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EXCAVATION of CATCLAW CAVE, LOWER COLORADO RIVER Barton

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EXCAVATION of CATCLAW CAVE, LOWER COLORADO RIVER Barton Excavation of Catclaw Cave, lower Colorado River Item Type Thesis-Reproduction (electronic); text Authors Wright, Barton Allen. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 11:58:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191410 EXCAVATION OF CATCLAW CAVE, LOWER COLORADO RIVER by Barton Allen Wright A Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of NASTER OF ARTS in the Graduate College, University of Arizona 1 95L1. App roved: Director of Th E779t 76 This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re- quirements for an advanced degree at the University of Ariz- ona and is deposited in the Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this t]aesis are allowable without special permission, pro- vided that accurate acimowlecigment of source is made. Re- quests for permission for extended quotation from or repro- duction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the dean of the Grad- uate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: 11 TABLE OF CONTB1JTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS ............ ii LIST OF PLATES iv LIST OF FIGURES v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 2 Problem 2 Location 2 Permits 3 Climate 14. Geology Fauna S Flora S Survey 6 Excavated Sites 8 Summary 8 CHAPTER II. CATCLAW CAVE 12 Aspects of the Cave 12 Cave Deeosits lL! Methods 16 Features 16 Hearths 18 Pits 20 Summary 22 CHAPTER III. STOIIE AETIFACTS 23 Scrapers 23 ProjectilePoints 25 Knives 26 Drills 27 Spokeshaves 28 Choppers 28 Pulping Planes 28 Metates 28 Manos 29 Hammerstones. 29 Miscellaneous Stone 30 Minerals 30 Summary 31 111 CHAPTER IV. BONE AND SHELL Fleshers 33 Bone Awls 33 Antler Flaker 36 Bone Tinklers 36 Hoof Tinklors 36 Bone Snare Pin 36 Bone Die 37 BoneTube 37 BoneSpatula 37 Bone Disc 33 Miscellaneous Bone 38 Shell 33 Summary 33 CHAPTER V. CLAY OBJECTS . Figurines UnfiredMiniature Pottery L3 Tabular Clay Items L6 Miscellaneous Clay Items Summary CHAPTER VI PERISHABLE MATERIALS L9 String L9 Basketry 51 Sandals 52 BarkBundles 52 Arrow Shaft 53 Hide 53 Miscellaneous Wood FaCn1ents Summary CHAPT.R VII. POTTERY . 56 Summary 58 CHAPTER VIII. FAIThIA AND FLORA 59 Fauna Flora 6L CHAPTER IX. CONCLUSIONS . 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... .....71 iv LIST OF PLATES P ago PLATE 1 ... 11 J-eneral view of Catciaw Cave looking south. Catclaw Cave showing test trench at left. PLATI 2 31j. Bone tools. Tinklors axid snare pin. PLATE3 50 String Perishable items. V LIST OF FIGURES P ag, a Figure 1,Location nap of Ariz. F:2:l--Catclaw Cave Figure 2.The Black Canyon of Colorado River 3 Figure 3.Plan and profiles of Catciaw Cave 13 Figure L1.. Test trench cross section 15 Figure 5.Horizontal divisions of Catclaw Cave 17 Figure 6, P1-b and Basin hearths 19 Figure 7.Illustration of Features 21 Figure8.Chipped stone artifacts..... 2)4W Figure 9. Clay ob jects . ..L!1 1 NEVADA ) MrTRt/MBL/LL- 2A5 VE&45 8ocL7Ep N rLno,q.'uo C,4/YYOfV N' PE,qCgSPR6 NDAVISPAflI 1 K1A16'M'l/V CAL/E AP/ZO\/VA iVEEDL E TOPOC A APPROXIMATE SCALE: ARIZONA F: 2:1 1 INCH EQUPLS 28 MIlES Figure 1.Location map of Ariz. F:2:1--Catclaw Cave. 2 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION PROBLEM: The archaeological excavation of Catciaw Cave (Ariz. F:2:l) was conducted during the summer of l9Lj9 with two purposes in mind:The primary purpose of the work was to secure additional material representative of the Patayen 1 culturewith erhasis on perishable items.As the Cerbat Branch of the Patayan remained relatively undefined it was felt that any additional work would be a contribution to a better understanding of this little knowri area, especially if imowledge of the perishable material could be obtained. The second end more pressing reason for excavation was the approaching inundation of the cave by the rising waters be- hind Davis Den. LOCATION: Catclaw Cave is located in Mohave County, Arizonain the Black Canyon of the Colorado River,fifteen miles dom- stream from Hoover Dam and one mile upstreamfront United States Geodetic Survey Cable No. 17(Fig. 1).The cave lies two hundred yards east of the river onthe south side of a small unnamed tributary.The area can be reached only by boat along the river or by footfollowing Jumbo Wash from l.Colton, l939a, p. 29. 