Sustainability: Environment, Energy, and the Economy in the 21St Century Fall 2016 Professor Daniel C

EVST 292 / GLBL 217 / PLSC 149 SUSTAINABILITY: ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY, AND THE ECONOMY IN THE 21ST CENTURY FALL 2016 PROFESSOR DANIEL C. ESTY MONDAYS AND WEDNESDAYS, 2:30PM TO 3:45PM LOCATION: WATSON CENTER (60 SACHEM STREET), ROOM A60 SECTION INFORMATION TO BE ANNOUNCED

INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION Prof. Daniel C. Esty, [email protected], (203) 432-6256

Prof. Esty has offices in Room 272 of Sterling Law Building (127 Wall Street) and Room 139 of Kroon Hall (195 Prospect Street). His office hours shift between offices and times week-to-week to ensure all students can find a time to meet. Appointments can be booked through Russell Patterson, [email protected] or (203) 432-5115.

TEACHING FELLOW INFORMATION Yume Hoshijima, [email protected] Helen Li, [email protected]

Additional teaching fellows will be hired to adjust for course enrollment.

Teaching fellows will host weekly office hours on a rotating basis with shifting times to ensure all students can find a time to meet.

COURSE DESCRIPTION This course explores “sustainability” as an overarching framework for life in the twenty-first century—and how this integrated policy concept diverges from the approaches to environmental protection and economic development that were pursued in the twentieth century. It will examine the interlocking challenges that stem from society’s simultaneous desires for economic, environmental, and social progress despite the tensions across these objectives. A central focus of the course will be on the quest for a low-cost, clean energy system that can support a vibrant economy and rising quality of life and—at the same time—reduce pollution, address climate change, conserve natural resources, and mitigate the other negative impacts of industrialization and economic growth. Students will review the data and analyses that flow from the Earth’s recent economic growth trajectory—and the theory and practice of sustainability as a concept, reading the “sustainability canon” from John Muir and Aldo Leopold to Rachel Carson and Gro Harlem Brundtland. Lectures, readings, and sections will then unpack the ecological, political, economic, legal, institutional, and historical elements of sustainability as a guidepost for the future.

There are no prerequisites for this course. COURSE REQUIREMENTS Final grades will be based on the cumulative performance of students and will be determined by the following:

Exams – 60%  Midterm Exam – 20% [Oct. 12, 2016; administered during regular class hours]  Final Exam – 40% [Dec. 17, 2016, beginning at 7PM]

Assignments – 30%  Policy Essays – (three at 10% each) = 30%

Participation – 10%

Active participation is a core requirement to this class. Students are expected to come to class having read all materials and prepared to contribute to the class discussion.

Attendance at weekly sections will be required and will provide an opportunity to delve more deeply into the material presented in the lectures. Discussion section signups will be conducted via class-wide email. The first section meetings will convene during the week after shopping period closes.

There will be an in-class midterm exam and a cumulative final exam. Students will also prepare three policy essays during the course of the semester related to specific lecture topics. Each of these two-page, single-spaced policy essays is due by midnight before the lecture regarding its topic. The essays will require synthesis of the material being presented and the development of a carefully constructed argument about how a particular issue should be addressed. One policy essay must be completed prior to the midterm. A second essay must be completed before Thanksgiving break begins. A student may choose to write a fourth policy essay, and the lowest essay grade of the four will be dropped.

REQUIRED AND RECOMMENDED COURSE MATERIALS There are two required books for this course. Both books are available for free as e-books through the Yale University Library. Simply access the links listed below, then click on the link that reads “Online Book.” Please note that you must be on Yale’s network to access the e-books.

If you prefer hard copies of the textbooks, copies are available for purchase at the Yale Bookstore. A limited number of copies are also available through the Yale library system. Alternatively, you may find it less expensive to purchase new or used copies online (e.g., Amazon).

 WILLIAM NORDHAUS, THE CLIMATE CASINO: RISK, UNCERTAINTY, AND ECONOMICS FOR A WARMING WORLD (2015). ISBN-13: 978-0300212648. http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/12582719 3

 JEFFREY SACHS, THE AGE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (2013). ISBN-13: 978- 0231173155. http://hdl.handle.net/10079/bibid/12762168

In addition, one recommended book explores course themes in greater depth and will provide valuable context to concepts introduced throughout the semester. Copies are available at the Yale Bookstore. Several copies are also available through the Yale library system:

 BARBARA FREESE, COAL: A HUMAN HISTORY (2004). ISBN-13: 978-0142000984.

Additional course readings will be posted electronically on Yale’s new online course platform, Canvas. These readings be drawn from a “sustainability canon” of classic books, articles, charts, graphs, and studies. The readings will include both required materials and supplemental materials for those who want to delve more deeply into a particular lecture’s topic. All readings except those from the two required books will be posted on the course website.

The course website will also be hosted on Canvas. Announcements for the course will posted to Canvas or sent to students’ Yale emails. Those registered for the class will be automatically added to the Canvas site. If you have issues accessing the site, please contact a TF for assistance.

Generally, we recommend that you read a general U.S. newspaper. The Yale University Library provides access to the New York Times and the Financial Times; Yale University does not provide access to the Wall Street Journal. Yale University also offers access to products by Energy & Environment Publishing, an excellent news organization that specializes in energy and environmental topics.

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Please review Yale’s Undergraduate Regulations regarding academic integrity, cheating, and plagiarism (http://yalecollege.yale.edu/campus-life/undergraduate-regulations). University policy prohibits cheating on exams, fabricating research, and plagiarizing. Any evidence of plagiarism or any other form of academic dishonesty will be immediately referred to Yale College officials.

Please ask your teaching fellows if you have any questions about proper sourcing and attribution. It is critical that you not copy material from Internet sources for the required policy essays.

