Pax2/5 and Pax6 Subdivide the Early Neural Tube Into Three Domains
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MR Imaging of Ventral Thalamic Nuclei
ORIGINAL RESEARCH MR Imaging of Ventral Thalamic Nuclei K. Yamada BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Vim and VPL are important target regions of the thalamus for DBS. K. Akazawa Our aim was to clarify the anatomic locations of the ventral thalamic nuclei, including the Vim and VPL, on MR imaging. S. Yuen M. Goto MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy adult volunteers underwent MR imaging by using a 1.5T S. Matsushima whole-body scanner. The subjects included 5 men and 5 women, ranging in age from 23 to 38 years, with a mean age of 28 years. The subjects were imaged with STIR sequences (TR/TE/TI ϭ 3200 ms/15 A. Takahata ms/120 ms) and DTI with a single-shot echo-planar imaging technique (TR/TE ϭ 6000 ms/88 ms, M. Nakagawa b-value ϭ 2000 s/mm2). Tractography of the CTC and spinothalamic pathway was used to identify the K. Mineura thalamic nuclei. Tractography of the PT was used as a reference, and the results were superimposed T. Nishimura on the STIR image, FA map, and color-coded vector map. RESULTS: The Vim, VPL, and PT were all in close contact at the level through the ventral thalamus. The Vim was bounded laterally by the PT and medially by the IML. The VPL was bounded anteriorly by the Vim, laterally by the internal capsule, and medially by the IML. The posterior boundary of the VPL was defined by a band of low FA that divided the VPL from the pulvinar. CONCLUSIONS: The ventral thalamic nuclei can be identified on MR imaging by using reference structures such as the PT and the IML. -
Characterization of Age-Related Microstructural Changes in Locus Coeruleus and Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta
UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Characterization of age-related microstructural changes in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra pars compacta. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08304755 Journal Neurobiology of aging, 87 ISSN 0197-4580 Authors Langley, Jason Hussain, Sana Flores, Justino J et al. Publication Date 2020-03-01 DOI 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.016 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Neurobiology of Aging xxx (2019) 1e9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Aging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging Characterization of age-related microstructural changes in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra pars compacta Jason Langley a, Sana Hussain b, Justino J. Flores c, Ilana J. Bennett c, Xiaoping Hu a,b,* a Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA b Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA c Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Locus coeruleus (LC) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) degrade with normal aging, but not Received 26 May 2019 much is known regarding how these changes manifest in MRI images, or whether these markers predict Received in revised form 19 November 2019 aspects of cognition. Here, we use high-resolution diffusion-weighted MRI to investigate microstructural Accepted 22 November 2019 and compositional changes in LC and SNpc in young and older adult cohorts, as well as their relationship with cognition. In LC, the older cohort exhibited a significant reduction in mean and radial diffusivity, but a significant increase in fractional anisotropy compared with the young cohort. -
The Connexions of the Amygdala
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.28.2.137 on 1 April 1965. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1965, 28, 137 The connexions of the amygdala W. M. COWAN, G. RAISMAN, AND T. P. S. POWELL From the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford The amygdaloid nuclei have been the subject of con- to what is known of the efferent connexions of the siderable interest in recent years and have been amygdala. studied with a variety of experimental techniques (cf. Gloor, 1960). From the anatomical point of view MATERIAL AND METHODS attention has been paid mainly to the efferent connexions of these nuclei (Adey and Meyer, 1952; The brains of 26 rats in which a variety of stereotactic or Lammers and Lohman, 1957; Hall, 1960; Nauta, surgical lesions had been placed in the diencephalon and and it is now that there basal forebrain areas were used in this study. Following 1961), generally accepted survival periods of five to seven days the animals were are two main efferent pathways from the amygdala, perfused with 10 % formol-saline and after further the well-known stria terminalis and a more diffuse fixation the brains were either embedded in paraffin wax ventral pathway, a component of the longitudinal or sectioned on a freezing microtome. All the brains were association bundle of the amygdala. It has not cut in the coronal plane, and from each a regularly spaced generally been recognized, however, that in studying series was stained, the paraffin sections according to the Protected by copyright. the efferent connexions of the amygdala it is essential original Nauta and Gygax (1951) technique and the frozen first to exclude a contribution to these pathways sections with the conventional Nauta (1957) method. -
Brain Fibers and Basal Ganglia
Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 Prof Yousry 10/15/17 Types of brain fibers THE WHITE MATTER OF THE BRAIN The white matter of the brain consists of: 1) Association fibers: Connect different areas in the same hemisphere. 2) Commissural fibers: Connect similar areas in the 2 hemispheres. 3) Projection fibers: Fibers from & to the cereblbral cortex. Association fibers There are short & long association fibers. A) Short association fibers: Connect adjacent gyri, forming U‐shaped arcuate fibers in all parts of the hemisphere. B) Long association fibers: 1) Superior longitudinal bundle: Connects frontal, occipital & temporal regions. 2) Inferior longitudinal bundle: Runs from temporal to occipital poles. 3) Cingulum: Forms incomplete circle around corpus callosum. It begins near rostrum of corpus callosum & ends in the uncus connects it with hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. 4) Uncinate Fasiculus: Runs from frontal to temporal poles. Commissural fibers 1) Anterior commissure ccossesrosses tethe middle line within laaamina terminalis (connect both piriform fossae) Anterior Habenular temporal lobes. acute pain and smell. commissure commissure 2) Posterior commissure lower pineal stalk (pupillary light reflex)(connect superior Pineal colliculi and pretectal nuclei) body 3) Habenular commissure: superior to pineal stalk connects right and left habenular nuclei (connected to Amygdaloid nucleus) Posterior center of integration of olfactory, visceral Mammillary commissure pathways. body 4) Fornix commissure (efferent of hippocampus) connectes crura and body of the fornix across both hippocampi. 5) Corpus Callosum. 5‐ Corpus Callosum: It is the great (10 cm) transverse commissure that connects the cerebral hemispheres & roofs the lateral ventricle (except ant part of Body temporal lobes which are connected by the anterior commissure). -
Sex Differences in the Hypothalamic Oxytocin Pathway to Locus Coeruleus and Augmented Attention with Chemogenetic Activation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin Neurons
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Sex Differences in the Hypothalamic Oxytocin Pathway to Locus Coeruleus and Augmented Attention with Chemogenetic Activation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin Neurons Xin Wang, Joan B. Escobar and David Mendelowitz * Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George University Washington, Washington, DC 20037, USA; [email protected] (X.W.); [email protected] (J.B.E.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The tightly localized noradrenergic neurons (NA) in the locus coeruleus (LC) are well recognized as essential for focused arousal and novelty-oriented responses, while many children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit diminished attention, engagement and orienting to exogenous stimuli. This has led to the hypothesis that atypical LC activity may be involved in ASD. Oxytocin (OXT) neurons and receptors are known to play an important role in social behavior, pair bonding and cognitive processes and are under investigation as a potential treatment for ASD. However, little is known about the neurotransmission from hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) OXT neurons to LC NA neurons. In this study, we test, in male and female rats, whether PVN OXT neurons excite LC neurons, whether oxytocin is released and involved in this neurotransmission, Citation: Wang, X.; Escobar, J.B.; and whether activation of PVN OXT neurons alters novel object recognition. Using “oxytocin sniffer Mendelowitz, D. Sex Differences in cells” (CHO cells that express the human oxytocin receptor and a Ca indicator) we show that there is the Hypothalamic Oxytocin Pathway release of OXT from hypothalamic PVN OXT fibers in the LC. Optogenetic excitation of PVN OXT to Locus Coeruleus and Augmented fibers excites LC NA neurons by co-release of OXT and glutamate, and this neurotransmission is Attention with Chemogenetic Activation of Hypothalamic Oxytocin greater in males than females. -
Apparent Atypical Callosal Dysgenesis: Analysis of MR Findings in Six Cases and Their Relationship to Holoprosencephaly
333 Apparent Atypical Callosal Dysgenesis: Analysis of MR Findings in Six Cases and Their Relationship to Holoprosencephaly A. James Barkovich 1 The MR scans of six pediatric patients with apparent atypical callosal dysgenesis (presence of the dorsal corpus callosum in the absence of a rostral corpus callosum) were critically analyzed and correlated with developmental information in order to assess the anatomic, embryologic, and developmental implications of this unusual anomaly. Four patients had semilobar holoprosencephaly; the dorsal interhemispheric commis sure in these four infants resembled a true callosal splenium. All patients in this group had severe developmental delay. The other two patients had complete callosal agenesis with an enlarged hippocampal commissure mimicking a callosal splenium; both were developmentally and neurologically normal. The embryologic implications of the pres ence of these atypical interhemispheric connections are discussed. Differentiation between semilobar holoprosencephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum with enlarged hippocampal commissure-two types of apparent atypical callosal dysgenesis-can be made by obtaining coronal, short TR/TE MR images through the frontal lobes. Such differentiation has critical prognostic implications. AJNR 11:333-339, March{Apri11990 Abnormalities of the corpus callosum are frequently seen in patients with con genital brain malformations [1-5); a recent publication [5) reports an incidence of 47%. The corpus callosum normally develops in an anterior to posterior direction. The genu forms first, followed by the body, splenium, and rostrum. Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum is manifested by the presence of the earlier-formed segments (genu , body) and absence of the later-formed segments (splenium, rostrum) [4-6]. We have recently encountered six patients with findings suggestive of atypical callosal dysgenesis in whom there was apparent formation of the callosal splenium in the absence of the genu and body. -
