Issue Number 9 Spring 1994 Computer Conservation Society
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Two Fates in the History of Computer Technology In
2017 Fourth International Conference on Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union (SORUCOM 2017) Moscow, Russia 3 – 5 October 2017 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1702Z-POD ISBN: 978-1-5386-4742-4 Copyright © 2017 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright and Reprint Permissions: Abstracting is permitted with credit to the source. Libraries are permitted to photocopy beyond the limit of U.S. copyright law for private use of patrons those articles in this volume that carry a code at the bottom of the first page, provided the per-copy fee indicated in the code is paid through Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For other copying, reprint or republication permission, write to IEEE Copyrights Manager, IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. All rights reserved. *** This is a print representation of what appears in the IEEE Digital Library. Some format issues inherent in the e-media version may also appear in this print version. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1702Z-POD ISBN (Print-On-Demand): 978-1-5386-4742-4 ISBN (Online): 978-1-5386-4741-7 Additional Copies of This Publication Are Available From: Curran Associates, Inc 57 Morehouse Lane Red Hook, NY 12571 USA Phone: (845) 758-0400 Fax: (845) 758-2633 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.proceedings.com 2017 Fourth International Conference on Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union SoRuCom 2017 Table of Contents Conference Organization ix Plenary Session Two Fates -
This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Domestic PC Production in the Soviet Baltic States 1977-1992 Laur Kanger PhD The University of Edinburgh 2013 Abstract The thesis argues for the necessity and value of a two-way interaction between high- level abstractions and rich historical narratives mediated by middle-range theories. The basic assumptions of critical realism are used to derive a socio-technical metatheory which, in turn, structures the synthesis of specific substantive theories. The conceptual tools provided by the Multi-Level Perspective, Analytical Sociology and (Technological) Systems of Innovation frameworks guide the study of the cases. The empirical core of the thesis consists of detailed histories of the birth, development and decay of ten different personal computer production attempts in the Soviet Baltic states roughly between 1977 and 1992. -
Achievements and Failures Boris Malinovsky and Lev Malinovski Pp
Information Technology Policy. An International History Edited by Richard Coopey. Published in the United States by Oxford University Press. Inc., New York, 2004 Information Technology Policy in the USSR and Ukraine: Achievements and Failures Boris Malinovsky and Lev Malinovski Pp. 304-320 After the end of the Second World War, the government of the USSR started to create a computer industry. This became one of the main tasks of the national economy and computer manufacturers began serial production of electronic tube computers starting in 1953 (the "Strela" computer series, then the M20, BESM2, Ural 1, and Minsk 1). Later, in the early 1960s, semiconductor universal computers (M220. Ural 11, 14, Minsk 22, 32, Razdan 3, Setun, and others) were developed and produced. At the same time, computers for engineering calculations were developed (Promin, MIR1 and MIR2, Nairi), as well as control computers (Dnepr, Dnepr 2, VNIIEM, MPPI, and others). In the 1950s and 1960s, in Moscow, Kyiv, Minsk, and other large cities of the USSR scientific research institutes, plants, and engineering and design companies were founded, and thus began the development and manufacture of first and second generation computers. As a result, all important projects of that time in the field of atomic energy, cosmic investigations, rocketry, and so on, gained the necessary computer support. In 1967, the Soviet government adopted a decree regarding the future development of the computer industry. The decree covered all problems, from the research and development (R&D) of essential semiconductors and microelectronic circuitry to manufacture of the new generation computers for civil and military applications. -
Computer Graphics
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 056 725 LI 003 237 TITLE A Bibliography of Selected Rand Publications; Computing Technology. INSTITUTION Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. REPORT NO SB-1036 PUB DATE Sep 71 NOTE 111p.;(308 References) AVAILABLE FROMCommunications Dept., The Rand Corporation, 1700 Main St., Santa Monica, Calif. 