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1 Oral History Interview with Brian Randell January 7, 2021 Via Zoom
Oral History Interview with Brian Randell January 7, 2021 Via Zoom Conducted by William Aspray Charles Babbage Institute 1 Abstract Brian Randell tells about his upbringing and his work at English Electric, IBM, and Newcastle University. The primary topic of the interview is his work in the history of computing. He discusses his discovery of the Irish computer pioneer Percy Ludgate, the preparation of his edited volume The Origins of Digital Computers, various lectures he has given on the history of computing, his PhD supervision of Martin Campbell-Kelly, the Computer History Museum, his contribution to the second edition of A Computer Perspective, and his involvement in making public the World War 2 Bletchley Park Colossus code- breaking machines, among other topics. This interview is part of a series of interviews on the early history of the history of computing. Keywords: English Electric, IBM, Newcastle University, Bletchley Park, Martin Campbell-Kelly, Computer History Museum, Jim Horning, Gwen Bell, Gordon Bell, Enigma machine, Curta (calculating device), Charles and Ray Eames, I. Bernard Cohen, Charles Babbage, Percy Ludgate. 2 Aspray: This is an interview on the 7th of January 2021 with Brian Randell. The interviewer is William Aspray. We’re doing this interview via Zoom. Brian, could you briefly talk about when and where you were born, a little bit about your growing up and your interests during that time, all the way through your formal education? Randell: Ok. I was born in 1936 in Cardiff, Wales. Went to school, high school, there. In retrospect, one of the things I missed out then was learning or being taught Welsh. -
The Roots of Software Engineering*
THE ROOTS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING* Michael S. Mahoney Princeton University (CWI Quarterly 3,4(1990), 325-334) At the International Conference on the History of Computing held in Los Alamos in 1976, R.W. Hamming placed his proposed agenda in the title of his paper: "We Would Know What They Thought When They Did It."1 He pleaded for a history of computing that pursued the contextual development of ideas, rather than merely listing names, dates, and places of "firsts". Moreover, he exhorted historians to go beyond the documents to "informed speculation" about the results of undocumented practice. What people actually did and what they thought they were doing may well not be accurately reflected in what they wrote and what they said they were thinking. His own experience had taught him that. Historians of science recognize in Hamming's point what they learned from Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions some time ago, namely that the practice of science and the literature of science do not necessarily coincide. Paradigms (or, if you prefer with Kuhn, disciplinary matrices) direct not so much what scientists say as what they do. Hence, to determine the paradigms of past science historians must watch scientists at work practicing their science. We have to reconstruct what they thought from the evidence of what they did, and that work of reconstruction in the history of science has often involved a certain amount of speculation informed by historians' own experience of science. That is all the more the case in the history of technology, where up to the present century the inventor and engineer have \*-as Derek Price once put it\*- "thought with their fingertips", leaving the record of their thinking in the artefacts they have designed rather than in texts they have written. -
A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing
Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Department of Computer Science Technical Reports Department of Computer Science 1991 A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing Saul Rosen Report Number: 91-023 Rosen, Saul, "A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing" (1991). Department of Computer Science Technical Reports. Paper 872. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cstech/872 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. A PURDUE UNIVERSITY COURSE IN mE HISTORY OF COMPUTING Saul Rosen CSD-TR-91-023 Mrrch 1991 A Purdue University Course in the History of Computing Saul Rosen CSD-TR-91-023 March 1991 Abstract University COUISes in the history of computing are still quite rarc. This paper is a discussion of a one-semester course that I have taught during the past few years in the Department of Computer Sciences at Purdue University. The amount of material that could be included in such a course is overwhelming, and the literature in the subject has increased at a great rate in the past decade. A syllabus and list of major references are presented here as they are presented to the students. The course develops a few major themes, several of which arc discussed briefly in the paper. The coume has been an interesting and stimulating experience for me. and for some of the students who took the course. I do not foresee a rapid expansion in the number of uniVcCiities that will offer courses in the history of computing. -
