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[2 Volumes]: an Encyclopedia of Business Culture

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[2 Volumes]: an Encyclopedia of Business Culture The Way We Work This page intentionally left blank The Way We Work An Encyclopedia of Business Culture Volume 1 A–L Edited by Regina Fazio Maruca GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The way we work : an encyclopedia of business culture / edited by Regina Fazio Maruca. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-313-33886-1 ((set) : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-313-33887-8 ((vol. 1) : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-313-33888-5 ((vol. 2) : alk. paper) 1. Corporate culture—United States. 2. Work environment—United States. I. Maruca, Regina Fazio. HD58.7.W3328 2008 658—dc22 2007040510 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2008 by Regina Fazio Maruca All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007040510 ISBN: 978-0-313-33886-1 (set) 978-0-313-33887-8 (vol. 1) 978-0-313-33888-5 (vol. 2) First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10987654321 Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The editor and publisher will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. Contents Alphabetical List of Entries vii Entries by Subject xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xxi The Encyclopedia 1 Appendix 395 Bibliography 423 Index 431 This page intentionally left blank Alphabetical List of Entries Action Learning Budget Age Discrimination Business-to-Business/Business-to- American Association of Retired Consumer (B2B/B2C) Persons (AARP) Cafeteria Benefit American Federation of Labor and Carnegie, Dale/How to Win Congress of Industrial Friends and Influence People Organizations (AFL-CIO) Casual Friday Americans with Disabilities Act Change Agent/Change The Apprentice Management The Art of War Code of Ethics Balanced Scorecard Competitive Advantage Benchmarking Competitive Intelligence Best Practice Core Competencies Blanchard, Ken Corner Office Blue Collar Corporate Social Responsibility Bonus Crisis/Risk Management Bootstrapping Cubicle Boundaryless Organization Dilbert Brainstorming Diversity Branding Dot.com/Dot.bomb Bricks and Clicks Downsizing Alphabetical List of Entries Drucker, Peter Leveraged Buyout (LBO) E-mail Lifetime Employment Emotional Intelligence Made in Japan Employee Assistance Programs Management by Objectives Empowerment Managerial Grid Enron Mass Customization Equal Employment Opportunity Matrix Organizations Commission (EEOC) Megatrends Executive Coach Mid-Career Executive Compensation Mission Statement Exit Interview Moments of Truth Feng Shui Myers-Briggs Type Indicator® Flex-Time (MBTI) The 4Ps Napster Free Agent NASDAQ General Electric (GE) Workout National Secretaries Day Generation X, Y, and Z Networking Glass Ceiling Offshoring Golden Parachute Ombudsman Hacker One-to-One Marketing Harassment Open Book Management Harvard Business Review Outsourcing Headhunter Performance Management/ Herman Miller Furniture Performance Measurement Horizontal Organizations The Peter Principle Innovation Peters, Tom Intangibles Portfolio Career Intellectual Capital PowerPoint Internet Real Time Intranet/Extranet Reengineering Job Sharing Relationship Marketing Just-in-Time Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 Kaizen Scenario Planning Killer App Shareholder Value Knowledge Management Six Sigma Knowledge Worker Skunkworks Lean Manufacturing Spin-off/Spinout Learning Organization Stakeholder Theory/Management viii Alphabetical List of Entries Strategic Alliances Total Quality Management (TQM) Suggestion Box Training and Development Supply Chain Turnaround Sustainability 24/7 SWOT Analysis Value Proposition Synergy Virtual Teams Telework War for Talent Temporary Workers Water Cooler Theory X and Theory Y Whistleblower 360-Degree Feedback White Collar Time Management ix This page intentionally left blank Entries by Subject Associations and Organizations Megatrends American Association of Napster Retired Persons (AARP) Peters, Tom American Federation of Labor and Congress of Daily Life Industrial Organizations Casual Friday (AFL-CIO) Dilbert Equal Employment Exit Interview Opportunity Commission Flex-Time (EEOC) Job Sharing Power Point Cultural Influences, Milestones Real Time or Markers Suggestion Box The Apprentice Water Cooler The Art of War Dilbert Discrimination Feng Shui Age Discrimination Generation X, Y, and Z Americans with Disabilities Harvard Business Review Act Herman Miller Furniture Equal Employment Oppor- Made in Japan