CONDENSED COURSE SCHEDULE Aug. 31 — Class 1: Understanding Sustainability: Course Introduction and Themes ...... 5 Sept. 2 — Class 2: The Story of Sustainability: From 20th Century Environmental Protection to 21st Century Sustainability ...... 5 Sept. 5 — LABOR DAY: CLASSES DO NOT MEET ...... 6 Sept. 7 — Class 3: Origins of Sustainability (Guest Lecturer, Mary Evelyn Tucker) (formerly Class 4 on Sept. 12) ...... 6 Sept. 12 — Class 4: Data and Indicators: Sustainability Drivers, Trends, and Pressures (formerly Class 3 on Sept. 7) ...... 7 4

Sept. 14 — Class 5: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources ...... 8 Sept. 19 — Class 6: Climate Change: The Ultimate Sustainability Challenge ...... 9 Sept. 21 — Class 7: The Development Mandate ...... 10 Sept. 26 — Class 8: Domestic and International Environmental Justice ...... 11 Sept. 28 — Class 9: Contestation in Environmental Politics...... 12 Oct. 3 — Class 10: Economically Rigorous and Data-Driven Environmental Regulation ...... 13 Oct. 5 — Class 11: Business and Sustainability: Rethinking the Role of the Private Sector ...... 14 Oct. 10 — Class 12: Financing Sustainability: Filling a Multi-Trillion Dollar Funding Gap ...... 16 Oct. 12 — MIDTERM EXAM ...... 17 Oct. 17 — Class 13: Industrial Ecology: A Systems Approach to Understanding Materials Flows and Life Cycles ...... 17 Oct. 24 — Class 14: Environmental Communication, Public Engagement, and the Role of Non- Governmental Organizations ...... 18 Oct. 26 — Class 15: Dealing with Pollution Problems: Evolving Control Strategies ...... 19 Oct. 31 — Class 16: Securing Access to Water ...... 20 Nov. 2 — Class 17: Conservation and the Management of Ecosystems ...... 21 Nov. 7 — Class 18: Climate Change Mitigation -- Part I: Top-Down Incentives, Bottom-Up Innovation ...... 22 Nov. 9 — Class 19: Climate Change Mitigation -- Part II: Transitioning the Primary Energy Sector ...... 23 Nov. 14 — Class 20: Climate Change Mitigation -- Part III: Energy Efficiency and Green Transportation ...... 24 Nov. 16 — Class 21: Climate Change Adaptation and Security ...... 25 Nov. 28 — Class 22: Food and Agriculture: Feeding Ten Billion People in a Changing World . 26 Nov. 30 — Class 23: Global Environmental Governance ...... 27 Dec. 5 — Class 24: Globalization and Sustainability ...... 28 Dec. 7 — Class 25: Pursuing the Post-2015 Agendas: Sustainable Development and Climate Change ...... 29 Dec. 17, at 7:00 P.M. — FINAL EXAM ...... 30

DETAILED COURSE SCHEDULE Unit A: Introduction to Sustainability

Aug. 31 — Class 1: Understanding Sustainability: Course Introduction and Themes

Concepts:  Assimilative Capacity  Brundtland Commission Definition of Sustainable Development  Definitions of Sustainability  Energy, Environment, and Economy (EEE) as an Integrated Strategy  Externalities  Intergenerational Ethics  Market Failures  Paradigm Shift  Trade-Offs  Tragedy of the Commons

Core Readings:  Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, 162 SCIENCE 1243-48 (1968).  Robert W. Kates, Thomas M. Parris & Anthony A. Leiserowitz, What is Sustainable Development?, ENVIRONMENT: SCIENCE AND POLICY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, vol. 47, no. 3, Apr. 2005, at 8.  Aldo Leopold, excerpts.  Robert M. Solow, Speech at the Eighteenth J. Seward Johnson Lecture to the Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (June 14, 1991).

Supplemental Materials:  Julianne Lutz Newton & Eric T. Freyfogle, Sustainability: A Dissent, 19 CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 23-32 (2005).

 David Orr, Two Meanings of Sustainability, in HOPE IS AN IMPERATIVE 93-111 (2010).

 Paul Wapner, Introduction, in LIVING THROUGH THE END OF NATURE 1-33 (2010).

Sept. 2 — Class 2: The Story of Sustainability: From 20th Century Environmental Protection to 21st Century Sustainability

Concepts:  “The Bet” (Resource Depletion vs. Technological Innovation)  Brundtland Report (“Our Common Future”)  Consumption  Limits to Growth  Precautionary Principle 6

 Resource Scarcity  Steady-State Economics  Sustainable Development

Core Readings:  Paul Sabin, The Triumph of Optimism, in THE BET: PAUL EHRLICH, JULIAN SIMON, AND OUR GAMBLE OVER EARTH’S FUTURE 1-7, 131-79 (2013).

 WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, OUR COMMON FUTURE 41- 58 (1987)

Supplemental Materials:  John Drexhage & Deborah Murphy, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development: From Brundtland to Rio 2012, at 6-21 (Background Paper for the United Nations High Level Panel on Global Sustainability, Sept. 19, 2010).  Julian D. Marshall & Michael W. Toffel, Framing the Elusive Concept of Sustainability: A Sustainability Hierarchy, 39 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 673-681 (2004).  Donella Meadows, Jorgen Randers & Dennis Meadows, The Driving Force: Exponential Growth, in LIMITS TO GROWTH: THE 30-YEAR UPDATE 17-49 (2004).

 James Gustave Speth, THE BRIDGE AT THE EDGE OF THE WORLD 1-13, 17-45, 46-66 (2009).

Sept. 5 — LABOR DAY: CLASSES DO NOT MEET

Sept. 7 — Class 3: Origins of Sustainability (Guest Lecturer, Mary Evelyn Tucker) (formerly Class 4 on Sept. 12)

Concepts:  Anthropocene  Anthropocentrism  Conservation vs. Preservation  Deep Ecology  Dominion / Mastery of Nature  Incremental vs. Radical Change  Intrinsic Value of Nature  “Land Ethic”  Pantheism  Transcendentalism – Spirituality of Nature  Wildness

Core Readings:  Genesis 1:26–28. 7

 QUR’AN 6:38, 40:57.  Encyclical Letter, Pope Francis, Laudato Si’ 1-14 (2015).

 John Grim & Mary Evelyn Tucker, ECOLOGY AND RELIGION 29-42 (2014).

 Katie McShane, Environmental Ethics: An Overview, 4 PHILOSOPHY COMPASS 407-417 (2009).  Mencius, Doctrine of the Mean (excerpt).

 John Muir, The American Forests, THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY (1897).  Arne Naess, The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement. A Summary, 16 INQUIRY 95-100 (1973).

 Jedediah Purdy, AFTER NATURE 11-50 (2015).

 Henry David Thoreau, Solitude, in WALDEN 99–106 (1854).

Supplemental Materials:  J. Baird Callicott, The Conceptual Foundations of the Land Ethic, in COMPANION TO A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC (1987).

 Roderick Nash, Ideological Origins of American Environmentalism, in RIGHTS OF NATURE: A HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 33-54 (1989).

 Donald Worster, UNDER WESTERN SKIES 3-52 (1992).  William Cronon, The Trouble with Wilderness Or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature, in UNCOMMON GROUND: RETHINKING THE HUMAN PLACE IN NATURE 69-90 (1995).

