www.biovision.com Toll-Like (TLR) Signaling ment of insulin resistance. insulin of ment Ceramide is a of part critical the sphingomyelin stress signally pathway and is associated with the develop rodent in inflammation models. Additionally,vascular site TLRs also of signalarerelease. which ceramide an important through lipid rafts, and resistance, insulin obesity, induce to SFAs dietary for necessary is TLR4 that demonstrated have laboratories parallel, In agonists. TLR4 SFA-derived endogenous of lation preventing by inflammation accumu excessive suppressing in role unexpected an playmay 1 desaturase stearoyl-CoA Therefore, atherosclerosis. accelerated and hypersensitivity, TLR4 inflammation, promotes enzyme that converts endogenous SFA to monounsaturated fatty acids and its genetic deletion or 1,an desaturaseinhibition stearoyl-CoA by regulated tightly is body the inSFAs of accumulation desaturase The TLR4. and stearoyl-CoA 1 between link a demonstrated also have Studies muscle. human in cumulation Exercise also downregulating has apositive effect, expression the of TLR4 and decreasing palmitate ac a positive rather than anegative effect. acids such as in oliveolein, is enriched which oil, appear to of neutralize palmitate effects the and thus have activation. Interestingly, (SFAs), NF-κB acids blocking to saturated contrast in fatty fatty mono-unsaturated related insulin palmitate-induced the in since cultured resistance skeletal prevented be can muscle cells by TNFα). NF- and interleukin-6 inflammatory In addition, there is an increase in TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation (which resulted in the production of pro resistance. insulin with correlates increase TLR4 expression is upregulated in muscle that or show adipose studies tissue recent from humans, obese In or tissue. type II adipose diabetic obese subjects, as and such this tissues in cytokines inflammatory by against high fat diet-induced insulin resistance. TLR4 is expressed macrophages, on are recruited which mutation in TLR4 diet.function ahigh-fat on resist obese Hence, TLR4 becoming inactivation may protect concentrations, high sufficiently endogenous lipids also recognizedbe by can TLR4. at A pivotal study demonstrated a thatloss-of- with mice while lipopolysaccharides bacterial recognizes primarily that ids, carbohydrates, and lipids to activate host defense mechanisms. transmembrane TLR4 surface, is a cell lian TLRs include both intracellular and extracellular that receptors recognize microbial , nucleic ac and derived key microbes molecules from ally conserved proteins of innatethe immune system. Mamma structur that recognize receptors Toll-like (TLRs) non-catalytic receptors single, are membrane-spanning, Toll Free: 800-891-9699 (US Only) Toll Free: 800-891-9699 F:T: 408-493-1801 408-493-1800 CA 95035 Blvd, Milipitas, 155 Milipitas S. κ B activation and insulin resistance may be causally causally be may resistance insulin and activation B ------Antibodies

Product Name Cat. No. Size IRAK-4 Antibody 3580 100 µg TLR1 Antibody 3446 100 µl TLR10 Antibody 3932 30 µg, 100 µg TLR10 Blocking Peptide 3932BP 50 µg TLR11 Antibody 3931 30 µg, 100 µg TLR11 Blocking Peptide 3931BP 50 µg TLR2 Antibody 3552R 30 µg, 100 µg TLR2 Antibody 3569 30 µl, 100 µl TLR2 Blocking Peptide 3552RBP 50 µg TLR3 Antibody 3445R 30 µg, 100 µg TLR3 Blocking Peptide 3445RBP 50 µg TLR4 Antibody 3251 100 µg TLR4 Antibody 3253 30 µg, 100 µg TLR4 Blocking Peptide 3253BP 50 µg TLR5 Antibody 3555R 30 µg, 100 µg TLR5 Blocking Peptide 3555RBP 50 µg TLR7 Antibody 3557 100 µl TLR8 Antibody 3558R 30 µg, 100 µg TLR8 Antibody 3558 100 µl TLR8 Blocking Peptide 3558RBP 50 µg TLR9 Antibody 3559R 30 µg, 100 µg TLR9 Blocking Peptide 3559RBP 50 µg

TLR Agonists

Product Name Cat. No. Size CAS Number Gardiquimod 2002 5 mg, 25 mg 491-70-3 Imiquimod 1698 100 mg, 500 mg 99011-02-6 Loxoribine 2003 5 mg, 25 mg 121288-39-9 Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4, Trihydrochloride 1700 100 µg 112208-00-1 Resiquimod 1699 5 mg, 25 mg 144875-48-9

SCD Inhibitor

Product Name Cat. No. Size CAS Number SCD1 Inhibitor 1716 1 mg, 5 mg 1032229-33-6 www.biovision.com Please visit www.BioVision.com for a comprehensive overview on our products!

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