tunity Commission (EEOC) Entries by Subject Diversity Scenario Planning Glass Ceiling Shareholder Value Employees Influential People Blue Collar Blanchard, Ken Cubicle Carnegie, Dale/How to Win Employee Assistance Program Friends and Influence Free Agent People Generation X, Y, and Z Drucker, Peter Hacker Peters, Tom Intellectual Capital Knowledge Worker Leadership Lifetime Employment Change Agent/Change Mid-Career Management Myers-Briggs Type Corner Office Indicator® (MBTI) Emotional Intelligence National Secretaries’ Day Executive Coach Networking Executive Compensation Portfolio Career Golden Parachute Telework Headhunter Temporary Workers Mid-Career Training and Development Moments of Truth War for Talent The Peter Principle Whistleblower Portfolio Career White Collar 360-Degree Feedback Theory X and Theory Y Ethics Time Management Corporate Social Responsibility Enron Management Approaches Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 Action Learning Balanced Scorecard Finance Benchmarking Budget Best Practice Crisis/Risk Management Brainstorming Enron Change Agent/Change NASDAQ Management Offshoring Empowerment Outsourcing Flex-Time xii Entries by Subject General Electric (GE) Strategy Workout Bootstrapping Horizontal Organizations Branding Job Sharing Budget Knowledge Management Bricks and clicks Management by Objectives Business-to-Business/ Managerial Grid Business-to-Consumer Matrix Organization (B2B/B2C) Ombudsman Competitive Advantage Open Book Management Competitive Intelligence Performance Management/ Core Competencies Performance Measurement Crisis/Risk Management Six Sigma Downsizing Suggestion Box The 4Ps Synergy Innovation Telework Intangibles Theory X and Theory Y Intellectual Capital Total Quality Management Just-in-Time Virtual Teams Kaizen Killer App Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing Just-in-Time Leveraged Buyout (LBO) Offshoring Mass Customization Lean Manufacturing Mission Statement Outsourcing Offshoring Skunkworks Outsourcing Supply Chain One-to-One Marketing Six Sigma Reengineering Total Quality Management Relationship Marketing Scenario Planning Marketing Six Sigma Branding Skunkworks Bricks and Clicks Spin-off/Spinout The 4Ps Stakeholder Theory/ One-to-One Marketing Management Relationship Marketing Strategic Alliance 24/7 Supply Chain Value Proposition Sustainability xiii Entries by Subject SWOT Analysis Employee Assistance Turnaround Programs Value Proposition Executive Compensation Flex-Time New Economy Horizontal Organization Bricks and Clicks Learning Organization Dot.com/Dot.bomb Supply Chain E-mail Hacker Policies and Laws Internet Americans with Disabilities Intranet/Extranet Act Knowledge Management Equal Employment Knowledge Worker Opportunity Commission Virtual Teams (EEOC) War for Talent Women Organizational Design/ Corner Office Description Diversity Bonus Flex-Time Boundaryless Organization Glass Ceiling Cafeteria Benefits Job Sharing Code of Ethics xiv Preface “Business Culture” isn’t tangible. You can shape it; you can talk about its characteristics; you can describe how people who work in a certain office behave as a result of it; but business culture isn’t something that can be physically grasped. Accordingly, business culture is one of those “soft” yet incredibly pow- erful elements of business as a whole. The importance of business culture can perhaps be seen in the way it affects the individuals operating in that culture. A strong and positive business culture can foster growth in an organization and bring out the best in people. A weak culture, or a culture of intimidation, can cause initially productive employees to become dis- gruntled and unhappy to the point where they leave—it can also keep those who remain from forming the kinds of teams that win in the market- place. Culture can be the difference between a company where employees spend time together after work, and one where they all go their separate ways at 5 P.M. It can be the difference between a company where employ- ees spend a great deal of time meeting secretively behind closed doors, and a company where they engage freely in a relatively tension-free atmo- sphere. Culture can be the difference between a company where employees compete against one another, and a company where employees share in- Preface formation and stand united, focused on external competition and on the customer rather than internal issues. Importantly, culture can change on a dime. The culture of work is dy- namic. A new chief executive officer (CEO) can change a company’s cul- ture pretty quickly. Similarly,
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