Osha Select Carcinogens
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Exposure to Carcinogens and Work-Related Cancer: a Review of Assessment Methods
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work ISSN: 1831-9343 Exposure to carcinogens and work-related cancer: A review of assessment methods European Risk Observatory Report Exposure to carcinogens and work-related cancer: A review of assessment measures Authors: Dr Lothar Lißner, Kooperationsstelle Hamburg IFE GmbH Mr Klaus Kuhl (task leader), Kooperationsstelle Hamburg IFE GmbH Dr Timo Kauppinen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Ms Sanni Uuksulainen, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health Cross-checker: Professor Ulla B. Vogel from the National Working Environment Research Centre in Denmark Project management: Dr Elke Schneider - European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers, or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet ( 48TU http://europa.euU48T). Cataloguing data can be found on the cover of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 ISBN: 978-92-9240-500-7 doi: 10.2802/33336 Cover pictures: (clockwise): Anthony Jay Villalon (Fotolia); ©Roman Milert (Fotolia); ©Simona Palijanskaite; ©Kari Rissa © European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2014 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 1 Exposure to carcinogens and work-related cancer: -
Carcinogens Are Mutagens
-Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 70, No. 8, pp. 2281-2285, August 1973 Carcinogens are Mutagens: A Simple Test System Combining Liver Homogenates for Activation and Bacteria for Detection (frameshift mutagens/aflatoxin/benzo(a)pyrene/acetylaminofluorene) BRUCE N. AMES, WILLIAM E. DURSTON, EDITH YAMASAKI, AND FRANK D. LEE Biochemistry Department, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720 Contributed by Bruce N. Ames, May 14, 1973 ABSTRACT 18 Carcinogens, including aflatoxin Bi, methylsulfoxide (Me2SO), spectrophotometric grade, was ob- benzo(a)pyrene, acetylaminofluorene, benzidine, and di- tained from Schwarz/Mann, sodium phenobarbital from methylamino-trans-stilbene, are shown to be activated by liver homogenates to form potent frameshift mutagens. Mallinckrodt, aflatoxin B1 from Calbiochem, and 3-methyl- We believe that these carcinogens have in common a ring cholanthrene from Eastman; 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene system sufficiently planar for a stacking interaction with was a gift of P. L. Grover. Schuchardt (Munich) was the DNA base pairs and a part of the molecule capable of being source for the other carcinogens. metabolized to a reactive group: these structural features are discussed in terms of the theory of frameshift muta- Bacterial Strains used are mutants of S. typhimurium LT-2 genesis. We propose that these carcinogens, and many have been discussed in detail others that are mutagens, cause cancer by somatic muta- and (2). tion. A simple, inexpensive, and extremely sensitive test for Source Liver. Male rats (Sprague-Dawley/Bio-1 strain, detection of carcinogens as mutagens is described. It con- of sists of the use of a rat or human liver homogenate for Horton Animal Laboratories) were maintained on Purina carcinogen activation (thus supplying mammalian metab- laboratory chow. -
Release of Melamine and Formaldehyde from Melamine-Formaldehyde Plastic Kitchenware
molecules Article Release of Melamine and Formaldehyde from Melamine-Formaldehyde Plastic Kitchenware , Ingo Ebner * y , Steffi Haberer, Stefan Sander, Oliver Kappenstein , Andreas Luch and Torsten Bruhn y Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (O.K.); [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (T.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-30-18412-27403 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Academic Editor: Roland Franz Received: 26 June 2020; Accepted: 31 July 2020; Published: 10 August 2020 Abstract: The release of melamine and formaldehyde from kitchenware made of melamine resins is still a matter of great concern. To investigate the migration and release behavior of the monomers from melamine-based food contact materials into food simulants and food stuffs, cooking spoons were tested under so-called hot plate conditions at 100 ◦C. Release conditions using the real hot plate conditions with 3% acetic acid were compared with conditions in a conventional migration oven and with a release to deionized water. Furthermore, the kinetics of the release were studied using Arrhenius plots giving an activation energy for the release of melamine of 120 kJ/mol. Finally, a correlation between quality of the resins, specifically the kind of bridges between the monomers, and the release of melamine, was confirmed by CP/MAS 13C-NMR measurements of the melamine kitchenware. Obviously, the ratio of methylene bridges and dimethylene ether bridges connecting the melamine monomers during the curing process can be directly correlated with the amount of the monomers released into food. -
WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality : Selected Pollutants
WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of pub- lic health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethyl- ene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazard- ousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmen- SELECTED CHEMICALS SELECTED tal exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. POLLUTANTS They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards. World Health Organization Regional Offi ce for Europe Scherfi gsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17. Fax: +45 39 17 18 18 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.euro.who.int WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants The WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office, WHO Regional Office for Europe coordinated the development of these WHO guidelines. Keywords AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR - prevention and control AIR POLLUTANTS - adverse effects ORGANIC CHEMICALS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE - adverse effects GUIDELINES ISBN 978 92 890 0213 4 Address requests for publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for per- mission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). -
Toxicological Profile for Radon
RADON 205 10. GLOSSARY Some terms in this glossary are generic and may not be used in this profile. Absorbed Dose, Chemical—The amount of a substance that is either absorbed into the body or placed in contact with the skin. For oral or inhalation routes, this is normally the product of the intake quantity and the uptake fraction divided by the body weight and, if appropriate, the time, expressed as mg/kg for a single intake or mg/kg/day for multiple intakes. For dermal exposure, this is the amount of material applied to the skin, and is normally divided by the body mass and expressed as mg/kg. Absorbed Dose, Radiation—The mean energy imparted to the irradiated medium, per unit mass, by ionizing radiation. Units: rad (rad), gray (Gy). Absorbed Fraction—A term used in internal dosimetry. It is that fraction of the photon energy (emitted within a specified volume of material) which is absorbed by the volume. The absorbed fraction depends on the source distribution, the photon energy, and the size, shape and composition of the volume. Absorption—The process by which a chemical penetrates the exchange boundaries of an organism after contact, or the process by which radiation imparts some or all of its energy to any material through which it passes. Self-Absorption—Absorption of radiation (emitted by radioactive atoms) by the material in which the atoms are located; in particular, the absorption of radiation within a sample being assayed. Absorption Coefficient—Fractional absorption of the energy of an unscattered beam of x- or gamma- radiation per unit thickness (linear absorption coefficient), per unit mass (mass absorption coefficient), or per atom (atomic absorption coefficient) of absorber, due to transfer of energy to the absorber. -
Annexure Iii
ANNEXURE III DETAILS OF PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS 1. RSF Intermediate Manufacturing process: Check and prepare a clean and dry vessel. Remove oxygen from the vessel with nitrogen flushing. Charge the required quantity of Formaldehyde into the clean vessel, followed by Urea and Glyoxal 40% and diethylene glycol. The temperature is increased to 60-80 C under constant stirring. The process is continued for 5-6 hours. Take sample for quality check and if required specifications are not meet, continue reaction further for 1 hour and again check for quality. If specification is reached fill product in containers, to be used for further formulations of finished product. Chemical Reaction Material Balance Input Output Formaldehyde 0.40 RSF Urea 0.20 Reaction Vessel 1.00 Intermediate Glyoxal 0.40 Total 1.00 Total 1.00 Process Flow Diagram M/S. Dystar India Pvt. Ltd., Plot No. 3002/A,GIDC Ankleshwar, Bharuch (GJ) 2. NFF-T Intermediate Manufacturing process: Check and prepare a clean and dry vessel. Remove oxygen from the vessel with nitrogen flushing. Charge the required quantity of glyoxal 40%and water into the clean vessel under constant stirring. Cool the vessel and add N, N-dimethyl urea until homogenous mixture is achieved. The temperature is maintained below ambient temperature and reaction is further continued for 2-4 hours under catalytic concentration of citric acid. Take sample for quality check and if required specifications are not meet, continue reaction further for 1 hour and again check for quality. If specification is reached fill product in containers, to be used for further formulations of finished product. -
Cancer Cause: Biological, Chemical and Physical Carcinogens