90406 (No Charge) EDPS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS Bibliographies; *Computer Graphics; *Computer Prog.cams; *Computers; *Computer Science; *Information Processing ABSTRACT The bibliography contains 308 abstracts of unclassified Rand studies dealing with various aspects of computing technology. The studies selected have all been issued during the period January 1963 through August 1971. The intention is to revise the bibliography at periodic intervals to incorporate new publications. Both subject and author indexes are provided. (Author/MM) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAs BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATINC IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS S DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- "CATION.POSITION OR POLICY. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF iSmlinerrit0d1 Flomel bIkk The Rand Corporal 1700-Main-Str s"----;.Santa Mor ..,September I SB- I COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY, This bibliography contains abstracts of unclassified Rand studies dealing with various aspects of computing technology. The studies selected have all been issued during the period January 1963 through August 1971. The intention is to revise the bibliography at periodic intervals to incorporatenew publications. Both subject and author indexes are provided. In 1-le subject index, each publication is indexed under one ormore headings by a modifier followed by the publication number. -
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 057 619 EM 009 475 TITLE Computing Technology; a Bibliography of Selected Rand Publications; INSTITUTION Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 057 619 EM 009 475 TITLE Computing Technology; A Bibliography of Selected Rand Publications; INSTITUTION Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. REPORT NO SB-1036 PUB DATE Jan 72 NOTE 118p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$6.58 DESCRIPTORS *Annotated Bibliographies; *Communication (Thought Transfer); Computer Oriented Programs; *Computers; Cost Effectiveness; Cybernetics; Information Processing; Information Retrieval; Pattern Recognition; Programing Languages; Simulation; *Technology ABSTRACT Abstracts of over 300 unclassified Rand Corporation studies dealing with various aspects of computing technology are presented in this bibliography. The studies selected were all issued during the period January 1963 through December 1971. A subject index which includes a brief annotation and code number for each entry and an author index are presented first. The major portion of the bibliography is comprised of the abstracts for each study and includes information such as the code number or availability if it is a book, the title, author, and date. An order form is appended which provides price information and whether or not the document is available from the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. (Author/SH) U.S. OFF.":./i teAL-NTOF HEALTH. EDOCA z iON 421 WELFARE OFFICE UF BDUCATON THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY ASRECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING T. POINTSOF VIEW OR OPIN- IONS STATED DONOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU- CATION POSITION ORPOLICY. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF Setillmmtled Mussel ilmulbIlli=artinns The Rand Corporation 1700 Main Street Santa Monica California 90406 January 1972 SB-1036 COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY This bibliography contains abstracts of unclassified Rand studies dealing with various aspects of computing technoTogy. -
Before Computers: Mechanical Arithmetic
CONTENTS Before Computers: Mechanical Arithmetic . 2 First Computers: Big, Slow, and Amazing . 6 Computer Families: Industry was Born . 8 Let 100 Flowers Bloom: Special and Unusual . 12 Crucial Dilemma: To Copy or To Invent . 15 Supercomputers: Testing Limits . 18 Before Computers: Mechanical Arithmetic Time Frame In 18th and 19th centuries, Russia was emerging from the self-isolation of the past. Peter the Great “cut the window into Europe”, started domestic manufacturing, and founded the Russian Academy of Sciences with strong mathematical bias (Euler, Bernoulli, Lobachevsky, Chebyshev,...). After ab- olition of serfdom in 1861, Russia started slowly transform herself from a mostly agricultural feudal country into an industrial capitalistic society. De- veloping manufacturing, commerce, and banking required replacement of he traditional Russian accounting device called “schoty” (a sort of abacus) by some more elaborate calculators. Jakobson’s adding machine The adding machine was invented by Jevno Jakobson, a mechanic and clock master from town Nesvizh, sometime around 1770. The machine operated with numbers up to 109 and was mainly intended for adding and subtraction. It included a combination of pinion wheels for addition,subtraction and tens carry. It was also possible to do multipli- cation in the following way: • add the first multiplicand to itself the number of times equal to the digit in the rightmost position of the second multiplicand and write down the result; • add the first multiplicand to itself the number of times equal to the digit in the 10’s position of the second multiplicand, multiply it to 10 and write down the result; • add the first multiplicand to itself the number of times equal to the digit in the 100’s position of the second mul- tiplicand, multiply it to 100 and write down the result; • and so on; • add all intermediate results.