Valerianaceae G . . . Prasioideae T . Dipsaeaceae, teasels H . . . Stachyoideae FUT Campanulales (order), Campanulatae, Asterales, J . . . . Saturejeae Synandrae K . . . . Monardeae L . Campanulaceae (family) L . . . Scutellarioideae M . . Campanuloideae (sub-family) N . Solanineae (sub-order), Personatae, Scrophulariales, N . . Cyphioideae Gesneriales O . . Lobelioideae P . . Nolanaceae (family) P . Goodeniaceae Q . . Solanaceae, deadly nightshade Q . Brunoniaceae R . . . Solaneae R . Stylidiaceae, Candolleaceae S . . . Datureae S . . Donatioideae (sub-family) T . . . Cestreae T . . Stylidiodeae V . . . Salpiglossideae V . Calyceraceae

52 FUV MONOCOTYLEDONEAE FVQS

Embryophyta FNO Tracheophyta FOY Tracheophyta FOY Spermatophyta FQ Spermatophyta FQ ANGIOSPERMAE FS ANGIOSPERMAE FS MONOCOTYLEDONEAE FV DICOTYLEDONEAE FSL Triuridales FVM R . . . Calyceraceae FUT V . Triuridaceae FVM T

FUV . . . Compositae, Asteraceae FVN Liliiflorae, Liliales M . . . . Asteroideae, Carduoideae, Tubuliflorae L . Liliineae (sub-order) N . . . . . Veronieae M . . Liliaceae (family) P . . . . . Eupatorieae N . . . Melanthioideae Q . . . . . Astereae P . . . Herrerioideae R . . . . . Inuleae Q . . . Asphodeloideae S . . . . . Heliantheae R . . . Wurmbaeoideae T . . . . . Helenieae S . . . Lilioideae V . . . . . Anthemideae T . . . Scilloideae FUW A . . . . . Senecionieae V . . . Allioideae C . . . . . Calenduleae FVO A . . . Asparagoideae D . . . . . Arctoteae B . . . . Asparageae E . . . . . Cardueae, Cynareae C . . . Ophiopogonoideae (sub-family) F . . . . . Mutisieae E . . . Aletroideae J . . . . Cichorioideae, Liguliflorae F . . . Luzuriagoideae H . . Xanthorrhoeaceae (family) FV MONOCOTYLEDONEAE (class) J . . Stemonaceae FVL . Helobiae (order), Alismatales K . . Agavaceae M . . Alismatineae (sub-order) L . . Haemodoraceae N . . . Alismataceae (family) M . . Cyanastraceae O . . . Butomaceae N . . Amaryllideae, narcissi Q . . Hydrocharitineae O . . . Amaryllidoideae (sub-family) R . . . Hydrocharitaceae Q . . Hypoxidaceae S . . . . Hydrocharitoideae R . . Velloziaceae T . . . . . Stratioteae T . . Taccaceae V . . . . . Hydrochariteae, frog-bit V . . Dioscoreaceae (Tamaceae) W . . . . Vallisnerioideae FVP A . Pontederiineae (sub-order), Pontederiales X . . . . Thalassioideae B . . Pontederiaceae Y . . . . Halophiloideae D . Iridineae, Iridales FVM C . . Scheuchzeriineae (sub-order) E . . Iridaceae (family), irises D . . . Scheuchzeriaceae G . Burmanniineae, Burmanniales F . . Potamogetonineae H . . Burmanniaceae H . . . Aponogetonaceae J . Philydrineae, Philydrales J . . . Juncaginaceae N Juncales (order) K . . . Potamogetonaceae O . Juncaceae (family), rushes L . . . . Zostereae Q Bromeliales (order) M . . . Zannichelliaceae R . Bromeliaceae (family), pineapple N . . . . Cymodoceaceae FVQ A Commelinales, Farinosae, Enantoblastae P . . . Najadaceae C . Commelinineae (sub-order) R . Triuridales (order) D . . Commelinaceae T . . Triuridaceae E . . Mayacaceae F . . Xyridaceae G . . Rapateaceae (family) J . Eriocaulineae K . . Eriocaulaceae (family) L . . . Paepalanthoideae (sub-family) N . Restionineae, Restionales O . . Restionaceae P . . Centrolepidaceae R . Flagellariineae S . . Flagellariaceae

53 FVRA FVVR MONOCOTYLEDONEAE

Tracheophyta FOY Tracheophyta FOY Spermatophyta FQ Spermatophyta FQ ANGIOSPERMAE FS ANGIOSPERMAE FS MONOCOTYLEDONEAE FV MONOCOTYLEDONEAE FV Commelinales FVQ A Cyperales FVU A . . Flagellariaceae FVQ S . Cyperaceae FVU C

FVR A Graminales (order), Poales, Glumiflorae FVU E Scitamineae (order), Zingiberales, Musales C . Gramineae (family), Poaceae, grasses G . Musaceae (family), bananas D . . Pooideae, sub-family, Festucoideae GN . . Strelitzioideae (sub-family) E . . . Poeae, Festuceae H . . Musoideae F . . . Triticeae, Hordeeae K . Zingiberaceae, Curcumaceae, Alpiniaceae, ginger G . . . Aveneae L . . Zingiberoideae H . . . Phalarideae M . . Costoideae J . . Eragrostoideae P . Cannaceae K . . . Chlorideae Q . Marantaceae, arrowroot L . . . Lappagineae, Zoysieae S . Lowiaceae N . . Oryzoideae FVV Microspermae (order), Orchidales, Gynandrae O . . . Oryzeae L . Orchidaceae (family), orchids P . . Panicoideae N . . Cypripedioideae Q . . . Melinideae, Tristegineae P . . Apostasieae R . . Andropogonoideae Q . . Cypripedieae S . . . Andropogoneae R . . Orchidoideae (sub-family), Monandrae T . . . Maydeae V . . Bambusoideae W . . . Bambuseae FVS Principes, Palmales, Arcecales L . Palmae (family), Arecaceae N . . Nypoideae O . . Borassoideae P . . Lepidocanjoideae Q . . Coryphoideae R . . Phoenicoideae S . . Arecoideae T . . Phytelephantoideae V Synanthae (order), Cyclanthales W . Cyclanthaceae (family) FVT A Spathiflorae (order), Arales C . Araceae (family) D . . Pothoideae (sub-family) E . . Monsteroideae F . . Calloideae G . . Lasioideae H . . Philodendroideae J . . Colocasioideae K . . Aroideae L . . Pistioideae N . Lemnaceae (family) P . . Lemnoideae (sub-family) Q . . Wolffioideae S Pandanales (order) T . Pandanaceae (family) V . Sparganiaceae W . Typhaceae FVU A Cyperales (order) C . Cyperaceae (family)

54