Mir-124 Regulates Early Neurogenesis in the Optic Vesicle and Forebrain, Targeting Neurod1
Published online 3 December 2010 Nucleic Acids Research, 2011, Vol. 39, No. 7 2869–2879 doi:10.1093/nar/gkq904 MiR-124 regulates early neurogenesis in the optic vesicle and forebrain, targeting NeuroD1 Kaili Liu1,2,3, Ying Liu1,2,*, Weichuan Mo1,3, Rong Qiu1, Xiumei Wang1,2, Jane Y. Wu1,4 and Rongqiao He1,3,5,* 1The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, 2Key Laboratory of Noncoding RNA, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, 3Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, 4Department of Neurology, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA and 5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Received April 23, 2010; Revised September 5, 2010; Accepted September 23, 2010 ABSTRACT post-transcriptional mechanisms controlling their expres- sion are poorly understood. In recent years, systematic MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the fine control studies in zebrafish and mouse have determined specific of cell proliferation and differentiation during the microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in the developing eye development of the nervous system. MiR-124, a and brain (1,2). MiR-7 and let-7 have been shown to be neural specific miRNA, is expressed from the begin- involved in Drosophila eye development (3,4). In Xenopus, ning of eye development in Xenopus, and has been miR-24a has been reported to play an essential role in shown to repress cell proliferation in the optic cup, repressing apoptosis in the developing neural retina (5). -
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Norepinephrine Nucleus, Locus Coeruleus, Facilitates Behavioral Flexibility
Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 520–530 & 2012 American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. All rights reserved 0893-133X/12 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Norepinephrine Nucleus, Locus Coeruleus, Facilitates Behavioral Flexibility Kevin Snyder1,4, Wei-Wen Wang2,4, Rebecca Han1, Kile McFadden3 and Rita J Valentino*,3 1 2 3 The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the stress-related neuropeptide, acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain norepinephrine nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC), to activate this system during stress. CRF shifts the mode of LC discharge from a phasic to a high tonic state that is thought to promote behavioral flexibility. To investigate this, the effects of CRF administered either intracerebroventricularly (30–300 ng, i.c.v.) or directly into the LC (intra-LC; 2–20 ng) were examined in a rat model of attentional set shifting. CRF differentially affected components of the task depending on dose and route of administration. Intracerebroventricular CRF impaired intradimensional set shifting, reversal learning, and extradimensional set shifting (EDS) at different doses. In contrast, intra-LC CRF did not impair any aspect of the task. The highest dose of CRF (20 ng) facilitated reversal learning and the lowest dose (2 ng) improved EDS. The dose–response relationship for CRF on EDS performance resembled an inverted U-shaped curve with the highest dose having no effect. Intra-LC CRF also elicited c-fos expression in prefrontal cortical neurons with an inverted U-shaped dose–response relationship. -
Neuromelanin Marks the Spot: Identifying a Locus Coeruleus Biomarker of Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Aging
Neurobiology of Aging xxx (2015) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurobiology of Aging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuaging Neuromelanin marks the spot: identifying a locus coeruleus biomarker of cognitive reserve in healthy aging David V. Clewett a,*, Tae-Ho Lee b, Steven Greening b,c,d, Allison Ponzio c, Eshed Margalit e, Mara Mather a,b,c a Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA b Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA c Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA d Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA e Dornsife College of Letters and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA article info abstract Article history: Leading a mentally stimulating life may build up a reserve of neural and mental resources that preserve Received 28 May 2015 cognitive abilities in late life. Recent autopsy evidence links neuronal density in the locus coeruleus (LC), Received in revised form 18 September 2015 the brain’s main source of norepinephrine, to slower cognitive decline before death, inspiring the idea Accepted 23 September 2015 that the noradrenergic system is a key component of reserve (Robertson, I. H. 2013. A noradrenergic theory of cognitive reserve: implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging. 34, 298e308). Here, we tested this hypothesis using neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging to visualize and Keywords: measure LC signal intensity in healthy younger and older adults. Established proxies of reserve, including Locus coeruleus Aging education, occupational attainment, and verbal intelligence, were linearly correlated with LC signal in- fi Norepinephrine tensity in both age groups. -