Periodical Guide for Computerists 1977
PERIODICAL GUIDE FOR COMPUTERISTS An Index of Magazine Articles for Computer Hobbyists January - December 1977 PERIODICAL GUIDE FOR COMPUTERISTS 1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS AMATEUR RADIO---------------------- 3 MICROCOMPUTERS ANALOG HARDWARE AND CIRCUITS------- 3 GENERAL------------------------- 36 APPLICATIONS, GENERAL-------------- 4 FUNDAMENTALS AND DESIGN--------- 37 ART--------------------------------5 SELECTION GUIDE----------------- 38 ASTRONOMY--------------------------6 AL TAI R 8800 & 680--------------- 38 BAR CODES--------------------------6 APPLE---------------------------39 BIORYTHMS--------------------------6 DI GIT AL GROUP------------------- 39 BIO FEEDBACK------------------------ 6 ELF & VIP ( COSMAC)-------------- 39 BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS-------------6 HEATHKIT------------------------ 39 BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTING------------ 7 IMSAI--------------------------- 39 CALCULATORS------------------------ 8 INTERCEPT IM6100---------------- 39 CLUBS AND ORGANIZATIONS------------ 9 KIM----------------------------- 39 CLOCKS-----------------------------·9 PET----------------------------- 40 COMMUNICATION---------------------- 10 RADIO SHACK--------------------- 40 CONSTRUCTION----------------------- 10 SOL----------------------------- 40 CONTROL---------------------------- 11 SPHERE-------------------------- 40 CON VE RS ION, CODE------------------- 11 SWTPC--------------------------- 40 CONVERSION, NUMBER BASE------------ 11 WAVE MATE----------------------- 40 DEBUG------------------------------ 12 OTHER MICROCOMPUTERS------------ 41 -
BASIC Programming with Unix Introduction
LinuxFocus article number 277 http://linuxfocus.org BASIC programming with Unix by John Perr <johnperr(at)Linuxfocus.org> Abstract: About the author: Developing with Linux or another Unix system in BASIC ? Why not ? Linux user since 1994, he is Various free solutions allows us to use the BASIC language to develop one of the French editors of interpreted or compiled applications. LinuxFocus. _________________ _________________ _________________ Translated to English by: Georges Tarbouriech <gt(at)Linuxfocus.org> Introduction Even if it appeared later than other languages on the computing scene, BASIC quickly became widespread on many non Unix systems as a replacement for the scripting languages natively found on Unix. This is probably the main reason why this language is rarely used by Unix people. Unix had a more powerful scripting language from the first day on. Like other scripting languages, BASIC is mostly an interpreted one and uses a rather simple syntax, without data types, apart from a distinction between strings and numbers. Historically, the name of the language comes from its simplicity and from the fact it allows to easily teach programming to students. Unfortunately, the lack of standardization lead to many different versions mostly incompatible with each other. We can even say there are as many versions as interpreters what makes BASIC hardly portable. Despite these drawbacks and many others that the "true programmers" will remind us, BASIC stays an option to be taken into account to quickly develop small programs. This has been especially true for many years because of the Integrated Development Environment found in Windows versions allowing graphical interface design in a few mouse clicks. -
TCM Report, Spring
Alan F. Shugart Contents BOARD OF DIRECTORS CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS Richard L. Sites Ronald G. Smart 1 John Willia m Poduska. Sr.. Chairman David Ahl. Mr. and Mrs. Rolland B. Arndt. Charles E. Sporck The Director's Letter Apollo Computer. Inc. Isaac L. Auerbach. Robert W. Bailey. Ph.D.. Ivan and Marcia Sutherland John Banning. Alan G. Bell. Gregory C .F. Del Thorndike and Steve Teicher Dr. G w e n Bell C. Gordon Bell Bettice. Alfred M. Bertocchi. Richard Billings. Erwin Tomash Encore Computer Corporation Allen H. Brady. Daniel S. Bricklin. Fred and Jean De Val pine 3 Dr. Gwen Bell Nancy Brooks. David A. Brown. Gordon S. Charles P Waite Howard Hathaway Aiken Brown, Lawrence C. Brown, Marshall D. Stephen L. Watson The Computer Museum Butler. Charles T. and Virginia G. Casale. Harvey W. Wiggins. Jr. The Life of a Computer Pioneer Danald Christiansen. Richard J. Clayton. William Wolfson Erich Bloch George Towne Clifford. Howard E. Cox. Jr .. G regory W. Welch National Science Foundation Henry J. Crouse. David N. Cutler. Joe Cychosz. 13 Harvey D. Cragon Gerald Davis and Francoise Szigetti. Clive B. CORPORATE MEMBERS University of Texas, Austin Dawson. F. de Bros, Bruce A. and Frances M. A Conversation Delagi. Jack Dennis. Nick de Wolf. L. John David Donaldson Doerr. James R. Donaldson. Philip H. Dorn. BENEfACTOR- SIO.OOO or more with the Hackers Ropes and Gray Gregory L. Duckworth, Ray Duncan, Thomas Apollo Computer. Inc: Eggers. Dan L. Eisner. Bob O. Evans. Robert Bank of America Foundation· 16 Robert Everett A. Farmer, Andrew D. Feit. Tse-yun Feng. -
