Top Management Team International Orientation, Internal Environment, Organizational Characteristics and Internationalization of Universities in Uganda
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TOP MANAGEMENT TEAM INTERNATIONAL ORIENTATION, INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION OF UNIVERSITIES IN UGANDA DENNIS NUWAGABA A THESIS PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SCHOOL OF BUSINESS - UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2018 DECLARATION ii COPYRIGHT All rights reserved; for this reason, no part of this work can be used or reproduced in any form by any means, or stored in any database or retrieval system, without explicit prior written permission from the author or University of Nairobi (UON) on that behalf except in the case of acknowledged quotations embodied in reviews, articles and research papers. Reproducing any part of this work in softcopy, hardcopy or keeping it in any retrieval format for any purpose other than personal use is a violation of the Kenyan, Ugandan and international laws. ©DennisNuwagaba2018 Dennis Nuwagaba iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank God who has brought me this far on this academic journey. Jesus Christ, my Lord and Saviour, it is through you that this journey was started and it is through you that it is coming to an end. I will always praise you. To my supervisors; Dr. John Yabs, Dr. Kennedy Ogollah and Prof. Gituro Wainaina, thank you for the professional and technical guidance you have given me in the process of doing this study. I owe this study to you. Thank you for the availability and accessibility whenever I requested to see you. I would like to pay my tribute and gratitude to my employer, Makerere University Business School (MUBS), under the leadership of the Principal, Prof. W. Balunywa for sponsoring this course. The Deputy Principal, Assoc. Prof. M. Muhwezi, the Dean, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research (FGSR), Assoc. Prof. M. Ngoma, Associate Dean FGSR, Assoc. Prof. V. Bagire and the Coordinator, PhD Programmes at MUBS Prof. J.C. Munene and staff at the Human Resource Directorate. I thank you all for your commitment in facilitating and enabling me to pursue doctoral studies at UON. Special thanks go to the Dean, Faculty of Marketing and Hospitality Management, Prof. G. Bakunda and the Head of Department, Marketing and International Business, Dr T. Esemu for bearing with me during my long absence from duty. I would wish also to specially thank Assoc. Prof. M. Moya for facilitating me through data analysis and for allowing us to learn from you what service above self is all about. To all my colleagues in the department who supported me in one way or another during this course, may God richly bless you. iv I would to thank Mr. F. Dhikusooka for assisting with data collection and my colleagues both at UON and at MUBS; Benard Onyinyi, Patrick Mafumbo, Dorothy Ssendagire and Dr. J. Wakaisuka thank you for your academic company on this journey. My friends at Church of the Resurrection Bugolobi Church of Uganda (COTR BCOU) in particular the 7:30 am Sunday service warden team thank you for your prayers, for checking on my progress and wishing that this course would come to a successful end. I am thankful for your brotherly love and care. I would like to thank my family, particularly my mother (Maama) for praying for me and having raised me and nursed me. I know this will make you happy and relieved that I am no longer taking the night travels to Nairobi. The Betonda family; my brothers and sisters thank you for your support and you all know that we can still keep the dream of our father alive through education. Finally, to my beloved wife Shallon, you held onto hope and kept the faith as I crisscrossed the borders of Kenya and Uganda. Your patience and fortitude is commendable. The PhD course can be lonely, stressful and at times frustrating. However, I found a friend and a partner in you that cared and understood my struggles. Together we are a strong pair. Cheers. v DEDICATION To the memory of my late father, Festo Betonda (Rest in Peace), for the love of educating his children amidst hardships and to my mother, Audry Betonda for her patience and perseverance in raising us. To my dear wife, the love of my life Shallon for having weathered many storms of our life together. For your support, companionship and love that made the daunting task of doing a PhD possible. Without your support this course would have been even harder than it already was. Love never fails. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. vi LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xvi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................... xvii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1 1.1 Background to the Study ..........................................................................................1 1.1.1 Top Management Team International Orientation ............................................3 1.1.2 Internal Environment .........................................................................................5 1.1.3 Organizational Characteristics ...........................................................................6 1.1.4 Internationalization of Universities....................................................................8 1.1.5 Universities in Uganda .....................................................................................11 1.2 Research Problem ....................................................................................................13 1.3 Objectives of the Study ...........................................................................................17 1.4 Value of the Study ...................................................................................................17 1.5 Structure of the Thesis ............................................................................................19 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................20 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................20 2.2 Theoretical Foundations ..........................................................................................20 2.2.1 Upper Echelons Theory ...................................................................................21 2.2.2 Stages Theory...................................................................................................23 2.2.3 Resource Based View Theory ..........................................................................25 vii 2.3 Top Management Team International Orientation and Internationalization of Universities ............................................................................................................27 2.4 Top Management Team International Orientation, Internal Environment and Internationalization of Universities ........................................................................30 2.5 Top Management Team International Orientation, Organizational Characteristics and Internationalization of Universities .................................................................35 2.6 Top Management Team International Orientation, Internal Environment, Organizational Characteristics and Internationalization of Universities ...............37 2.7 Summary of Literature Review and Knowledge Gaps ...........................................39 2.8 Conceptual Framework ...........................................................................................43 2.9 Research Hypotheses ..............................................................................................44 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..............................................46 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................46 3.2 Research Philosophy ...............................................................................................46 3.3 Research Design ......................................................................................................48 3.4 Study Population .....................................................................................................49 3.5 Sample Size .............................................................................................................49 3.6 Data Collection ........................................................................................................51 3.7 Validity Test of the Instrument ...............................................................................52 3.8 Reliability Test of the Instrument ...........................................................................54 3.9 Operationalization of Study Variables ....................................................................55