Handout 3.2 Homework Assignment Earthquake Hazard and Emergency Management
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Atlas of Rare Endemic Vascular Plants of the Arctic
Atlas of Rare Endemic Vascular Plants of the Arctic Technical Report No. 3 About CAFF Theprogram for the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) of the Arctic Council was established lo address the special needs of Arctic ecosystems, species and thcir habitats in the rapid ly developing Arctic region. Itwas initiated as one of'four programs of the Arctic Environmental Protcction Strategy (AEPS) which was adopted by Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, lceland, Norway, Russia, Swcdcn and the United States through a Ministeria! Declaration at Rovaniemi, Finland in 1991. Other programs initi ated under the AEPS and overlaken hy the Are.tie Council are the ArcticMonitoring and assessment Programme (AMAP), the program for Emergency Prevention, Preparcd ness and Response (EPPR) and the program for Protection of the Arctic Marine Envi ronment (PAME). Sinceits inaugural mccti.ng in Ottawa, Canada in 1992, the CAFF program has provided scientists, conscrvation managers and groups, and indigenous people of the north with a distinct forum in which lo tackle a wide range of Arctic conservation issues at the cir cumpolar level. CAFF's main goals, which are achieved in keeping with the concepts of sustainable developrnertt and utilisation, are: • to conserve Arctic Jlora and fauna, thcir diversity and thcir habitats; • to protect the Arctic ecosystems from threats; • to improve conservation management laws, reg ulations and practices for the Arclic; • to integrale Arctic interests into global conservation fora. CAFF operates rhrough a system of Designated Agencies and National Representatives responsible for CAFF in thcir rcspcctivc countries. CAFF also has an International Work ing Group wh.ith has met annually to assess progrcss and to develop Annual WorkPlans. -
Geography) 2018
IASbaba’s 60 Days Plan – Day 46 (Geography) 2018 Q.1) Consider the following statements. 1. A mid-oceanic ridge is composed of two chains of mountains separated by a large depression. 2. Mid-oceanic ridges are formed at convergent boundary of two plates. Which of the above statements is/are correct? a) 1 only b) 2 only c) Both 1 and 2 d) None Q.1) Solution (a) A mid-oceanic ridge is composed of two chains of mountains separated by a large depression. The mountain ranges can have peaks as high as 2,500 m and some even reach above the ocean’s surface. Running for a total length of 75,000 km, these ridges form the largest mountain systems on earth. These ridges are either broad, like a plateau, gently sloping or in the form of steep- sided narrow mountains. These oceanic ridge systems are of tectonic origin formed at divergent plate boundaries and provide evidence in support of the theory of Plate Tectonics. Do you know? A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands. A land bridge can be created by marine regression, in which sea levels fall, exposing shallow, previously submerged sections of continental shelf; or when new land is created by plate tectonics; or occasionally when the sea floor rises due to post-glacial rebound after an ice age. THINK! Straits Q.2) ‘Insular shelf’ means a) A continental shelf allocated to landlocked countries. -
Himalaya - Southern-Tibet: the Typical Continent-Continent Collision Orogen
237 Himalaya - Southern-Tibet: the typical continent-continent collision orogen When an oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continental lithosphere, an Andean mountain range develops on the edge of the continent. If the subducting plate also contains some continental lithosphere, plate convergence eventually brings both continents into juxtaposition. While the oceanic lithosphere is relatively dense and sinks into the asthenosphere, the greater sialic content of the continental lithosphere ascribes positive buoyancy in the asthenosphere, which hinders the continental lithosphere to be subducted any great distance. Consequently, a continental lithosphere arriving at a trench will confront the overriding continent. Rapid relative convergence is halted and crustal shortening forms a collision mountain range. The plane marking the locus of collision is a suture, which usually preserves slivers of the oceanic lithosphere that formerly separated the continents, known as ophiolites. The collision between the Indian subcontinent and what is now Tibet began in the Eocene. It involved and still involves north-south convergence throughout southern Tibet and the Himalayas. This youthful mountain area is the type example for studies of continental collision processes. The Himalayas Location The Himalayas form a nearly 3000 km long, 250-350 km wide range between India to the south and the huge Tibetan plateau, with a mean elevation of 5000 m, to the north. The Himalayan mountain belt has a relatively simple, arcuate, and cylindrical geometry over most of its length and terminates at both ends in nearly transverse syntaxes, i.e. areas where orogenic structures turn sharply about a vertical axis. Both syntaxes are named after the main peaks that tower above them, the Namche Barwa (7756 m) to the east and the Nanga Parbat (8138 m) to the west, in Pakistan. -