Annual Report of the ACM Awards Committee for the Period July 1, 2005 - June 30, 2006
Annual Report of the ACM Awards Committee for the Period July 1, 2005 - June 30, 2006 1. BASIC INFORMATION 1.1 List of Committee Members and Terms of Office Calvin C. Gotlieb, Co-Chair 4/1/98-6/30/06 James Jay Horning, Co-Chair 7/02-6/30/06 Martin Abadi 8/04-12/31/06 Hal Abelson 12/03-12/31/09 Alfred V. Aho 2/01-12/31/05 David H. Bailey 12/31/08 Ruzena Bajcsy 1/04-12/31/07 Mary Gray Baker 11/04-12/31/07 Victor Basili 7/02-12/31/07 Michel Beaudouin-Lafon 8/04-12/31/07 Alan Berenbaum 12/03-12/31/05 Reinaldo Bergamaschi 12/31/09 Nina Bhatti Judith Bishop 6/03-12/31/06 Dines Bjørner 8/04-12/31/07 Ronald Boisvert 10/04-12/31/08 Stephen R. Bourne 12/31/10 Eric Brewer 3/05- John Seely Brown 1/01-12/31/07 E.G. Coffman 6/03-12/31/06 Patrick Cousot 9/04-12/31/07 Carlos de Lucena 2/01-12/31/05 James W. Demmel 12/31/09 Adel S. Elmaghraby 6/02-12/31/05 Joan Feigenbaum 5/01-12/31/05 Christian Freksa 7/05- Bernard Galler 2/01-12/31/05 Nicholas Georganas 12/03-12/31/07 Carlo Ghezzi 12/31/08 Adele Goldberg 12/31/09 Sandra Graham 3/05-12/31/06 James N. Gray 6/02-12/31/06 William D. Gropp 12/31/06 David Harel 1/05-12/31/09 Laura Hill 12/31/11 Charles H. -
Nov. 7Th Subtype
how objects of a given type can win and they were losing be safely replaced by objects of a opportunities. So I went off and Nov. 7th subtype. did my own thing.” Eubanks spent 15 years as CEO of Symantec Corp [April 24], Diode Vacuum turning it into a profitable software utility and anti-virus Tube Patent business. Nov. 7, 1905 Eubanks is a stamp collector, English electrical engineer, John specializing in items issued in Ambrose Fleming was granted a the US between 1847 and 1861. US patent (803684) for his He has won the American “oscillation valve“, the first Philatelic Society’s “Champion of diode vacuum tube. It found Champions” award twice. almost immediate use as a switch because of its much greater speeds than mechanical John M. Cioffi relays. Barbara Liskov (2010). Photo by Born: Nov. 7, 1956; Many people had experimented Kenneth C. Zirkel. CC BY-SA 3.0. with tubes in the 19th century, Illinois including Thomas Edison [Feb Her 1968 Ph.D. thesis at Cioffi is called “the father of the 11] and Nikola Tesla [July 10]. Stanford was about chess Digital Subscriber Line" (DSL). However, the technology only endgames, and was supervised In particular, his team at Amati became practical with Lee de by John McCarthy [Sept 4]. In Communications came up with a Forest’s 1906 three-terminal 1961, she had applied to study DSL modulation approach called “audion” tube, which later at Princeton, but received a form discrete multitone (DMT). evolved into the triode [Oct 20]. letter explaining that it didn’t At the time, Fleming accused de DMT makes one phone line look accept female students. -
“Not Only Microsoft: the Maturing of the Personal Computer Software
Martin Campbell-Kelly Not Only Microsoft: The Maturing of the Personal Computer Software Industry, 1982-1995 In the thirteen years following the introduction of IBM's first personal computer in 1982, Microsoft rose from being a small concern to become the colossus of the PC software industry. However, Microsoft was not the only software company to profit from the PC-software boom: firms like AutoDesk, Lotus Development, WordPerfect Corp., Ashton-Tate, Novell, Borland, Adobe Systems, Aldus, Symantec, and the Santa Cruz Operation all had their time in the sun. Whereas some of these firms lost their markets to Microsoft or stumbled through strategic errors, others remained hugely successful, and their relative obscurity is largely due to the contemporary obsession with Microsoft and its billionaire founder. he early history of the personal computer is well known. It has fea- Ttured in the press, in numerous popular histories of computing, and in television programs such as Robert X. Cringley's "Triumph of the Nerds."1 Within the business history community, the story is known at a deeper level, partly through the inevitable osmosis that ac- companies the daily use of a personal computer, but also through arti- cles such as Richard Langlois's study of the microcomputer industry, MARTIN CAMPBELL-KELLY is a reader in computer science at the University of War- wick, England. My work on the history of the software industry has been supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (award number R000237065). I would like to thank my research as- sociates at Warwick University, Dr. Mary G. Croarken and Dr. -
Optimization and Visualization of Strategies for Platforms