Policy Essay Topics:  In what ways can we see different values systems reflected in environmental attitudes and policy? In other words, how does our conception of the relationship between humans and nature affect policy objectives?

Sept. 12 — Class 4: Data and Indicators: Sustainability Drivers, Trends, and Pressures (formerly Class 3 on Sept. 7)

Concepts:  Anecdotal vs. Empirical Analyses  Benchmarking  Drivers  Ecological Footprint  Environmental Performance Index (EPI)  Measurement – Indicators and Metrics  Planetary Boundaries  Population Growth  Tipping Points 8

 Trends  Urbanization

Core Readings:  Sustainability Data and Figures Packet.

 Herman Daly, Economics in a Full World, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Sept. 2005, at 100-107.  Bjorn Lomborg, The Environmental Litany and Data 1-5 (unpublished manuscript).

 Jeffrey Sachs, Planetary Boundaries, in THE AGE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 181– 217 (2013).

Supplemental Materials:  Joel Cohen, HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN THE EARTH SUPPORT? 5-22, 25-31, 153-58 (1996).

 Jared Diamond, The Last Americans, HARPER’S MAGAZINE, June 2003, at 43–51.

 Paul Ehrlich, The Problem, in THE POPULATION BOMB 1-25 (1968).

 Michael Moyer, How Much Is Left? The Limits of Earth’s Resources, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Sept. 2010, at 74–81.  Will Steffen et al., Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet, 347 SCIENCE 736-45 (2015).

Policy Essay Topic:  Which data or indicators most highlight the challenge of sustainability?

UNIT B: Challenges and Barriers to Sustainability

Sept. 14 — Class 5: Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

Concepts:  Adaptive Management  Carrying Capacity, Regenerative Capacity  Deforestation  Fisheries  Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services  Open Access vs. Excludable Resources  Peak Oil (“Hubbard’s Peak”)  Resource Productivity  Rivalrous vs. Non-Rivalrous Resources  Sustainable Yield  Tragedy of the Commons

Core Readings: 9

 Peter M. Schwarz & Michael W. Herron, Natural Resource Economics, BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SUSTAINABILITY 319-324 (2010).

 Mark Kurlansky, The Dangerous Waters of Nature’s Resilience, in COD 191–204 (1997).

 Callum Roberts, Barbequed Jellyfish or Swordfish Steak?, in THE UNNATURAL HISTORY OF THE SEA 317-334 (2007).

Supplemental Materials:  T. Prior, D. Giurco, G. Mudd, L. Mason & J. Behrisch, Resource Depletion, Peak Minerals, and the Implications for Sustainable Resource Management, 22 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 577-87 (2012).  J.B. Ruhl & James Salzman, The Law and Policy Beginnings of Ecosystem Services, 22 JOURNAL OF LAND USE 157-172 (2007).  Stephen Polasky, Valuing Nature: Biophysical or Monetary Measures? (2008).

 Richard Conniff, What’s Wrong with Putting a Price on Nature?, YALE ENVIRONMENT 360 (Oct. 18, 2012), http://e360.yale.edu/feature/ecosystem_services_whats_wrong_with_putting_a_price_on _nature/2583/.  Erik Gómez-Baggethun, Rudolf de Groot, Pedro L. Lomas & Carlos Montes, The History of Ecosystem Services in Economic Theory and Practice: From Early Notions to Markets and Payment Systems, 69 ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS 1209-18 (2010).

Policy Essay Topic:  Is putting a price on natural resources the most effective way to balance economic progress and environmental protection?

Sept. 19 — Class 6: Climate Change: The Ultimate Sustainability Challenge

Concepts:  Carbon Footprint  Climate Change o Adaptation, Mitigation, and Geoengineering o Certainties and Uncertainties o Feedbacks o Tipping Points and Nonlinearities  Greenhouse Gases  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  Managing Interdependence  2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement  Stabilization Wedges  Tipping Points, Nonlinearities, and Other Uncertainties

Core Readings: 10

 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers, in FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT, CLIMATE CHANGE 2013: THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE BASIS 4-29 (2013).

 Bill McKibben, Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math, ROLLING STONE (July 19, 2012), http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/global-warmings-terrifying-new-math- 20120719.

 WILLIAM NORDHAUS, THE CLIMATE CASINO: RISK, UNCERTAINTY, AND ECONOMICS FOR A WARMING WORLD 17-35, 36-49, 50-66 (2015).  Daniel Esty, Regearing the Global Response to Climate Change: 5 Past Mistakes the 2015 Paris Agreement Needs to Fix, HUFFINGTON POST (Dec. 9, 2015), www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-c-esty/regearing-the-global-resp_b_8764990.html.

Supplemental Materials:  Bill Nye, Climate 101 with Bill Nye, CLIMATE REALITY (Sept. 21, 2011) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3v-w8Cyfoq8.

 ANTHONY GIDDENS, THE POLITICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 48-75 (2d ed. 2011).

 DALE JAMIESON, REASON IN A DARK TIME: WHY THE STRUGGLE AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE FAILED—AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR OUR FUTURE 11-59 (2014).  David G. Victor, Charles F. Kennel & Veerabhadran Ramanathan, The Climate Threat We Can Beat, FOREIGN AFFAIRS (May/June 2012), https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2012-04-20/climate-threat-we-can-beat.

 DAVID G. VICTOR, GLOBAL WARMING GRIDLOCK: CREATING MORE EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR PROTECTING THE PLANET 3-29, 30-58 (2011).  S. Pacala & R. Socolow, Stabilization Wedges: Solving the Climate Problem for the Next 50 Years with Current Technologies, 305 SCIENCE 968-972, supporting materials (2004), http://science.sciencemag.org/content/305/5686/968.

Policy Essay Topic:  What is it about climate change that makes it such a difficult problem to solve? How should these challenges be overcome?

Sept. 21 — Class 7: The Development Mandate

Concepts:  Bretton Woods organizations (International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization)  Corporate Social Responsibility  Development Gap  Economic Inequality  Energy Poverty  Gini Coefficient 11

 Global Goals (Sustainable Development Goals)  Gross Domestic Product (GDP)  Human Development Index  Human Rights  Import Substitution vs. Export Orientation  Microloans  Poverty Alleviation

Core Readings:  Branko Milanovic, GLOBAL INEQUALITY: A NEW APPROACH FOR THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION 212-239 (2016).