3 WILLOW--- BEACH 7W/Al PEA/(S\ c\ - ' (p 8IACK AR/Z. P.2./ MESA Figure 2. The Black Canyon of the Colorado River. Willow Beach to the pass between Black Uesa and Twin Peaks and thence down to thecanyonbottom, a distance of fifteen miles (Fig. 2). PERMITS: The excavation wasconducted as aprojectofthe De- partment of Anthropology, University of Arizona. Jith the assistance of Dr. B. W. Haury of the Department of Anthro- pology, arrangements were madewiththe National Park Ser- vice to work under their survey permit to the San Diego Ihseun of Nan. The project was equipped by the Anthropol- ogy Department of the UniversiLy of Arizona, the National Park Service, and privateindividuals. Thefinancialbur- den of the excavation was born by the four students who conducted the actual excavation: Barton Wright, Rex Gerald, Bryant Bannister, and Wright; with assistance from the operating fund of the University of Arizona Archaeologi- cal Field School within which the Catciaw Cave project was set up. CLIMATE: The Black Canyon of the Colorado is located in a desert environment characterized by extremes in temperature and 1 with an annual rainfall of less than five inches. Rainfall occurs in the form of light showers in the winter and local thunderstorms in the summer. Snowfall occurs infrequently on the peaks of the Black Iountains and. isunknoun in the inner gorge. Summer temperatures usually reach one hundred and twenty degrees in August and September, dropping to say- enty degrees during the winter months. GEOLOGY: The geology of the Black Canyon of theColorado River is one of extreme complexity and will betreated briefly for the purposes of this report. The Black Canyon follows a generalnorth-south course nd is paralleled by the Black Mountainsto the east which rise to an elevation of5500feet, and by the Blue Range to the west which is slightly lowerin elevation. The canyon consists of an outer valley varyingin width from five to seven miles, and aninner gorge. The inner gorge is a sheer- ided canyon cut through a recentblock of volcanic tuff Schroeder, in preparation, p. 15. Harrington, Hayden, and Sheliback, 1930, p. 20. 5 1 .bre cola0 The walls of the inner gorgeare dissected by deeply intrenched intermittent washes, At various elova- tions remnants of an older river channeland deposits of a Pleistocene lake are found. Fissure flows of malapaioccur at higher elevations. The river maintaineda fall of nearly five feet to the mile prior toDavis Darn end varIed froma water flow of two thousand secondfeet to three hundred and 2 fifty thousand second feet ofwater during flood times. FAUNA: The fauna of Black Canyon is limited to smallmainiials with two exceptions, the burro of modern introduction which has gone wild, and Nelsonts Big Horn sheep. Smaller pred- atory animals found are the coyote, bobcat, kitfox, and. ring-tailed cat. Skunk, beaver, muskrat, rabbits, and num- erous smaller rodents exist in quantity. The turkey vulture, raven, horned owl, hawk, roadrunner, and quail are present in the canyon. Water birds are represented by most species using the California flyway. A few species of diving birds make their home in the canyon throughout the year. A large variety of reptiles are present including lizards, snakes, and terrapins. Fish in the river are represented by several species, the largest being the minnow or Colorado River Sa] non which reaches a weight of nearly a hundred pounds. FLORA: Vegetation in Black Canyon is extremely sparse with the La Rue, 1925, p. 98. Loc. sit. 6 exception of the immediate river shores. The slopes of the canyon are covered with a scant growth of creosotebush, sage, Mormon tea, cholla, and pad cactus. The dry washes maintain a slightly more abundantgrowth and suDport a scat- tering of mesquite, catciaw,and broomweed. This vegetation clusters in the lee of protectingbanks and at canyon junc- tures. The river shores andseep areas support a dense growth of willow, blanco bush, salt cedar,and an occasional cottonwood. Some growth of cane grass, cattail, and bull- rush occurs on the sandbars in the river. SURVEY: A series of surveys have been conducted along the Colo- rado River, In l9Li.9 the Museum of Nan of San Diego, Calif- ornia, surveyed the Colorado River from Boulder Darn to Needles. The result of this survey are not available for reference at the present time. Dr. G. C. Baldwin conducted similar surveys in the Black Canyon for the National Park Service for some years prior to l9L!9. In 1950 A. H. Schroeder conducted an extensive survey from Davis Darn to the Gulf of 1 California. The most extensive type of site is that which appears on the sand bars in the vicinity of every large tributary wash. The sandbars are semi-permanent in nature and are composed of fine silts and sands deposited by comparatively quiet waters.
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