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Russian Geographical Investigations of Seas of North-Eastern Asia in X VII - X Vlli Centuries

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Russian Geographical Investigations of Seas of North-Eastern Asia in X VII - X Vlli Centuries - I Russian Geographical Investigations of Seas of North-Eastern Asia in X VII - X VllI Centuries S. S. Ganzei, P. Ya. Baklanov (Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia) Since the XVI century the Russian cossaks, industrialists and military people have started their purposeful movement to the east of Ural, to Siberia New rich land geographical discoveries of unknown spases attracted them. At the same time new lands were colonized and joined to Russia. h1 the xvn century a number of important di scoveries were made by first Russian travellers, mainly, cossack in the eastern and northern part of Asia The city of Yakutsk has become the center of main expectitions in the XVII century. The Russians began moving from Yakutsk to the south, north and east to find new lands. In 1639 a troop of cossacks headed by Ivan Moskvitin reached the Sea of Okhotsk by the Ulie river. On the sea beach near the mouth of the Ulie river there lived Iamuti (evenD related to tungus tribes. I.Moskvitin's troops discovered the sea. It was called Lamskoe - from the tungus word "laman that means the sea, the ocean. Later on. it was called Okhotsk. probably it is connected willi the Okhota river and the Okhotsk berg that was constructed by the Russians in 1649 near the mouth of deep Okhota river. In the xvrn century Okhotsk and then the port became the strong base for important sea expeditions and new geographical discoveries. Thu s~ in 1639 the Russians reached the Pacific coast for the first time. This place was located near Okhotsk in the eastern part of Asia This is the very time when the Russians began to make geographical discoveries. to study and develop the Pacific coasts and the seas of Acian north- east. In 1643-1646 cossacks' troop under the leadership of Vasily Pojyarkov left Yakutsk for Amur. Then by the river, moving - 5 - along the coast they reached the Amur mouth and made the sea trip In Sea of Okhotsk, near Sakhalin. For the first time, in 1650-1652, Vasily Pojyarkov and later EroDhey Khabarov investigated and discribed the Amur coasts and the tribes that lived there {such as duygeri, goldi. gilyaki, daurD. In 1648 the Russian cossack Syemyon Dezhnev went from Kolima, doubled the extreme north-east of Asia and for the first time crossed the strait that separates Asia from America. Later this strait was called the Bering Strait. In 1697- 1699 Vladimir Atlasov organized an expedition. A part of geographical discovery and the description of Kamchatka belongs to him. Atlasov's troop left the Anadir burg and went along the western coast of Kamchatka upto the south of peninsula. Thus, by the end of the xvn century the first and complete data on the eastern margins and seas, adjoining them in the east and north-east, were collected. AU these were demonstrated on geographical maps - "dravings H which were compiled on Ute base of data obtained during these expeditions. Being preserved till the present time, the cartographical materials of the xvn centures could not be acknowledged as geographical maps because there was no the degree grid. In compiling them, exact measurements were not made. Nevertheless, these materials show us the level of geographical notions typical of that period. of time. The maps or "drawings" did not give the real picture of a number of million square kilometers of the SilJerian territory, its rivers and sea coasts. The "drawings", which was made in 1667 under Godunov's leadership (Titov. 1890) was one of the finlt carrographicai works of that period of time The list, attached to GocJ.unov 's drawing describes the way to China, gives data on a number of Siberian rivers including Amur. Godunov's map shows that the way from Kolima river to Amur was open. Soon in 1672 a new more detaled "Drawing of the Siberian Land" was compiled. Its author is unknown. Being made in 1672. the drawing has "A list from the drawing Siberian Lands" (Titov, 1890), in which the following description is given: "And Anarur river has two land ways: to Lama river and to Bludnaya river. And Bludnaya river entered the Amur river. And Lama river entered the Arnur sea And Bludnaya river entered Kolima river. Kolima entered Lenskoye sea... ". There we find one of the first mentions of the name of marine aquatories in the east of Siberia. It is necessary notice that Godunov's drawing showed AmUT - 6 - river in the south-east of Siberia. In 1687, in the book "Noord en Oost Tartarye (the North and Eastern Tartaria, cited by L.C.Bagrov, 1914) Nic Witzen's