Merit Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences (ISSN: 2354-323X) Vol. 6(9) pp. 303-306, September, 2018 Available online http://www.meritresearchjournals.org/mms/index.htm Copyright © 2018 Merit Research Journals Review Cancer Cause: Biological, Chemical and Physical Carcinogens Asst. Prof. Dr. Chateen I. Ali Pambuk* and Fatma Mustafa Muhammad Abstract College of Dentistry / University of Cancer arises from abnormal changes of cells that divide without control Tikrit and are able to spread to the rest of the body. These changes are the result of the interaction between the individual genetic factors and three *Corresponding Author Email: categories of external factors: a chemical carcinogens, radiation, hormonal [email protected]. imbalance, genetic mutations and genetic factors. Genetic deviation leads to Mobile phone No. 009647701808805 the initiation of the cancer process, while the carcinogen may be a key component in the development and progression of cancer in the future. Although the factors that make someone belong to a group with a higher risk of cancer, the majority of cancers actually occur in people who do not have known factors. The aim of this descriptive mini-review, generally, is to shed light on the main cause of cancer and vital factors in cellular system and extracellular system that may be involved with different types of tumors. Keywords: Cancer, Cancer cause, physical Carcinogens, Chemical carcinogens, biological carcinogens INTRODUCTION Carcinogen is any substance (radioactive or radiation) .Furthermore, the chemicals mostly involve as the that is directly involved in the cause of cancer. This may primary cause of cancer, from which dioxins, such as be due to the ability to damage the genome or to disrupt benzene, kibon, ethylene bipromide and asbestos, are cellular metabolism or both rendering the cell to be classified as carcinogens (IUPAC Recommendations, sensitive for cancer development. -
Radiation and Your Patient: a Guide for Medical Practitioners
RADIATION AND YOUR PATIENT: A GUIDE FOR MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS A web module produced by Committee 3 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) What is the purpose of this document ? In the past 100 years, diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and radiation therapy have evolved from the original crude practices to advanced techniques that form an essential tool for all branches and specialties of medicine. The inherent properties of ionising radiation provide many benefits but also may cause potential harm. In the practice of medicine, there must be a judgement made concerning the benefit/risk ratio. This requires not only knowledge of medicine but also of the radiation risks. This document is designed to provide basic information on radiation mechanisms, the dose from various medical radiation sources, the magnitude and type of risk, as well as answers to commonly asked questions (e.g radiation and pregnancy). As a matter of ease in reading, the text is in a question and answer format. Interventional cardiologists, radiologists, orthopaedic and vascular surgeons and others, who actually operate medical x-ray equipment or use radiation sources, should possess more information on proper technique and dose management than is contained here. However, this text may provide a useful starting point. The most common ionising radiations used in medicine are X, gamma, beta rays and electrons. Ionising radiation is only one part of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are numerous other radiations (e.g. visible light, infrared waves, high frequency and radiofrequency electromagnetic waves) that do not posses the ability to ionize atoms of the absorbing matter. -
Production and Characterization of Melamine-Formaldehyde Moulding
International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Sciences, Technology and Engineering | ISSN: 2488-9849 Vol. 6, Issue 2 (February 2020) PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MELAMINE- FORMALDEHYDE MOULDING POWDER BY BALOGUN, Ayodeji Timothy REG. NO.: 98/6907EH Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria. 26 International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Sciences, Technology and Engineering | ISSN: 2488-9849 Vol. 6, Issue 2 (February 2020) CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Amino resins are product of polymeric reaction of amino compound with aldehyde especially formaldehyde by a series of addition and condensation reaction. The reaction between formaldehyde and amino compound to form methyl derivatives of the later which on heating condenses to form hard, colourless transparent resin, when cured or heat set, the amino resins are more properly called amino plastics. 1.1 Background to the Study Melamine, the amino group in the production of melamine-formaldehyde is manufactured from coal, limestone and air, we do not indeed use coal as an ingredient but coke, its derivatives. It is obtained together with coal gas and coal tar when bituminous coal is heated in a by-product oven. Lime, another important reactant in the production of melamine is obtained by heating limestone in a kiln to liberate carbon dioxide with nitrogen to form calcium cyan amide which on further reaction with water and acid forms cynamide from which dicyandiamide is obtained by treatment with alkaline. Finally, dicyandiamide is heated with ammonia and methanol to produced melamine. Production of formaldehyde involves the reaction of coke with superheated steam to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide when these two gases are heated under high pressure in the presence of chromic oxide and zinc oxide or some other catalyst, methanol is formed. -
New Discoveries in Radiation Science