Optimization and Visualization of Strategies for Platforms, Complements, and Services. by Richard B. LeVine BA, Psychology, State University of New York at Albany, 1980 MS, Computer Science, Union College, Schenectady New York, 1986 SUBMITTED TO THE ALFRED P. SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2003 ©2003 Richard B. LeVine. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of Author: Alfred P. Sloan School of Management May 8, 2003 Certified by: Professor James Utterback, Chair, Management of Technology Program Reader Certified by: Professor Michael Cusumano, Sloan Management Review Distinguished Professor of Management Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: David Weber Director, Management of Technology Program 1 of 160 Optimization and Visualization of Strategies for Platforms, Complements, and Services by Richard B. LeVine Submitted to the Alfred P. Sloan School of Management on May 8, 2003, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science. Abstract This thesis probes the causal elements of product platform strategies and the effects of platform strategy on a firm. Platform strategies may be driven by internal or external forces, and the lifecycle of a firm and of a platform strategy evolve over time in response to both the needs of the firm and the changes in the external environment. This external environment may consist of a “platform ecology,” in which the platform strategies of firms affect one another. -
Exhibit 4 to the Comments of Relpromax Antitrust Inc
EXHIBIT 4 TO THE COMMENTS c OF RELPROMAX ANTITRUST INC. ._ 3 _ _ l- MTC-00030631 0256 P GARY L. BEBACK (Bar No. 218594) SUSAN A. CREIGHTON DAVID A. KILLAM NEIL M. NATHANSON IRWIN R: GROSS WILSON, SONSINI, GOODRICH & ROSATI Professional Corporation 650 Page Mill Road Palo Alto, California 94304-1050 Telephone: (415) 493-9300 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNITED STATES Plair vs. n No. 94-1564 (SS) ii MICROSOFT CORI FILED Defenc FE13 1 4 1995 S District Court MEMORAT T1%i#kt Of Columbia The economic arguments in 1 _._,,.rulanaum were prepared in extensive consultation wir& the following economists. However, because of the shortness of time, counsel retained complete responsibility for the contents of this document. Garth Saloner W. Brian Arthur Magowan Professor of Economics Citibank Professor and Strategic Management Santa Fe Institute and and c Associate Dean for Morrison Professor of Academic Affairs Population Studies and Graduate School of Business Economics Stanford University Stanford University MTC-00030631 0257 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY ............................ 3 II THE PERMISSIBLE SCOPE OF THIS COURT’S REVIEW .............. 14 III THE ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY .... 20 A. Market And Technology Background ......................... 21 1. The Business Desktop ............................. 24 3L. The Intrabusiness Server ............................ 28 3. The Home-to-Business Server ......................... 31 4. Home Computer Market ............................ 32 5. OLE ........................................ 33 6. Windows ..................................... 34 a. Desktop ................................. 35 b. Server .................................. 35 B. Free Market Forces in Increasing Return Industries ................ 36 IV MICROSOFT’S TACTICS AND PROSPECTS FOR SUCCESS ............ 43 A. Microsoft’s Strategy .................................. -
GUI Wars: the Windows Litigation and the Continuing Decline of "Look and Feel"*
GUI Wars: The Windows Litigation and the Continuing Decline of "Look and Feel"* Nicolas P. Terry" TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................... 93 I. The Development of the Graphical User Interface .......................................... 98 II. A Technical and Commercial Primer ............ 103 III. An Introduction to Copyright Law .............. 110 IV. Litigating the Windows Interface ................ 115 A. The Impact of the 1985 License A greem ent ................................. 115 B. Protectibility and Infringement ............ 119 1. The Dissected Features ................. 126 2. The Rejection of "Look and Feel" ..... 131 3. The Inevitable Summary Adjudication. 134 V. The Rise and Fall of "Look and Feel"........... 139 A. The Broad Question of Interface Copyrightability ............................ 141 B. The Idea-"Expression of Idea" D ichotom y .................................. 144 C. Copyrightability and Substantial Sim ilarity ................................... 151 D. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Judgments .......... 152 Conclusion-Evaluating the Windows Litigation ..... 155 INTRODUCTION In the early summer of 1990 the Microsoft Corporation released version 3.0 of its Windows product, an operating environment with a graphical user interface (GUI).' The * 1993 Nicolas P. Terry. All Rights Reserved. ** Professor of Law, Saint Louis University. I extend my thanks to Alex Giftos, Tracy Litzinger, and Jeff McPherson, my research assistants. 1. Windows 3.0, 3.1, and earlier versions are not in themselves operating sys- tems (or system software or OS) such as Microsoft/IBM DOS, Microsoft's NT, or IBM's OS/2. They require and operate "on top of" DOS 3.1 or later. Notwithstand- 94 ARKANSAS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 47:93 introduction of Windows 3.0 was accompanied by a media blitz. Advertising of the new product was powerful and well directed,2 and Microsoft and third party application vendors had stockpiled software designed for the new oper- ating environment.