 Jeffrey Sachs, Sustainable Development Goals, in THE AGE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 481-511 (2015).  James Gustave Speth, Off the Pedestal: Creating a New Vision of Economic Growth, YALE ENVIRONMENT 360 (May 31, 2011), http://e360.yale.edu/feature/off_the_pedestal_creating_a_new_vision_of_economic_grow th/2409/.  United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Index and Its Components, http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI.

Supplemental Materials:  INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, ENERGY POVERTY: HOW TO MAKE MODERN ENERGY ACCESS UNIVERSAL? (2010).  Debora Spar & David Yoffie, Multinational Enterprises and the Prospects for Justice, 52 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 557-581 (1999).

Policy Essay Topic:  Is capitalism compatible with sustainability?

Sept. 26 — Class 8: Domestic and International Environmental Justice

Concepts:  Concentrated Benefits vs. Diffuse Costs  Environmental Racism  Environmental Justice  Justice (distributive, procedural, corrective/compensatory, and social)  Locally Unwanted Land Uses (LULUs)  NIMBYism (Not in My Back Yard)

Core Readings: 12

 Robert Bullard, Environmental Justice in the 21st Century: Race Still Matters, 49 PHYLON 151-167 (2001).  John C. Dernbach, Patricia E. Salkin & Donald A. Brown, Sustainability as a Means of Improving Environmental Justice, 19 JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY LAW 2-33 (2012).  Environmental Justice Leadership Forum on Climate Change, Principles of Climate Justice (2009), http://www.ejnet.org/ej/ejlf.pdf.

 KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE, ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE: CREATING EQUITY, RECLAIMING DEMOCRACY 1-18 (2002).

Supplemental Readings:  Michelle L. Bell & Keita Ebisu, Environmental Inequality in Exposures to Airborne Particulate Matter Components in the United States, 120 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1699-1704 (2012).

 Bunyan Bryant, ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCACY: WORKING FOR ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE 13-44 (2002).

 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ADVISORY COUNCIL, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOSTERING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE FOR TRIBES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES (2013), https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/recommendations-tribes- 2013.pdf.  Stefan Siedentop, Locating Sites for Locally Unwanted Land Uses: Successfully Coping with NIMBY Resistance, in METHODS AND TECHNIQUES IN URBAN ENGINEERING 43-57 (2010), http://www.intechopen.com/books/methods-and-techniques-in-urban- engineering/locating-sites-for-locally-unwanted-land-uses-successfully-coping-with- nimby-resistance.  Antonio Benjamin et al., Oslo Principles on Global Climate Change Obligations (2015), http://globaljustice.macmillan.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/OsloPrinciples.pdf.

Policy Essay Topic:  How will disputes over international climate justice be addressed as the harms of climate change become more apparent?  Or, how should domestic environmental justice issues be handled?

Sept. 28 — Class 9: Contestation in Environmental Politics

Concepts:  Common But Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR)  Climate Change Liability  Ideologies  Political Partisanship / Bipartisanship  Property Rights v. Public Trust 13

 Radicalism v. Status Quo Politics  Reagan Revolution

Core Readings:  Jennifer Clapp & Peter Dauvergne, PATHS TO A GREEN WORLD: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF A GREEN ENVIRONMENT 1-18 (2011)

 DALE JAMIESON, REASON IN A DARK TIME: WHY THE STRUGGLE AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE FAILED—AND WHAT IT MEANS FOR OUR FUTURE (2014) 144-177

 NAOMI KLEIN, THIS CHANGES EVERYTHING 1-28 (2014).

 James Gustave Speth, Environmental Failure: A Case for a New Green Politics, YALE ENVIRONMENT 360 (Oct. 20, 2008), http://e360.yale.edu/feature/environmental_failure_a_case_for_a_new_green_politics/20 75/.

Supplemental Readings:  Richard Nixon, Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program (Feb. 8, 1972) http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=3731.  Interview with William D. Ruckelshaus, Republicans Used to Support the EPA, Says Former Administrator, CTR. FOR PUBLIC INTEGRITY (Feb. 5, 2015), https://www.publicintegrity.org/2015/02/05/16695/republicans-used-support-epa-says- former-administrator.

 Lynn White, Jr., The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, in ECOLOGY AND RELIGION IN HISTORY (1974).

 IFADTV, Kiribati: The President’s Dilemma, YOUTUBE (Nov. 18, 2009) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZLWqa5irog.

 Reuters, Maldives Politicians Submerge, YOUTUBE (Oct. 17, 2009), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odFmDiYWJ0M.

Policy Essay Topic:  How should U.S. political gridlock over climate change be addressed?

UNIT C: The 21st-Century Sustainability Framework

Oct. 3 — Class 10: Economically Rigorous and Data-Driven Environmental Regulation

Concepts:  Adaptive Policymaking  Behavioral Economics  Choice Architecture  Cognitive Biases  Cost/Benefit Analysis 14

 Data-Driven Decisionmaking  Default Choices  Discount Rate  Economic Incentives  Enforcement / Compliance  Good Governance  Internalization of Externalities  Libertarian Paternalism  Limited Information (Uncertainty)  Matching Principle  Nudge  Present Value

Core Readings:  Thomas Dietz, Elinor Ostrom, & Paul C. Stern, The Struggle to Govern the Commons, 302 SCIENCE 1907-12 (2003).  Daniel C. Esty & Reece Rushing, Governing by the Numbers: The Promise of Data- Driven Policymaking in the Information Age, CENTER FOR AMERICAN PROGRESS (Apr. 23, 2007).

 Cass Sunstein, The Stunning Triumph of Cost-Benefit Analysis, BLOOMBERG VIEW, https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2012-09-12/the-stunning-triumph-of-cost- benefit-analysis.

 RICHARD THALER & CASS SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS 83-103 (2009).

Supplemental Materials:  DOUGLAS A. KYSAR, REGULATING FROM NOWHERE: ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND THE SEARCH FOR OBJECTIVITY 1-29 (2010).

 ELINOR OSTROM, GOVERNING THE COMMONS: THE EVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR COLLECTIVE ACTION 29-57 (1990).

Policy Essay Topic:  In what ways can economic incentives and cost/benefit analysis be used to strengthen existing policies? What concerns might there be in utilizing such approaches?

Oct. 5 — Class 11: Business and Sustainability: Rethinking the Role of the Private Sector

Concepts:  Carbon Asset Risk (Carbon Bubble)  Consumer Choice  Corporate Social Responsibility  Eco-Efficiency and Resource Productivity 15

 Eco-Labeling  Green to Gold  Greenwashing  Management of Climate Risks  Multinational Corporations  Product Differentiation  Social License to Operate  Sustainable Growth  Triple Bottom Line

Core Readings:  DANIEL C. ESTY & ANDREW WINSTON, GREEN TO GOLD: HOW SMART COMPANIES USE ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY TO INNOVATE, CREATE VALUE, AND BUILD COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 1-30 (2009).