cancers Editorial New Discoveries in Radiation Science Géza Sáfrány 1,*, Katalin Lumniczky 1 and Lorenzo Manti 2 1 Department Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Center, 1221 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] 2 Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-309199218 This series of 16 articles (8 original articles and 8 reviews) was written by internation- ally recognized scientists attending the 44th Congress of the European Radiation Research Society (Pécs, Hungary). Ionizing radiation is an interesting agent because it is used to cure cancers and can also induce cancer. The effects of ionizing radiation at the organism level depend on the response of the cells. When radiation hits a cell, it might damage any cellular organelles and macromolecules. Unrepairable damage leads to cell death, while misrepaired alterations leave mutations in surviving cells. If the repair is errorless, normal cells will survive. However, in a small percentage of the seemingly healthy cells the number of spontaneous mutations will increase, which is a sign of radiation-induced genomic instability. Radiation-induced cell death is behind the development of acute radiation syndromes and the killing of tumorous and normal cells during radiation therapy. Radiation-induced mutations in surviving cells might lead to the induction of tumors. According to the central paradigm of radiation biology, the genetic material, that is the DNA, is the main cellular target of ionizing radiation. Many different types of damage are induced by radiation in the DNA, but the most deleterious effects arise from double strand breaks (DSBs). -
Scientific Documentation
Scientific Documentation A1378, Aspartame, Powder, NF Not appropriate for regulatory submission. Please visit www.spectrumchemical.com or contact Tech Services for the most up‐to‐date information contained in this information package. Spectrum Chemical Mfg Corp 769 Jersey Avenue New Brunswick, NJ 08901 Phone 732.214.1300 Ver4.05 27.July.2020 A1378, Aspartame, Powder, NF Table of Contents Product Specification Certificate of Analysis Sample(s) Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Certification of Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) Manufacturing Process Flowchart Source Statement BSE/TSE Statement Allergen Statement EU Fragrance Allergen Statement GMO Statement Melamine Statement Nitrosamine Statement Animal Testing Statement Organic Compliance Statement Shelf Life Statement Other Chemicals Statement Elemental Impurities Statement Residual Solvents Statement General Label Information – Sample Label General Lot Numbering System Guidance Specification for Aspartame, Powder, NF (A1378) Item Number A1378 Item Aspartame, Powder, NF CAS Number 22839-47-0 Molecular Formula C14H18N2O5 Molecular Weight 294.31 MDL Number Synonyms APM ; N-L-alpha-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine 1-Methyl Ester Test Specification Min Max ASSAY (DRIED BASIS) 98.0 102.0 % TRANSMITTANCE @430 nm 0.95 SPECIFIC ROTATION [a]D +14.5 to +16.5° LOSS ON DRYING 4.5 % RESIDUE ON IGNITION 0.2 % ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES: LEAD AS REPORTED CADMIUM (Cd) AS REPORTED ARSENIC (As) AS REPORTED MERCURY (Hg) AS REPORTED 5-BENZY-3,6-DIOXO-2-PIPERAZINEACETIC ACID 1.5 % CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY -
Chemical Contaminates of Meat and Meat Products Which Threaten Human Health Isam T
Chemical Contaminates of Meat and Meat Products which Threaten Human Health Isam T. Kadim Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34 Al-Khoud, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman ABSTRACT The priorities, which concern meat and meat products consumption today, are food safety issues and meat quality. Humans around the world are exposed to chemical contaminants during their life time. Among the thousands of existing contaminates, some are persistent and remain in the environment for years. The variation in measurable levels depends mainly on the fact that some are synthesized as industrial products, whereas others are released accidentally, as by-products, or given to animals as growth promoters or as prophylactic or therapeutic agents. The measurement of these contaminants requires a complex procedure including sample extraction, sample clean-up, and physico-chemical analysis after chromatographic separation. Contaminants such as organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, microbes, melamine, hormones, antibiotic, and other feed additives are often measured in various types of matrices during food safety programs, environmental monitoring, and epidemiological studies. Serious health problems including cancer, kidney diseases, disarray and other diseases in humans might be related to food contaminates. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1.8 million people died from diarrhea related diseases in 2005. Children and developing fetuses are generally at greater risk from exposure to different chemicals. A great number of these cases might be attributed to contaminate found on food. More than 90% of human exposure to harmful materials is due to consumption of contaminated food items such as meat, milk and dairy products, as well as fish and derived products.