Qatar 2022, the World Cup of Modern Slavery – Is FIFA Playing Fair?
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University of Seville European Master’s Degree in Human Rights & Democratisation 2016/2017 Qatar 2022, the World Cup of modern slavery – Is FIFA playing fair? Author: Deborah Thuer Supervisors: Carmen Márquez-Carrasco Marta Bordignon Deadline: 14 July 2017 Abstract Ahead of the World Cup 2022 in Qatar, migrant workers building the necessary infrastructure find themselves in a vulnerable, slavery-like position due to the exploitative Kafala system. The aim of this thesis is to investigate if FIFA - as one of the key actors of the World Cup in Qatar - has a responsibility to respect human rights. Another purpose it to analyse if FIFA is complying with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) and accordingly, what FIFA is doing to protect human rights in Qatar. First, this paper identifies the human rights issues in Qatar. Then, it explores the structure of FIFA and the legal framework before it then outlines what FIFA and its sponsors are doing and could be doing to improve the situation in Qatar. Through literature research and an interview with the FIFA Human Rights Manager, it is evident that the UNGPs apply to FIFA and that FIFA is acknowledging a certain responsibility, however, is not doing enough to stop the violations. As the rights of a lot of foreign labourers are at stake, it is crucial that FIFA and the important main sponsors of the event are aware of their responsibility and properly implement the UNGPs. If a well-known sports governing body like FIFA stood up for human rights and showed that it does not accept violations by host countries, it could be considered as a ‘best practice’ for others and also influence other mega-sporting events like the Olympics. Contents Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... III 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Main research questions and objectives ........................................................... 1 1.2 Structure ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Approach and methodology ............................................................................. 2 2 Situation in Qatar .................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 3 2.2. Abuses during the migration life cycle ............................................................ 5 2.3. Kafala system ................................................................................................... 6 2.3.1 How the systems works ............................................................................ 6 2.3.2 New migrant labour law ........................................................................... 8 2.4 Forced labour and human trafficking ............................................................. 11 2.5 Deplorable housing conditions ...................................................................... 12 2.6 Indefinite detentions ...................................................................................... 13 2.7 Discrimination ............................................................................................... 14 2.8 Qatari governments’ responsibilities regarding labour abuses ...................... 14 2.9 The Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy .......................................... 17 3 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) ................................... 19 3.1 Structure ......................................................................................................... 20 3.2 FIFA reforms 2016 ........................................................................................ 22 3.3 Awarding of the World Cups ......................................................................... 24 3.4 FIFA’s responsibility beyond football: FIFA’s general human rights policy and due diligence ...................................................................... 25 4. The relevant legal framework: international and domestic instruments in the field of Business and Human Rights ........................................................... 34 4.1 UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and other soft law sources .............................................................................................. 35 4.1.1 UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights ........................ 35 4.1.1.1 What are the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights? ................................................................................. 35 p. I 4.1.1.2 How and to what extent can they be applied to FIFA? .................... 39 4.1.2 Other relevant soft law sources .............................................................. 47 4.1.2.1 The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises ...................... 47 4.1.2.2 ILO Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy (MNE declaration) ....... 51 4.1.2.3 UN Global Compact ......................................................................... 52 4.2 Swiss National Action Plans and hard law .................................................... 53 4.2.1 Concerned Swiss National Action Plans (NAPs) ................................... 53 4.2.1.1 Position Paper on CSR ..................................................................... 53 4.2.1.2 National Action Plan on Business & Human Rights ....................... 54 4.2.2 Hard law for human rights violations by businesses .............................. 57 4.2.3 The Responsible Business Initiative ....................................................... 59 5. FIFA and working conditions in Qatar: its due diligence strategy and policy ...... 60 5.1 What is FIFA doing to improve the situation in Qatar?................................. 60 5.1.1 Is FIFA putting any pressure on the Qatari government? ...................... 64 5.1.2 Has FIFA investigated the human rights violations?.............................. 64 5.1.3 Are FIFA’s steps in accordance with its BHR responsibility? ............... 66 5.2 How could FIFA improve the working conditions and ensure that no violations occur under the new labour system? ........................................ 69 5.3 FIFA’s due diligence strategy for the World Cup bidding process ............... 73 5.3.1 FIFA’s current strategy ........................................................................... 73 5.3.2 Human rights questionnaire for bidders that FIFA could apply in the future for the World Cup selection process ........................ 74 6. Sponsors’ responsibility ........................................................................................ 78 6.1 What are the important sponsors doing in relation to FIFA’s human rights compliance? ............................................................................. 78 6.2 What are their duties regarding the human rights situation in Qatar? ........... 79 7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 81 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. IV Annex ........................................................................................................................ XIV p. II Abbreviations Art. Article BHR Business and Human Rights BWI Building and Wood Workers’ International CSR Corporate Social Responsibility et al. and others f. / ff. and the following page/s FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association FNV Federatie Nederlandse Vakvereniging HRW Human Rights Watch ICT Indian Trading and Contracting Group ILO International Labour Organization ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ITUC International Trade Union Confederation LGBTI Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex LOC Local organising committee MNE Multinational Enterprises NAP National Action Plan NCP National Contact Point NGO Non-governmental organization No. Number OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights p. page SC Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy UN United Nations UNGP(s) UN Guiding Principle(s) on Business and Human Rights UNHRC UN Human Rights Council vol. volume p. III 1. Introduction Football is the world’s most popular and powerful sport. Over three billions of people from all over the world enjoy watching superstars like Messi, Ronaldo or Neymar play at the World Cups. There is no doubt that football is a beautiful game, nevertheless, there is also a dark side to it. In December 2010, FIFA shocked the world by awarding the 2022 World Cup hosting rights to the small Gulf state of Qatar. Not only is it dangerously hot in Qatar, but also have human rights constantly been violated. Especially migrant workers are in a very vulnerable, modern slavery-like, position. FIFA is an association that is known worldwide, which makes it even more important that FIFA stands up to human rights and shows a real commitment. FIFA always highlights the importance of fair play. It could use its power to foster fair play also off the pitch by taking action to improve the human rights situation in Qatar. 1.1 Main research questions and