6.5 Climate Change Projections in the Upper Danube (European Alps) and the Upper Brahmaputra (Himalayas)
6.5 CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS IN THE UPPER DANUBE (EUROPEAN ALPS) AND THE UPPER BRAHMAPUTRA (HIMALAYAS) Bodo Ahrens∗ and Andreas Dobler IAU, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany 1 INTRODUCTION tion (for further details see Dobler and Ahrens, 2008). In the following sections, statistically Coarse-grid global circulation models (GCMs) downscaled ECHAM5 precipitation fields are do not allow for regional estimates of water bal- named ECHAM5-Γ. They have a grid resolution ◦ ance or trends of extreme precipitation. This is of 0.5 . especially true in complex terrain. Therefore, Trends of daily precipitation statistics are cal- downscaling of the global simulations to gen- culated for all four seasons of the years during erate regional precipitation is necessary. This the simulation period 1960-2080. An overview paper discusses dynamical and statistical down- on the precipitation statistics is provided in Ta- scaling in two major river basins (RBs): (1) the ble 1. The wet day threshold is set to be 1 upper Danube river basin (UDRB) covering an mm/d. Beside the two major RBs, 5 sub-areas area of 76’653 km2 in the European Alps and (2) of interest (see Figs. 1 and 2) are considered. the upper Brahmaputra river basin (UBRB) with The sizes of the single areas (in number of grid ◦ about 500’000 km2 in the Himalayas. The dis- points on the 0.44 simulation grids) are: UDRB cussion focuses on simulated changes of daily 51, Lech RB 5, Salzach RB 7, UBRB 275, As- precipitation statistics in the two RBs. sam 47, Lhasa RB 22 and Wang-Chu RB 8. -
Himalayan Glaciers
Himalayan Glaciers Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security Scientific evidence shows that most glaciers in South Asia’s Hindu Kush Himalayan region are retreating, but the consequences for the region’s water supply are unclear, this report finds. The Hindu Kush Himalayan region is the location of several of Asia’s great river systems, which provide water for drinking, irrigation, and other uses for about 1.5 billion people. Recent studies show that at lower elevations, glacial retreat is unlikely to cause significant changes in water availability over the next several decades, but other factors, including groundwater depletion and increasing human water use, could have a greater impact. Higher elevation areas could experience altered water flow in some river basins if current rates of glacial retreat continue, but shifts in the location, intensity, and variability of rain and snow due to climate change will likely have a greater impact on regional water supplies. he Himalayan region, which Tcovers eight countries across Asia, is home to some of the world’s largest and most spectacular glaciers. The melt- water generated from these glaciers each summer supplements the rivers and streams of the region, including several of Asia’s great river systems such as the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. Rising tempera- tures due to climate change are causing glaciers worldwide to Figure 1. Extending over 2000 kilometers across the Asian continent and including all shrink in volume and or part of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, the mass, a phenomenon Hindu Kush Himalayan region is the source for many of Asia’s major river systems, known as glacial including the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. -
2020 Technical Sessions