 Stefan Heck & Matt Rogers, Go Big or Go Home, in RESOURCE REVOLUTION: HOW TO CAPTURE THE BIGGEST BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY IN A CENTURY 213-222 (2014).

 David A. Lubin & Daniel C. Esty, The Sustainability Imperative, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW (May 2010), https://hbr.org/2010/05/the-sustainability-imperative.

 C.K. PRAHALAD & STUART L. HART, THE FORTUNE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PYRAMID: ERADICATING POVERTY THROUGH PROFITS 1-14 (2004).

 STEPHAN SCHMIDHEINY, CHANGING COURSE: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON DEVELOPMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1-13 (1992).

 ANDREW SAVITZ, TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE: HOW TODAY’S BEST-RUN COMPANIES ARE ACHIEVING ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUCCESS—AND HOW YOU CAN TOO, 53-91 (2006).

Supplemental Materials:  CHRISTINE BADER, THE EVOLUTION OF A CORPORATE IDEALIST: WHEN GIRL MEETS OIL, xv-xxii, 73-104 (2014).  Joe Klaja, Westinghouse Electric CEO Danny Roderick on Business Transformations, WALL STREET JOURNAL: RISK & COMPLIANCE JOURNAL, DELOITTE INSIGHTS (Dec. 23, 2014), http://deloitte.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2014/12/23/westinghouse-electric-ceo- danny-roderick-on-business-transformations/.

 AMORY LOVINS, HUNTER LOVINS & PAUL HAWKEN, NATURAL CAPITALISM: CREATING THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1-21 (1999).

 Paul Polman, Business, Society, and the Future of Capitalism, MCKINSEY QUARTERLY (May 2014), http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability-and-resource- productivity/our-insights/business-society-and-the-future-of-capitalism.

 Ray Anderson, The Business Logic of Sustainability, TED (Feb. 2009), http://www.ted.com/talks/ray_anderson_on_the_business_logic_of_sustainability. 16

 Steve Howard, Let’s Go All-In on Selling Sustainability, TED (Oct. 2013), http://www.ted.com/talks/steve_howard_let_s_go_all_inww_on_selling_sustainability.

Policy Essay Topic:  When does environmental responsibility align with corporate goals? When does it conflict?

Oct. 10 — Class 12: Financing Sustainability: Filling a Multi-Trillion Dollar Funding Gap

Concepts:  De-Risking Private Capital Flows to Sustainability Projects  Divestment vs. Investment vs. Engagement  Green Bank  Green Climate Fund  Investment Gap  IT Revolution  Multilateral Development Bank  Socially Responsible Investing (Green Investing)  Values Investors vs. Value Investors

Core Readings:  David A. Lubin & Daniel C. Esty, Bridging the Sustainability Gap, MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW (Jun. 17, 2014), http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/bridging-the- sustainability-gap/.  John McArthur & Homi Kharas, Mobilizing Private Investment for Post-2015 Sustainable Development, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION (July 16, 2014), https://www.brookings.edu/research/mobilizing-private-investment-for-post-2015- sustainable-development/.  Lenny T. Mendonca & Jeremy Oppenheim, Investing in Sustainability: An Interview with Al Gore and David Blood, MCKINSEY & COMPANY (May 2007), http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability-and-resource- productivity/our-insights/investing-in-sustainability-an-interview-with-al-gore-and-david- blood.

Supplemental Materials:  Mark Fulton and Reid Capalino, Investing in the Clean Trillion: Closing the Clean Energy Investment Gap, CERES (Jan. 2014), 3-8.  Mary Jean Bürer and Rolf Wüstenhagen, Cleantech Venture Investors and Energy Policy Risk: An Exploratory Analysis of Regulatory Risk Management, in SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 290-305 (2008).

 MORGAN STANLEY INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE INVESTING, SUSTAINABLE REALITY: UNDERSTANDING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE INVESTMENT STRATEGIES (2015). 17

Policy Essay Topic:  What are the barriers to building up sufficient financial flows for sustainability? What should governments do to address these barriers and attract more private capital to sustainability investments?

Oct. 12 — MIDTERM EXAM

Oct. 17 — Class 13: Industrial Ecology: A Systems Approach to Understanding Materials Flows and Life Cycles

Concepts:  Circular Economy  Cradle to Cradle  Design for the Environment  Entropy  Extended Producer Responsibility  Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)  Material and Resource Flows  Material Flow Analysis  Systems Thinking  Value Chain  Waste Reuse, Recapture, and Recycling

Core Readings:  Marian Chertow, Industrial Ecology in a Developing Context, in SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 335-348 (2008).

 AMORY LOVINS, HUNTER LOVINS & PAUL HAWKEN, NATURAL CAPITALISM: CREATING THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 48-61, 62-81 (1999).

Supplemental Materials:  Mikael Skou Andersen, An Introductory Note on the Environmental Economics of the Circular Economy, 2 SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 133-140 (2007).

 Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Re-thinking Progress: The Circular Economy, YOUTUBE (Aug. 28, 2011), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCRKvDyyHmI.

 William McDonough & Michael Braungart, CRADLE TO CRADLE: REMAKING THE WAY WE MAKE THINGS 17-44 (2002).

 Thomas E. Graedel, On the Concept of Industrial Ecology, 21 ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT 69–98 (1996).

 Ellen MacArthur Foundation, From Linear to Circular, in TOWARDS THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY 22-34 (2013).

Policy Essay Topic:  How might the concept of a circular economy help encourage sustainable consumption?

Oct. 24 — Class 14: Environmental Communication, Public Engagement, and the Role of Non-Governmental Organizations

Concepts:  Climate Change Denial  Climate Communication  Cultural Cognition  Disinformation  Environmental Advocacy  Grassroots vs. Professionalized Advocacy  Individuals as Consumers and Investors MOVE, cut consumers and investors into two.  Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)  Scientific Literacy

Core Readings:  Richard Andrews, The Rise of Modern Environmentalism, in MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT, MANAGING OURSELVES: A HISTORY OF AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY 201-226 (2d ed. 2006).

 Dan Kahan, Fixing the Communications Failure, 463 NATURE 296-297 (2010).

