Production and Technology of Iron and Steel in Japan During 2010

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Production and Technology of Iron and Steel in Japan During 2010 ISIJ International, Vol. 51 (2011), No. 6, pp. 857–869 Review Production and Technology of Iron and Steel in Japan during 2010 The Technical Society, The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan remained stagnant due to the rapid appreciation of the yen 1. Overview of the Japanese Iron and Steel Industry and concerns regarding a slowdown in overseas economies. During the period from 2009 through 2010, the Japanese (Cabinet Office: Monthly Economic Report (January 2011), economy overcame the global financial crisis of 2008 and Economic Review of FY 2011 and Basic Policy on Economic substantially recovered, bolstered by foreign demand and and Fiscal Management (January 24, 2011)). government economic measures aimed at creating demand China’s gross domestic product of 2010 increased by and supporting employment. As a result, positive growth is 10.3% from the previous year in real terms, and China sur- expected for the first time in 3 years, with the real economic passed Japan to become the world’s 2nd largest economy growth rate of all domestic industries forecast at approxi- after the United States. mately 3.1% for fiscal year 2010, and the nominal growth A new growth strategy which will enable Japan to escape rate, which is closer to the national business sentiment, the stagnant growth and deflationary tendencies which have expected to be on the order of 1.1% (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, persisted over the past 2 decades has become an urgent mat- since the second half of 2010, economic conditions have ter. In June 2010, the Japanese government announced a “New Growth Strategy” which laid out strategic national projects in 7 strategic fields, including green innovation, life innovation, etc. in order to strengthen the economy, public finances, and social security. Implementation of policies for early realization of this strategy is desired. Reviewing conditions in the Japanese iron and steel industry in 2010, under the circumstances described above, crude steel production returned to the 100 million ton level for the first time in 2 years (calendar year base) as a result of a recovery of exports to the emerging nations, centering on Asian nations currently enjoying high growth rates, and recovery of domestic demand supported by the govern- ment’s economic stimulus measures. Production exceeded 90% of the level prior to the global financial crisis (Fig. 2). However, in the near-term, the economy has remained stagnant since the summer of 2010 due to the end of gov- ernment economic measures and the effects of the rapid appreciation of the yen, among other negative factors, mak- ing the future difficult to predict. On the other hand, there were also several positive developments in 2010 which were important for the iron and steel industry. These included a Cabinet decision to reduce the effective corporate tax rate by 5% in the revision of the tax system in FY 2011, by the issue of global warming, the fact that COP16 avoided an exten- Fig. 1. Trends of actual gross domestic product of Japan & Growth sion of the Kyoto Protocol, and by the issue of resources, rate source: Report of CSTP. avoided an abandonment of consolidation plans by major Fig. 2. Trends of crude steel production of Japan. Source: Report of JISF. 857 © 2011 ISIJ ISIJ International, Vol. 51 (2011), No. 6 resource suppliers. 38.5%. For the Japanese iron and steel industry, it is necessary to (3) On the other hand, the trends in crude steel production achieve further growth while strengthening international in China and India showed distinctive features. In competitiveness and continuing to overcome global warm- 2009, deterioration of the world economic situation ing and resource-related problems. caused an across-the-board decline affecting almost all The following reviews developments in iron and steel countries except China and India, where the effects of production and technology during 2010. the global financial crisis were not particularly appar- ent and crude steel production increased. These two 1.1. World Steel Industry countries also achieved single-digit growth from the World crude steel production for 2010, as announced by previous year in 2010, with the result that steady the