O. P. JINDAL SCHOOL, SAVITRI NAGAR Work Sheet - 6 (2020 – 2021) Class: X Subject: Social Science (History) Date: 16/09/2020 Name: ______Class / Section: ______NOTES

Chapter – 05 The Age of Industrialisation Proto Industrialisation 1.The period of industrialization before the first factories came up in Europe is termed as proto-industrialization. 2. This period was marked by merchants from towns getting products made in villages. Reasons for focus of merchants on villages: 1.There was powerful trade and craft guilds in urban areas. 2. These associations controlled competition and prices and prevented entry of a new player in the market. 3. Because of them, it was difficult for new merchants to set business in towns. Features of proto-industrialization in Britain: 1.The merchants supplied money to the peasants in the countryside. 2. They motivated them to produce products for an international market. 3. Land was becoming scarce in villages. 4. Small plots of land were not enough to meet the need of a growing population. 5. Peasants were looking for some additional sources of income. The Coming Up Of Factory: 1.The earliest factories in England came up in the 1730s . 2. By late 18th century, there were numerous factories dotting the landscape of England. 3. In 1760 Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton. This quantity increased to 22 million pounds by 1787. Benefits of factories: 1.The factories increased efficiency of workers. Because of new machines a worker could produce better products in much bigger quantities. 2. Cotton textiles were the main area in which industrialization happened. 3. Managing and supervising the labour was much easier in factories than it was in the countryside. The pace of Industrial Change: 1.Cotton and metals were the most dynamic industries in Britain. During the first phase of industrialization (unto 1840s), cotton was the leading sector. 2. The iron and steel industries grew rapidly with the expansion of railways. 3. The railways expanded in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from 1860s. 4. By 1873, the export of iron and steel from Britain was valued at about 77 million pounds. 5. This was double the value of cotton export. Effects: 1. At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20% of total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. This shows that the traditional industry could not be displaced by the new industries. 2. The cotton or metal industries could not set the change of pace in the traditional industries. But the traditional industries experienced many changes which were brought by small and apparently ordinary innovations. Food processing, building, pottery, glasswork, tanning, furniture making and production of implements were such industries. 3. The new technology took a long time to spread across the industrial landscape. High cost of machines and costly repair scared the merchants and industrialists. 4. The new machines were not as effective as claimed by their inventors and manufacturers. 5. Historians acknowledge the fact that the typical worker in the mid-nineteenth century was not a machine operator but the traditional craftsperson and labourer. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines? 1 .During this period, there was no shortage of human labour. 2. Because of good supply of workers, there was no problem of labour shortage or high wages. 3. As a result, the merchants and industrialists preferred to manage with human labour rather than investing in costly machines. 4. Machine-made goods were standardized and could not match the high quality finish of hand-made goods. 5. The people from the upper classes preferred things produced by hand. The situation was different in nineteenth century America. There was shortage of labour in America and hence mechanization was the only way out in that part of the world. Life of Workers 1.There was large scale migration from countryside to cities in search of jobs. 2. Finding a job depended on existing network of friendship and kin relations. 3. People without existing social connections in the cities found it difficult to find a job. 4. Many people had to wait for long periods before they could get a job. Such people often had to spend nights on bridges or in night shelters. 5. Some private individuals set up Night Refuges. The Poor Law authorities maintained Casual Wards for such people. Problems or difficulties faced by workers: 1. Many jobs were seasonal in nature. 2. Once a busy season was over, the poor were once again on the streets. 3. While some people returned to the countryside, many stayed back to look for some odd jobs.. 4.The period of employment was also critical in determining the quality of life of a worker. 5. During the best of the times till the mid-nineteenth century, about 10% of urban population was extremely poor. During the periods of economic slump, the unemployment increased anything between 35 and 75%. Why Workers often turned hostile to new technology ? 1 .Workers often turned hostile to new technology because of fear of unemployment. 2. For example; when Spinning Jenny was introduced, women began to attack the new machines because they survived on hand spinning. 3. After the 1840s, construction activity increased in the cities. 4. This opened greater employment opportunities. 5. The number of workers in the transport industries doubled in the 1840s, and doubled again in the subsequent 30 years. The Age of Indian Textiles : 1.The East India Company had consolidated its business by the mid-eighteenth century. 2. The earlier centres of trade; like Surat and Hooghly; declined during this period. 3. The new centres; like Calcutta and Bombay emerged. Once the East India Company established political power, it began to assert its monopoly right to trade. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers? 1. The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers who were connected with the cloth trade. 2. It tried to establish a more direct control on the weavers. 3. A paid servant; called Gomastha was appointed to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. 4. The Company prevented weavers from dealing with other buyers. 5. This was done through the system of advances. Under this system, the weavers were given loans to purchase raw materials. Once a weaver took the advance, he could not sell his produce to any other trader. New system of advances created many problems for the weavers: 1.The new system of advances created many problems for the weavers. 