 GEORGE MARSHALL, DON’T EVEN THINK ABOUT IT: WHY OUR BRAINS ARE WIRED TO IGNORE CLIMATE CHANGE 11-64 (2015).  Michael Shellenberger & Ted Nordhaus, The Death of Environmentalism 6-34 (Breakthrough Institute 2010), http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_death_of_environmentalism.

 YALE PROJECT ON CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION, GLOBAL WARMING’S SIX AMERICAS 2-32 (2009), http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/global- warmings-six-americas-2009/.

Supplemental Materials:  Eliza Griswold, How ‘Silent Spring’ Ignited the Environmental Movement, NEW YORK TIMES MAGAZINE (Sept. 21, 2012), http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/23/magazine/how- silent-spring-ignited-the-environmental-movement.html.  Sarah Hansen, Cultivating the Grassroots: A Winning Approach for Environment and Climate Funders, NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR RESPONSIVE PHILANTHROPY (2012).

 DANIEL KAHNEMAN, THINKING, FAST AND SLOW 2-33 (2011).

 Brendan Nyhan, When Beliefs and Facts Collide, NEW YORK TIMES (July 5, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/upshot/when-beliefs-and-facts-collide.html. 19

 Richard C. J. Somerville and Susan Joy Hassol, “Communicating the science of climate change” (Pgs. 48–53)

 Joe Hanson, Why People Don’t Believe in Climate Science, YOUTUBE (Dec. 15, 2014), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2euBvdP28c.

 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, Climate Change Debate, YOUTUBE (May 11, 2014), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjuGCJJUGsg.

Policy Essay Topic:  What should environmental groups (NGOs) do to influence policy in the 21st century?

UNIT D: Addressing 21st-Century Sustainability Challenges

Oct. 26 — Class 15: Dealing with Pollution Problems: Evolving Control Strategies

Concepts:  Air Pollution o Acid Rain o Heavy Metals o Smog o Mobile vs. Stationary Sources o Local vs. Regional vs. Global  Command-and-Control Mandates vs. Market Mechanisms  Environmental Kuznets Curve  IPAT Equation (Human Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology)  Montreal Protocol  Point vs. Non-Point Sources  Polluter Pays Principle  Pollution Laws o Clean Air Act o Clean Water Act o Safe Drinking Water Act o CERCLA o TSCA o FIFRA  Toxic / Hazardous Waste (CERCLA / Superfund)  Transboundary Pollution  Water Pollution

Core Readings:  Rachel Carson, Earth’s Green Mantle, in SILENT SPRING 3-13 (1962).

 J. CLARENCE DAVIES & JAN MAZUREK, POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE UNITED STATES: EVALUATING THE SYSTEM 269-289 (1998).  Daniel Esty, Regulatory Excellence: Lessons from Theory and Practice (2016). 20

 CLIVE PONTING, A NEW GREEN HISTORY OF THE WORLD: THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE COLLAPSE OF CIVILIZATIONS 342-379 (2007).

Supplemental Materials:  Duncan Austin, Economic Instruments for Pollution Control and Prevention – A Brief Overview (World Resources Institute 1999), http://pdf.wri.org/incentives_austin.pdf.  David M. Bearden et al., Environmental Laws: Summaries of Major Statutes Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (Congressional Research Service No. RL30798, 2013), https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30798.pdf.

 JOHN MCNEILL, SOMETHING NEW UNDER THE SUN: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY WORLD 50-83 (2001).  Carol M. Rose, Rethinking Environmental Controls: Management Strategies for Common Resources, 1991 DUKE LAW JOURNAL 1-38 (1991).

Policy Essay Topic:  Choose one major statute related to pollution control. How could this statute be changed to better address pollution concerns in the 21st century?

Oct. 31 — Class 16: Securing Access to Water

Concepts:  Commodification of Water (Water Markets)  Desalination  Drinking Water  Drought  Flint, Michigan  Green Infrastructure  Groundwater  High-Value vs. Low-Value Uses  Quality vs. Quantity  Transboundary Water Agreements  Wastewater / Greywater / Blackwater  Water as a Human Right  Water Cycle  Water Footprint

Core Readings:  Brent M. Haddad, Water, BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SUSTAINABILITY 479-483 (2010).  Eric H. Oelkers, Janet G. Hering & Chen Zhu, Water: Is There a Global Crisis?, 7 ELEMENTS 157-161 (2011).

 JAMES SALZMAN, DRINKING WATER: A HISTORY, introduction and pages 192-224 (2012). 21

 JOHN WARGO, GREEN INTELLIGENCE: CREATING ENVIRONMENTS THAT PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH 155-172, 189-204 (2010). Supplemental Materials:  Quinn Klinefelter, A Right Or A Privilege? Detroit Residents Split Over Water Shut-Offs, NPR (Aug. 1, 2014), http://www.npr.org/2014/08/01/337145827/a-right-or-a-privilege- detroit-residents-split-over-water-shut-offs.

 David Pimentel et al., Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues, 54 BIOSCIENCE 909–916 (2004).  Yoram Cohen, Graywater - A Potential Source of Water (2009), http://www.environment.ucla.edu/reportcard/article4870.html.

Policy Essay Topic:  Should access to clean drinking water be considered a fundamental human right?

Nov. 2 — Class 17: Conservation and the Management of Ecosystems

Concepts:  Adaptive Capacity and Resilience  Biodiversity  Ecosystems  Endangered Species Act (ESA)  Equilibrium  Habitat Fragmentation  Invasive Species  Land Trusts  National Parks and Protected Areas  Sixth Extinction  Systems Dynamics  Wilderness  Wildlife Corridors

Core Readings:  Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Summary for Decision-Makers (Pgs. 1–24)

 Jeffrey Sachs, Saving Biodiversity and Protecting Ecosystem Services, in THE AGE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 447-481 (2015).  UN Environment Programme, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, Report for Business: Executive Summary 1-14 (2010).

Supplemental Materials:  Amy Rosenthal, Kimberly Lyon & Emily McKenzie Ecosystem Services, BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SUSTAINABILITY 112-117 (2010). 22

 UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK 5, Chapter 5 (Biodiversity) (2012).

 ELIZABETH KOLBERT, THE SIXTH EXTINCTION 3-15 (2014).

Policy Essay Topic:  What is wrong with the Endangered Species Act?