Brain Structure and Function Related to Headache
Review Cephalalgia 0(0) 1–26 ! International Headache Society 2018 Brain structure and function related Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav to headache: Brainstem structure and DOI: 10.1177/0333102418784698 function in headache journals.sagepub.com/home/cep Marta Vila-Pueyo1 , Jan Hoffmann2 , Marcela Romero-Reyes3 and Simon Akerman3 Abstract Objective: To review and discuss the literature relevant to the role of brainstem structure and function in headache. Background: Primary headache disorders, such as migraine and cluster headache, are considered disorders of the brain. As well as head-related pain, these headache disorders are also associated with other neurological symptoms, such as those related to sensory, homeostatic, autonomic, cognitive and affective processing that can all occur before, during or even after headache has ceased. Many imaging studies demonstrate activation in brainstem areas that appear specifically associated with headache disorders, especially migraine, which may be related to the mechanisms of many of these symptoms. This is further supported by preclinical studies, which demonstrate that modulation of specific brainstem nuclei alters sensory processing relevant to these symptoms, including headache, cranial autonomic responses and homeostatic mechanisms. Review focus: This review will specifically focus on the role of brainstem structures relevant to primary headaches, including medullary, pontine, and midbrain, and describe their functional role and how they relate to mechanisms -
Locus Coeruleus Complex of the Family Delphinidae
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Locus coeruleus complex of the family Delphinidae Simona Sacchini 1, Manuel Arbelo 1, Cristiano Bombardi2, Antonio Fernández1, Bruno Cozzi 3, Yara Bernaldo de Quirós1 & Pedro Herráez1 Received: 19 July 2017 The locus coeruleus (LC) is the largest catecholaminergic nucleus and extensively projects to widespread Accepted: 22 March 2018 areas of the brain and spinal cord. The LC is the largest source of noradrenaline in the brain. To date, the Published: xx xx xxxx only examined Delphinidae species for the LC has been a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). In our experimental series including diferent Delphinidae species, the LC was composed of fve subdivisions: A6d, A6v, A7, A5, and A4. The examined animals had the A4 subdivision, which had not been previously described in the only Delphinidae in which this nucleus was investigated. Moreover, the neurons had a large amount of neuromelanin in the interior of their perikarya, making this nucleus highly similar to that of humans and non-human primates. This report also presents the frst description of neuromelanin in the cetaceans’ LC complex, as well as in the cetaceans’ brain. Te locus coeruleus (LC) is a densely packed cluster of noradrenaline-producing neurons located in the upper part of the rostral rhombencephalon, on the lateral edge of the fourth ventricle. Te LC is the largest catechola- minergic nucleus of the brain, and it supplies noradrenaline to the entire central nervous system. Noradrenaline neurons are located in the medulla oblongata and pons (termed A1-A7 divisions), while adrenaline neurons are located only in the medulla oblongata, near A1-A3 (and termed C1-C3)1. -
Teeth and Central Nervous System: What Happens When You Go to Sleep
Sleep Medicine and Disorders: International Journal Research Article Open Access Teeth and central nervous system: what happens when you go to Sleep Abstract Volume 1 Issue 1 - 2017 In this work we will outline some unknown aspects of the teeth functions, details of Giorgia Andrisani their innervations and its relationship with cognitive performance and what happens when the teeth are lost. We will address the relationship between teeth and sleep and Andrisani Dental Clinic, Italy will explain how the teeth activate the ascending reticular activator system (ARAS) Correspondence: Giorgia Andrisani, Sint Sebastiaaansbrug 23, nuclei and allow the cerebral cortex to respond to any environmental or physiological 2611 DN, Delft, Netherlands, Tel 0031644148385, needs even when sleep is profound. This infers that teeth are an important structure not Email [email protected] only for chewing or the smile but also for a better functioning of our central nervous system (CNS); and explaining this correlation, between teeth and brain, is the object Received: April 20, 2017 | Published: August 24, 2017 this paper. It appears that without teeth there is a great loss of cognite functions. The tie between the mouth and the brain is the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5): a unique nerve formation as it contains the cell bodies of primary afferent sensory neurons; it is the only site of intra-neuraxial ganglion. Keywords: teeth, Me5, ARAS, sleep, CAP, GABA Background tissues such as gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, the receptors arranged to surround the apex, are more frequently The Me5 is a narrow band of cells that passes immediately next to subjected to intense and prolonged stimuli.