World Steel Association (WSA) on January 21, 2011, growth could be observed. China’s crude steel produc- totaled 1.414 billion tons. A breakdown by country is shown tion in 2010 reached 627 million tons, accounting for in Table 1. Based on this information, the following features approximately 44% of total world crude steel produc- can be mentioned. tion. (1) Recent world crude steel production peaked at 1.346 Next, looking at crude steel production by the main iron billion tons in 2007, but then recorded minus growth and steel producing companies, according to a report by against the previous year in both 2008 and 2009 due Metal Bulletin, in calendar year 2009 (announced June to the effects of the global financial crisis in the second 2010), the top-ranking company was Arcerol Mittal, with half of 2008. These effects were overcome in 2010, production of 73.2 million tons, following by China’s Hebei and world crude steel production increased by 15% Iron and Steel Group, Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation, from the previous year, setting a new world record. and Wuhan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., all of which have pro- (2) In 2009, crude steel production decreased due to the duction scales exceeding 30 million tons per annum. In global financial crisis, but virtually all main producer Japan, Nippon Steel Corporation ranked 6th in the world, nations achieved double-digit growth in 2010. The following Korea’s POSCO, and JFE Steel Corporation main nations of Japan, Korea, and the EU all achieved ranked 9th (Table 2). growth exceeding 20%, and in particular, crude steel In particular, in China, the scale of corporate groups production in the United States grew by an impressive expanded as a result of a reorganization in the iron and steel Table 1. The Largest Steel Producing Countries (Source:Report of WSA). (million metric tons) Rank 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 %2010/2009 1 China 353.2 419.1 489.3 500.3 573.6 626.7 9.3 2 Japan 112.5 116.2 120.2 118.7 87.5 109.6 25.2 3 United States 94.9 98.6 98.1 91.4 58.2 80.6 38.5 4 Russia 66.1 70.8 72.4 68.5 60.0 67.0 11.7 5 India 45.8 49.5 53.5 57.8 62.8 66.8 6.4 6 South Korea 47.8 48.5 51.5 53.6 48.6 58.5 20.3 7 Germany 44.5 47.2 48.6 45.8 32.7 43.8 34.1 8 Ukraine 38.6 40.9 42.8 37.3 29.9 33.6 12.4 9 Brazil 31.6 30.9 33.8 33.7 26.5 32.8 23.8 10 Turkey 21.0 23.3 25.8 26.8 25.3 29.0 14.6 11 Itary 29.3 31.6 31.6 30.6 19.8 25.8 29.7 12 Taiwan, China 18.9 20.0 20.9 19.9 15.9 19.6 23.7 13 Mexico 16.2 16.4 17.6 17.2 14.0 17.0 22.1 14 Spain 17.8 18.4 19.0 18.6 14.4 16.3 13.6 15 France 19.5 19.9 19.2 17.9 12.8 15.4 20.1 16 Canada 15.3 15.5 15.6 14.8 9.3 13.0 39.9 17 Iran 9.4 9.8 10.1 10.0 10.9 12.0 10.0 18 United Kingdom 13.2 13.9 14.3 13.5 10.1 9.7 ▲3.7 19 South Africa 9.5 9.7 9.1 8.3 7.5 8.5 13.3 20 Belgium 10.4 11.6 10.7 10.7 5.6 8.1 43.5 Others 128.6 135.4 142.0 131.8 104.0 119.8 World 1144.1 1 247.2 1 346.1 1 327.2 1 229.4 1 413.6 15.0 (%) © 2011 ISIJ 858 ISIJ International, Vol. 51 (2011), No. 6 Table 2. Top Steelmakers (Source: Report of: Metal Bulletin). Country of original/ %2009/ Ranking Company 2008 2009 main domicile 2008 1 Arcelor Mittal Luxembourg 103.30 73.20 ▲29.1 2 Hebai Steel China 33.28 40.24 20.9 3 Baosteel China 35.44 38.87 9.7 4 Wuhan China 27.73 30.34 9.4 5 Posco South Korea 34.70 29.53 ▲14.9 6 Nippon Steel Japan 36.88 27.61 ▲25.1 7 Shangan Group China 23.30 26.39 13.3 Fig. 3. Grobal steel capacity utilisation ratio. Source: Report of WSA. 8 Shandong China 26.38 9 JFE Steel Japan 33.80 26.28 ▲22.2 10 Tata Steel India 24.39 21.90 ▲10.2 lization ratio decreased from more than 90% before the 11 Anshan Steel China 16.04 20.13 25.5 global financial crisis in the fall of 2008 to approximately 58% at the end of 2008, recovered a level of more than 70% 12 Shougang China 12.19 17.29 41.8 by the end of 2009, and then recovered a level exceeding 13 Severstal Russia 19.21 16.74 ▲12.9 80% in the first half of 2010 (Fig. 3). 14 Evraz Russia 16.30 15.28 ▲6.3 15 US Steel United States 23.22 15.23 ▲34.4 1.2. Japanese Steel Industry 16 Maanshan China 15.04 14.83 ▲1.4 By the first half of 2010, the Japanese economy had over- come the effects of the global financial crisis and substan- 17 Gerdau Brazil 19.60 13.50 ▲31.1 tially recovered with the support of various economic 18 Sail India 13.66 12.69 ▲7.1 measures.
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