Nov. 7 — Class 18: Climate Change Mitigation -- Part I: Top-Down Incentives, Bottom-Up Innovation

Concepts:  1.5°C vs. 2.0°C Stabilization  Carbon Charges / Carbon Pricing  Emissions Trading o EU-ETS o Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) o California cap-and-trade program  EPA Clean Power Plan  Lock-In (Path Dependence)  Mitigation  REDD+  Renewable Portfolio / Fuel Standards  Subsidies / Tax Credits

Core Readings:  Frances Beinecke, Jeffrey D. Sachs, Fred Krupp, Roger A. Pielke Jr., Robert N. Stavins, Charles Komanoff, Eileen Claussen & Baruch Fischhoff, Putting a Price on Carbon: An Emissions Cap or Tax?, YALE ENV’T 360 (May 7, 2009), http://e360.yale.edu/feature/putting_a_price_on_carbon_an_emissions_cap_or_a_tax/214 8/

 Michael J. Graetz, THE END OF ENERGY 217-263 (2011).

 David Leonhardt, A Battle Over the Costs of Global Warming, NEW YORK TIMES (Feb. 21, 2007), http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/business/21leonhardt.html

 WILLIAM NORDHAUS, THE CLIMATE CASINO: RISK, UNCERTAINTY, AND ECONOMICS FOR A WARMING WORLD 205-243 (2015).

 NICHOLAS STERN, STERN REVIEW: THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE i–xxvii (2006), http://mudancasclimaticas.cptec.inpe.br/~rmclima/pdfs/destaques/sternreview_report_co mplete.pdf.

Supplemental Materials: 23

 Richard Conniff, The Political History of Cap and Trade, SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE (Aug. 2009), http://www.smithsonianmag.com/air/the-political-history-of-cap-and-trade- 34711212/.  Christian Bjørnæs, A Guide to Representative Concentration Pathways, https://www.sei- international.org/mediamanager/documents/A-guide-to-RCPs.pdf.

 THE PRESIDENTIAL CARBON CHARGE TASK FORCE, REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT AND PROVOST OF YALE UNIVERSITY: FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON A CARBON CHARGE PROGRAM AT YALE (2015), http://carbon.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Carbon-charge-report-041015.pdf.  Executive Office of the president, The President’s Climate Action Plan (June 2013), https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/image/president27sclimateactionplan.pdf.

 Graeme Wood, Re-Engineering the Earth, THE ATLANTIC (July 2009), http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/07/re-engineering-the-earth/307552/.

Policy Essay Topic:  Should environmental advocates prefer a carbon charge or cap-and-trade?

Nov. 9 — Class 19: Climate Change Mitigation -- Part II: Transitioning the Primary Energy Sector

Concepts:  Clean Energy Transition  Distributed Generation  Electricity Storage  Energy Poverty  Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas)  Fuel Cells  Grid Stability  Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)  Nuclear Energy  Picking “Winners” and “Losers”  Renewable Power o Wind o Solar o Geothermal o Wave Power o Tidal o Biofuels

Core Readings:  Eric Beinhocker et al., The Carbon Productivity Challenge: Curbing Climate Change and Sustaining Economic Growth (McKinsey Global Institute, June 2008), at 7-46. 24

 BARBARA FREESE, COAL: A HUMAN HISTORY 1-14, 43-70 (2004).

 Amory Lovins, Energy Strategy: The Road Not Taken?, FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Oct. 1976), at 5-15.

 DANIEL YERGIN, THE PRIZE: THE EPIC QUEST FOR OIL, MONEY & POWER 523-542 (1990).

Supplemental Materials:  DAVID J. C. MACKAY, SUSTAINABLE ENERGY — WITHOUT THE HOT AIR 2-21 (2008).

 Arnulf Grubler et al., Energy Primer, in GLOBAL ENERGY ASSESSMENT – TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE 102-147 (2012).

 VACLAV SMIL, ENERGY TRANSITIONS: HISTORY, REQUIREMENTS, PROSPECTS 105-118 (2010).

Policy Essay Topic:  What barriers currently exist to a broader commitment to clean energy? How might those barriers be overcome?

Nov. 14 — Class 20: Climate Change Mitigation -- Part III: Energy Efficiency and Green Transportation

Concepts:  Biofuels  Composites  Demand Response  Electric Vehicles  Energy Efficiency  Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology  Internet of Things  Leapfrogging  Low-Hanging Fruit  Rebound Effects  Sharing Economy  Smart Grid  Transit-Oriented Development

Core Readings:  AMORY B. LOVINS & ROCKY MOUNTAIN INSTITUTE, REINVENTING FIRE: BOLD BUSINESS SOLUTIONS FOR THE NEW ENERGY ERA 16-75 (2011).

 RON PERNICK & CLINT WILDER, CLEAN TECH NATION: HOW THE U.S. CAN LEAD IN THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY 147-200 (2012).

Supplemental Materials: 25

 Amory Lovins, A 40-Year Plan for Energy, TED (Mar. 2012), http://www.ted.com/talks/amory_lovins_a_50_year_plan_for_energy.  Ram Nidumolu, C.K. Prahalad & M.R. Rangaswami, Why Sustainability Is Now the Key Driver of Innovation, HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW (Sept. 2009), https://hbr.org/2009/09/why-sustainability-is-now-the-key-driver-of-innovation.  Aileen Ionescu-Somers & Francisco Szekely, Innovation for Sustainability: Business Context and Drivers (Mar. 2013), http://www.imd.org/research/challenges/business- context-drivers-aileen-ionescu-francisco-szekely.cfm.

 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM, SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION ECOSYSTEM: ADDRESSING SUSTAINABILITY FROM AN INTEGRATED SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE (2012), http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_MO_SustainableTransportationEcosystem_Report _2012.pdf.

Policy Essay Topic:  How should transportation be factored into sustainability?

Nov. 16 — Class 21: Climate Change Adaptation and Security

Concepts:  Climate Refugees  Disease (Vectors, Disease Ranges, Tropical Diseases)  Drought  Heat Waves  Managed Retreat  Ocean Acidification  Sea-Level Rise  Threat Multiplier  Vulnerable Communities  Wildfire

Core Readings:  Joshua W. Busby, Climate Change and National Security: An Agenda for Action (Council on Foreign Relations Special Report No. 32, Nov. 2007), at 2-21, http://www.cfr.org/climate-change/climate-change-national-security/p14862.

 Eric Klinenberg, Adaptation, THE NEW YORKER (Jan. 7, 2013), http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/07/adaptation-2.

 Jeff Goodell, Can New York Be Saved in the Era of Global Warming?, ROLLING STONE (July 5, 2016), http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/can-new-york-be-saved-in-the- era-of-global-warming-20160705.  Hauke Engel et al., How Companies Can Adapt to Climate Change (McKinsey & Company, July 2015), http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability-and- resource-productivity/our-insights/how-companies-can-adapt-to-climate-change. 26

 UN ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME, THE ADAPTATION GAP FINANCE REPORT xii-xv (2016), http://web.unep.org/adaptationgapreport/sites/unep.org.adaptationgapreport/files/docume nts/agr2016.pdf.