1 2020 Technical Sessions Advances in Real-Time GNSS Data Analysis and Network Operations for Hazards Monitoring Advances in Seismic Imaging of Earth’s Mantle and Core and Implications for Convective Processes Advances in Seismic Interferometry: Theory, Computation and Applications Advances in Upper Crustal Geophysical Characterization Alpine-Himalayan Alpide Shallow Earthquakes and the Current and the Future Hazard Assessments Amphibious Seismic Studies of Plate Boundary Structure and Processes Applications and Technologies in Large-Scale Seismic Analysis Back to the Future: Innovative New Research with Legacy Seismic Data Crustal Stress and Strain and Implications for Fault Interaction and Slip Cryptic Faults: Assessing Seismic Hazard on Slow Slipping, Blind or Distributed Fault Systems Data Fusion and Uncertainty Quantification in Near-Surface Site Characterization Early Results from the 2020 M6.4 Indios, Puerto Rico Earthquake Sequence Earthquake Early Warning: Current Status and Latest Innovations Earthquake Source Parameters: Theory, Observations and Interpretations Environmental and Near Surface Seismology: From Glaciers and Rivers to Engineered Structures and Beyond Exploring Rupture Dynamics and Seismic Wave Propagation Along Complex Fault Systems Explosion Seismology Advances 2 Forthcoming Updates of the USGS NSHMs: Hawaii, Conterminous U.S. and Alaska From Aseismic Deformation to Seismic Transient Detection, Location and Characterization Full-Waveform Inversion: Recent Advances and Applications Innovative Seismo-Acoustic Applications -
Draft IEE: Viet Nam: Water Sector Investment Program
Initial Environmental Examination Project Number: 41456-033 March 2011 MFF 0054-VIE: Water Sector Investment Program – Tranche 2 This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Rehabilitating and Upgrading Project of Haiphong Water Supply System – Stage II: Final Report - Draft Supplementary Appendix 19-a Initial Environmental Examination Construction of Kim Son Water Supply System AECOM Asia Company Ltd. Supplementary Appendix 19-a Rehabilitating and Upgrading Project of Haiphong Water Supply System – Stage II: Final Report - Draft Table of Contents Abbreviations, Weights and Measures, Currency Equivalent iii I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 A. Purpose of the Report 1 B. Rehabilitating & Upgrading Project of the Hai Phong Water Supply System - 1 Stage II C. Construction of Kim Son Water System 2 D. Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures 3 E. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation 4 F. Grievance Redress Mechanism 4 G. Environmental Management Plan 5 H. Conclusion 6 II. POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 7 A. Policy and Legal Framework 7 B. Assessment and Approval Requirements 8 III. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT 8 A. -
Why the Hindu Kush Himalaya Matters
Sustainable Mountain Development RIO 2012 and beyond Why the Hindu Kush Himalaya matters How can the Hindu Kush Himalayas contribute to sustainable development? The HKH mountains abound with diverse natural resources. They provide valuable ecosystem goods and services including water, food, energy, biodiversity, and hydrological regulating functions to support the As the ‘water tower of Asia’, the Hindu Kush Hima- livelihoods of people living upstream and downstream. layan (HKH) mountains are the source of 10 major Mountain ecosystem goods and services support the live- river systems and provide vital ecosystem goods lihoods of more than 210 million mountain inhabitants. and services to more than 1.4 billion people. The region includes four global biodiversity hotspots, Case studies carried out in the HKH suggest that the 488 protected areas, 330 important bird areas, and people of the region can contribute to global sustain- 60 global eco-regions. Rangelands cover more than able development goals by embracing clean energy, 60 per cent of the region’s territory. However the re- community- based management of natural resources, gion is home to more than 40 per cent of the world’s ecotourism, organic farming, and integrated watershed poor people and faces extreme vulnerability and management to enhance and sustain the productivity of risks due to climate and global change. Progressive ecosystem goods and services. However, promotion of warming at higher altitudes has been three to five these solutions requires mountain-focused policies and times the global average; this warming has resulted strategies that take into account mountain specificities – in increased snow and glacial melt and increased fragility, marginality, inaccessibility and adaptability – and frequency of extreme events such as devastating involve the primary stakeholders in deciding priorities and floods and droughts which have exacerbated prob- implementing interventions. -