map was published (fig.l). This map was the copy of Godunov' s drawing. But we find a number of geographical names of the sea aquatories on it. The ocean is called Oceanus Orientalis (The Eastern Ocean), the Amur Sea (Aruur Se Zee) is located opposite the mouth of Amur river. The Korea peninsula is shown as an island. The Chinese sea (Sinese Zee) is situated to the west and southward of it. Semen Remezov's "Drawing book of Siberia" is the more famous map at that period of time. It was produced in 1690-1700 (fig. 2). "The Drawing Book of Siberia" summed up all geographical materials. This geographical idea was tile top of geographical thought in Russia. But many cartographical notions were not exact and naive. For example, a wellknown scientists AF.Middendorff (1860) remarks "... the ooundary lines are combined to the framework of the map itself". The map is oriented to the south. The sea aquatory is shown in the east as the sea-ocean (Akyan). Together with it, Kamchatka is shown as a island; Japan (Aponiya) is shown as an island; Korea (Kopea), Korean peninsula, the Amur river entering the Sea (Amur sea ?), the Chinese Kingdom and many other things are also shown on the map. It is necessary to mention how the western European geographers of the 17th century imagine the seas of the Eastern Asia. For example, on the map of Tartarya, Orteliya (or Tatariya, this name was used for a longtime make the vastspase the east of Ural) that was published in 1570 (fig.3), the sea space between Japan and the mainland was marked as Mare CIN or Chinese Sea. On the map of hemispheres <Braen's Atlas, 1648, figA) the aquatory between Asia and America was shown as Aceanus Coinensis. Being published In 1680, the History of Siberia by YU.Krizhanovich describes the question about the existence of the strait between the Arctic Sea and the Eastern or Chinese Sea. While considering this question, we find names of the seas washering Siberia in the east. Thus, data on the names of the Sea aquatories situated in the Asian east were contradictory and common, such as the Eastern Sea, the Eastern Asia and the Marginal Ocean, etc. - 7 - _ l By the late of the 17th century Nikolai Spaphary (1675-1678), the Russian diplomat, made a trip. This trip was very important because it fonned new ideas in tenns of Geography. He wrote about the boundaries of China located in the east. behind China there lics a very large island. The distance between this island and the Chinese boundaries is about 700 versts (8 verst is 3500 ft. It is translated from the Old Russian language). It's name is Japoniya. This island is the more ricbes than the Chinese Kingdom. By the results of his Travelling Spaphary prepared a hook "The description of the first part of the Easth called Asia, the Chinese Kingdom with other cities and provinces" (1677, cited by Lebedev, 1949). In his book Spaphary touches the questions about the geographical position of China. He gives characteristics of parts of the World, such as Asia, Europe, Liviya and America. Further, it is said that in the eastern part Asia is separated from the other pans of the world by the ocean Eastern Sea. and in the north - only by the Ocean Arctic Sea. and from the midday (noon) - by the Indian and Black Sea. In another work -" The Narration about the Great Amur River that devided the Russian settlement with China", Spaphary acknowledged that it was possible to sail to the south from the Amur River. He writes - "One can go from Arnur to China. But it is very far. It is necessary to go round the great nose of Korea which extends to the sea ... " (Lebedev,1949). Spaphary evidences were very important for futher geographical studies of the Eastern Asia Seas in Russia. because at that time the basic strategic goal of the Russian Government was to solve two objectives: to find the ways how to get to America and to look for the Sea way to China and Inma. The Russian geographical studies of the 17th century were connected with the activity of two great rulers - Peter the First (1682-1725) and Ekaterina the Great (1729-1796). By the early 17th century Russia found the ways to the Baltic Sea. It strengthened its economic ties with the Western Europe. More and more often Peter the First dreamed of finding the ways to India, China, Japan and America. G.Perry an Englishman, who worked in Russia, heard many times how zar expressed hi s thoughts " ... to send people to draw a true map in oder to find out if it is possible for the ships to pass near New Zealand and reach the Sea of Tatar in the east... There one could build ships to sail to the Chinese and Japanese shores", Peter the First was eager to figure out how far the Far Eastern lands extend and whether they are opened to capture them.
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