©[2020] Janice Stiglich ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PERUVIAN WORKING GIRLS MAKING MOVEMENT By JANICE STIGLICH A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-Camden Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Childhood Studies Written under the direction of Sarada Balagopalan and Lauren Silver And approved by _____________________________________ Dr. Sarada Balagopalan _____________________________________ Dr. Lauren Silver _____________________________________ Dr. Kate Cairns _____________________________________ Dr. Isaías Rojas-Pérez Camden, New Jersey May 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Peruvian Working Girls Making Movement by JANICE STIGLICH Dissertation Directors: Sarada Balagopalan and Lauren Silver In this dissertation I show how Peruvian girls who work and are organized as members of MANTHOC in Lima and Cajamarca are well equipped to navigate power structures. I do this by first talking about how girls in MANTHOC, or MANTHOCas, define their identity as dignified workers and how this classification teaches them how to traverse often negative conceptualizations of them. I then talk about how in becoming part of this organization, girls have a space where they can learn how to participate politically inside and outside their child-led social movement. By transposing their worker identity into different ways that they identify, more experienced girls begin to embody the movement’s values and as such maintain its purpose. In doing so, these girls are capable of gaining access to a differential mode of consciousness they can use to navigate adult power. As this process is always shifting and evolving, not one girl’s lived experience is the same as another’s, but they are able to use Sandoval’s five technologies of resistance to create positive change locally and globally. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dissertations are difficult, and not only because of the amount of time needed to process data or the act of passing examinations and proposal defenses to reach the point at which fieldwork can occur, but also because writing dissertations is not an activity that occurs in a vacuum. During the six years during which my degree has taken shape, I have inhabited many distinct emotional states, ranging from feeling ignorant and unworthy, to content and a sense of belonging, to existentially frustrated. I mention these feelings to show how grateful I am for all the jawns that got me through the completion of this text. There are a few people and places I would like to thank for their contribution to my work and well-being. I would like to start by acknowledging the girls of MANTHOC for allowing me to enter their lives. I believe that their collaboration came out of a need to help my project; I am deeply thankful. Among the helpful adults, I would like to recognize the coordinators, collaborators, and volunteers of MANTHOC in Lima and Cajamarca. You did not have to be as welcoming as you were, but I appreciate how open and accepting you were during my time in the field. I would also like to thank the Marsh-Gillette Fellowship and the David K. Sengstack Foundation for funding my research activities. For service providers, I would like to express deep gratitude to Sr. Rojas in Lima and Doña Rosa in Cajamarca. Among some of my most ardent supporters are my godparents, Tía Gisi and Tío Ricar, who not only housed me in Lima but also were always present for a talk over coffee or ramen. On that note, though it might appear odd, I am thankful for all fur babies local and global who have therapeutically given me empathy in return for play and scratches. I am thankful for Peru, its provinces and the people who live within and outside the Andes. I iii feel privileged to have had the opportunity to live in proximity to so many Apus, to have seen many parts of my country, and to have felt pride in the people who live there. I am glad to have such a good friend in Katie Fredricks, without whom I may have been more erratic than was typical. I am also grateful for Suzanne Draper’s presence before, during, and after my field experiences. I am also thankful for the scholars who have taught me how and where to draw analytical and theoretical lines, among them my committee members: Sarada Balagopalan, Lauren Silver, Kate Cairns, and Isaías Rojas-Perez. I am grateful for the support of my friends in the program, including Maggie Kabekko, Rosemarie Peña, Julian Burton, Brandi Venable, Ellen Malven, Eva Lupold, Sam White, Heather Reel, Smruthi Bhala, Ryan Bunch, Rashmi Kumari, Mary Mitsdarffer, and Diana Garcia Gomez. I feel privileged to have been previously guided and called out by Beatriz Reyes- Foster, M. C. Santana, Meredith Tweed, and Joanna Mishtal. I believe I would not have dreamed up this project without having participated in the Young Women Leaders Program at the University of Central Florida or have done my previous study in Lima with female domestic workers at La Casa de Panchita. I am grateful for having come into contact with Asociación Grupo de Trabajos Redes (AGTR), to have direction in my master’s thesis and ultimately this dissertation. I would be remiss if I did not express my gratitude for my extended and immediate family. My grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins and their babies were good company before and after my fieldwork. I thank my parents, Viviana and Alejandro Stiglich; my siblings, Jonathan and Nicole Stiglich; and my niblings, Maite, Nicolas, and Nerea. My cats, Q’oya, Auki, [Inti], and Wari, provided comfort and grounded me in iv what felt real. And of course, my darling wife, Kyle: you always know just how to exist in my life despite all the irregularities of my career; I am most thankful for you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ................................................................................................... II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................ VI LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................VII LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... X CHAPTER 1: INTERCONNECTED CONTEXTS ....................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: APPLYING DECOLONIZING METHODOLOGIES ....................................................42 CHAPTER 3: WORK AND ITS PERMUTATIONS................................................................................90 CHAPTER 4: POLITICIZING PROCESSES ........................................................................................139 CHAPTER 5: ALTERING CONSCIOUSNESS .....................................................................................186 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................235 APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS ...........................................................................................247 APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERVIEWED MANTHOCAS ......................................251 APPENDIX C: MANTHOC’S ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ..................................................255 APPENDIX D: MANTHOCXS’ INVOLVEMENT IN MARCHES AND PROTESTS......................256 APPENDIX E: PROJECTS I DID AS A COOPERATOR FOR MANTHOC ....................................258 APPENDIX F: LIST OF DEMANDS FROM THE #NIUNAMENOS MOVEMENT ........................262 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................265 vi List of Tables 1.1. Translation of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation’s figures on death and disappearances 2.1. Fieldwork sites and activities vii List of Figures 1.1. CDI members electing a president 1.2. Deaths and disappearances reported to the CVR 1.3. Images of girls from Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala’s “First New Chronicle and Good Government” 2.1. MANTHOC marching with Amnesty at the #13A Ni Una Menos protest 2.2. Maps showing field sites and the nation 2.3. Amauta base MANTHOCos vying for our interview space 2.4. Sr. Rojas posing 2.5. Maps showing Lima bases 2.6. Picaronada at Amauta 2.7. Maps showing Cajamarca groups 2.8. Inside the San Marcos meeting space 2.9. MANTHOCos Jhan Pier and Alexander playing marbles 2.10. Telescopes, a vertical garden, connecting rights, a bottle system, and an earthquake workshop 3.1. MANTHOCxs filmed during a planning session 3.2. Ivan’s job, renting ladders to visitors for the cemetery 3.3. MANTHOCxs drawing their jobs 3.4. Celín drawing herself working 4.1. MANTHOCxs waiting for a health forum to begin 4.2. Aynoa speaking at the San Luis Health Forum 4.3. Hart’s Ladder of Participation viii 4.4. Helping wash hands, eating lunch, playing chess, and doing homework 4.5. Supplying free vaccinations, presenting regional dishes and dances, supporting children’s cognitive development, and organizing at a MANTHOC primary school 5.1. Peeling off posters, applying base paint,