Quantifying Variability, Source, and Transport of CO in the Urban Areas Over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 9201–9222, 2021 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-9201-2021 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Quantifying variability, source, and transport of CO in the urban areas over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau Youwen Sun1, Hao Yin1,2, Yuan Cheng3, Qianggong Zhang4,5, Bo Zheng6, Justus Notholt7, Xiao Lu8, Cheng Liu9,2,10,11,1, Yuan Tian12, and Jianguo Liu1 1Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China 2Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China 3State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China 4Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 5CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 6Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China 7Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany 8School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China 9Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China -
The Indian Ocean and the Himalayas : a Geological Interpretation
The Indian Ocean and the Himalayas : a geological interpretation Autor(en): Gansser, Augusto Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae Band (Jahr): 59 (1966) Heft 2 PDF erstellt am: 11.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-163396 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch The Indian Ocean and the Himalayas A Geological Interpretation by Augusto Gansser (Zürich)1) with 4 figures in the text and 2 plates (I and II) ABSTRACT The recently discovered lineaments of the Indian Ocean indicate a northwards shift of the Indian Shield which is directly responsible for the Himalayan Orogeny. -
Financial Management of Earthquake Risk
Financial Management of Earthquake Risk Please cite this publication as: OECD (2018), Financial Management of Earthquake Risk, www.oecd.org/finance/Financial-Management-of-Earthquake-Risk.htm. This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of the governments of its member countries or those of the European Union. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. © OECD 2018 FOREWORD │ 5 Foreword Disasters present a broad range of human, social, financial, economic and environmental impacts, with potentially long-lasting, multi-generational effects. The financial management of these impacts is a key challenge for individuals, businesses and governments in developed and developing countries. The Financial Management of Earthquake Risk applies the lessons from the OECD’s analysis of disaster risk financing practices and the application of its guidance to the specific case of earthquakes. The report provides an overview of the approaches that economies facing various levels of earthquake risk and economic development have taken to managing the financial impacts of earthquakes. The OECD supports the development of strategies and the implementation of effective approaches for the financial management of natural and man-made disaster risks under the guidance of the OECD High-Level Advisory Board on Financial Management of Catastrophic Risks and the OECD Insurance and Private Pensions Committee. -
THE INDIAN OCEAN the GEOLOGY of ITS BORDERING LANDS and the CONFIGURATION of ITS FLOOR by James F
0 CX) !'f) I a. <( ~ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE INDIAN OCEAN THE GEOLOGY OF ITS BORDERING LANDS AND THE CONFIGURATION OF ITS FLOOR By James F. Pepper and Gail M. Everhart MISCELLANEOUS GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP I-380 0 CX) !'f) PUBLISHED BY THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I - ], WASHINGTON, D. C. a. 1963 <( :E DEPARTMEI'fr OF THE ltfrERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP J-S80 UNITED STATES OEOLOOICAL SURVEY THE lliDIAN OCEAN THE GEOLOGY OF ITS BORDERING LANDS AND THE CONFIGURATION OF ITS FLOOR By James F. Pepper and Gail M. Everhart INTRODUCTION The ocean realm, which covers more than 70percent of ancient crustal forces. The patterns of trend of the earth's surface, contains vast areas that have lines or "grain" in the shield areas are closely re scarcely been touched by exploration. The best'known lated to the ancient "ground blocks" of the continent parts of the sea floor lie close to the borders of the and ocean bottoms as outlined by Cloos (1948), who continents, where numerous soundings have been states: "It seems from early geological time the charted as an aid to navigation. Yet, within this part crust has been divided into polygonal fields or blocks of the sea floQr, which constitutes a border zone be of considerable thickness and solidarity and that this tween the toast and the ocean deeps, much more de primary division formed and orientated later move tailed information is needed about the character of ments." the topography and geology. At many places, strati graphic and structural features on the coast extend Block structures of this kind were noted by Krenke! offshore, but their relationships to the rocks of the (1925-38, fig.