Supplemental Materials:  GOVERNOR’S STEERING COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE, CONNECTICUT CLIMATE CHANGE PREPAREDNESS PLAN (2011), http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/climatechange/connecticut_climate_preparedness_plan_ 2011.pdf.  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Adaptation Planning and Implementation, in FIFTH ASSESSMENT REPORT, CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: IMPACTS, ADAPTATION, AND VULNERABILITY 871-889 (2014), http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5- Chap15_FINAL.pdf.

Policy Essay Topic:  How can local, national, and international governments collaborate on climate change adaptation actions?

Nov. 28 — Class 22: Food and Agriculture: Feeding Ten Billion People in a Changing World

Concepts:  Competition for Land and Water  Crop Failures  First and Second Green Revolution  Food Access  Food Security  Food Waste  Local Food Sourcing (Locavore)  Malnutrition  Organic Agriculture  Resource Intensity of Food  Second Green Revolution (Genetically Modified Organisms)

Core Readings:  Wendell Berry, The Idea of a Local Economy, ORION MAGAZINE (Winter 2001), https://orionmagazine.org/article/the-idea-of-a-local-economy/.

 Jeffrey Sachs, Food Security, in THE AGE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 317-353 (2015).

 AMARTYA SEN, DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM 160-188 (1999). 27

 Christopher L. Weber & H. Scott Matthews, Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States, 42 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 3508-13 (2008).

Supplemental Materials:  Martin C. Heller & Gregory A. Keoleian, Assessing the Sustainability of the U.S. Food System: A Life-Cycle Perspective, 76 AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS 1007-35 (2003).

 MICHAEL POLLAN, IN DEFENSE OF FOOD: AN EATER’S MANIFESTO 1-12 (2009).  Michael Specter, Seeds of Doubt: An Activist’s Controversial Crusade Against Genetically Modified Crops, THE NEW YORKER (Aug. 25, 2014), http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/seeds-of-doubt.

Policy Essay Topic:  Are policies that require labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) problematic for sustainability? Why or why not?

Unit E: Global Environmental Governance

Nov. 30 — Class 23: Global Environmental Governance

Concepts:  Basel Convention  Convention-Protocol Process  Global Conferences (Stockholm 1972; Rio 1992; Rio+20 2012)  Global Environmental Governance  International Environmental Law o Treaties o Protocols o Amendments  Montreal Protocol  Multilateral Environmental Agreement  Stockholm Convention  UN Convention on the Law of the Sea  UN Development Programme  UN Environment Programme

Core Readings:  World Bank, Protecting the Global Commons, in WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1999/2000 87-105 (Sept. 1998), http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0195211243_Chapter4. 28

 Frank Biermann & Philipp Pattberg, Global Environmental Governance: Taking Stock, Moving Forward, 33 ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES 277-294 (2008).

Supplemental Materials:  Tanja A. Borzel & Thomas Risse, Public-Private Partnerships: Effective and Legitimate Tools of International Governance? (2005).

 KATE O’NEILL, THE ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 71-103 (2009).  Urs Zollinger, The Effects of Globalization on Sustainable Development and the Challenges to Global Governance (June 26, 2007), http://www.kingzollinger.ch/pdf/uz_referat_e.pdf.

Policy Essay Topics:  How should institutions for global environmental governance be adapted to address twenty-first century needs?

Dec. 5 — Class 24: Globalization and Sustainability

Concepts:  Aid for Trade  Foreign Direct Investment  General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO)  Investment Agreements  Multilateral Development Bank  Non-Tariff Barriers  Protectionism  Regional Trade Agreements  Race to the Bottom  Sovereignty  Subsidiarity

Core Readings:  Jennifer Clapp & Peter Dauvergne, PATHS TO A GREEN WORLD: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF A GREEN ENVIRONMENT 119-155 (2011).

 Daniel C. Esty, Bridging the Trade-Environment Divide, 15 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 113-127 (2001).

 Joseph E. Stiglitz, A Fair Deal for the World, THE NEW YORK REVIEW OF BOOKS (May 23, 2002), http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/05/23/a-fair-deal-for-the-world/.

Supplemental Materials:  Meredith A. Crowley, An Introduction to the WTO and GATT, 27 ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES 42-55 (Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago 2003). 29

 N.C. Pahariya, Import Substitution and Export Promotion as Development Strategies (Centre for International Trade, Economics & Environment 2008), http://www.cuts- citee.org/pdf/BP08-DI-13.pdf.

Policy Essay Topics:  Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership (or Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership) beneficial or harmful for global sustainability?

Dec. 7 — Class 25: Pursuing the Post-2015 Agendas: Sustainable Development and Climate Change

Concepts:  Building Blocks Approach  Burden Sharing  Climate Finance (Public and Private)  “Climate Clubs” and Major Emitters’ Agreements  Five-Year Global Stocktaking  Metrics, Review, and Verification  Multinational Development Bank  Poverty Alleviation  Subnational Climate Responses

Core Readings:  Daniel Bodansky, The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope? 1-10, 42-46 (May 17, 2016) http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773895.

 Daniel Esty, Bottom-Up Climate Fix, NEW YORK TIMES (Sept. 21, 2014), http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/opinion/bottom-up-climate-fix.html.  William D. Nordhaus, Climate Clubs: Overcoming Free-Riding in International Climate Policy, 105 AM. ECON. REV. 1339-41 (2015).  Richard B. Stewart, Michael Oppenheimer & Bryce Rudyk, Building Blocks for Global Climate Protection, 32 STANFORD ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL 341-392 (2013).

Supplemental Materials:  Jessica F. Green, Thomas Sterner & Gernot Wagner, A Balance of Bottom-Up and Top- Down in Linking Climate Policies, 4 NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 1064-67 (2014).  Pieter Pauw et al., Different Perspectives on Differentiated Responsibilities (German Development Institute Discussion Paper 2014), https://www.die- gdi.de/uploads/media/DP_6.2014..pdf.

 UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, THE ROAD TO DIGNITY BY 2030: ENDING POVERTY, TRANSFORMING ALL LIVES AND PROTECTING THE PLANET (2014), http://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/reports/SG_Synthesis_Report_Road_to_Dignit y_by_2030.pdf. 30

Policy Essay Topic:  What is needed to establish a 21st century approach to sustainability?

Dec. 17, at 7:00 P.M. — FINAL EXAM