2. Earlier, they used to grow some crops on their land which took care of their family needs. 3. Now, they had not time for cultivation and they had to lease out their land. Relationship between Gomastha and weavers: 1. Unlike the traditional merchants, the Gomastha was an outsider who had no social links with the villages. 2. He used to visit with sepoys and peons and punished weavers who could not meet the deadline. 3. The Gomastha behaved arrogantly. There were reports of clashes between weavers and Gomastha in many villages. System of advances resulted: 1. The system of advances resulted in many weavers falling in debt trap. 2. In many places in Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted villages and migrated to other villages to set up looms. 3. Many weavers began to refuse loans, closed down their workshops and took to farming. Manchester comes to India: 1. By the beginning of the nineteenth century; a long decline of textiles exports from India initiated. 2. Because of pressure from the British manufacturers, the government imposed import duties so that the goods manufactured in Britain could sell in England. 3. They also pressurized the East India Company to sell British manufactured goods in Indian markets. At the end of the eighteenth century, there had been negligible import of cotton piece-goods in India. 4. The machine-made cotton was cheaper than hand-made cotton piece-goods in India. The weavers thus lost a huge market share to imports from Britain. By 1850s, most of the cotton producing centres in India faced a steep decline. 5. The Civil War broke out in the US in 1860s. Due to that, the cotton supply from the US to Britain was cut off. Britain turned began to source cotton from India. This led to a huge shortage of raw cotton for weavers in India. By the end of the nineteenth century cotton factories began to come up in India as well. This was the final blow for traditional cotton textiles industry in India. Factories Come Up: 1. The first cotton mill in Bombay came up in 1854 and it went into production two years later. 2. By 1862 four mills were in operation. 3. Jute mills also came up in Bengal around the same time. 4. The Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur in the 1860s. 5. In Ahmadabad, the first cotton mill was set up in the same period. By 1874, the first cotton mill of Madras began production. The Early Entrepreneurs: 1.The history of many business groups goes back to trade with China. From the late eighteenth century, the British in India began to export opium to China and import tea from there. 2. Many Indians took active participation in this trade by providing finance, procuring supplies and shipping consignments. Once these businessmen earned enough, they dreamt of developing industrial enterprises in India. 3. Dwarknanath Tagore was among the pioneers to begin industries in the 1830s and 1840s. Tagore’s enterprise sank during the business crises of the 1840s. 4. But in the later nineteenth century, many businessmen became successful industrialists. In Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata went on to build huge industrial empires. 5. Seth Hukumchand; a Marwari businessman; set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917. The Birla Group was similarly started by successful traders from China. Capital was also accumulated through other trade networks; like Burma, the Middle East and Africa. Who controlled a large sector of Indian industries? 1. There was a virtual stranglehold of the British players on business in India which leaved little scope for growth of Indian merchants.Till the First World War, European Managing Agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries. Where Did the Workers Come from? 1. In most of the industrial regions workers came from the surrounding districts. 2. Most of the workers were migrants from neighbouring villages. 3. They maintained contact with their rural homeland; by returning to their villages during harvests and festivals. 4. After some passage of time, workers began to migrate greater distances in search of work. 5. For example; people from the United Provinces began to migrate to Bombay and Calcutta. Who was jobber? 1. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to hire new people. The jobber was usually an old and trusted worker. 2. He usually preferred people from his own village. He helped them settle in the city and provided financial help during crisis. 3. The jobber thus became an influential person. He began to demand money and gifts for his favour and began to control the lives of workers. Spinning Jenny: 1. Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764. 2. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. 3. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time. Why women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny? 1. The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. 2. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines. 3. This conflict over the introduction of the jenny continued for a long time. The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth: 1. European Managing Agencies, which dominated industrial production in India, were interested in certain kinds of products. 2. They established tea and coffee plantations, acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government; and they invested in mining, indigo and jute. 3. Most of products were required primarily for export trade and not for sale in India. 4. Indian avoided competing with Manchester goods in the Indian market. Since yarn was not an important part of British imports into India, the early cotton mills in India produced coarse cotton yarn (thread) rather than fabric. 5. When yarn was imported it was only of the superior variety. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by handloom weavers in India or exported to China. Market for Goods: 1.When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put labels on the cloth bundles. 2. The label was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. 3. The label was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth. 4. Images of Indian gods and goddesses regularly appeared on these labels. It was as if the association with gods gave divine approval to the goods being sold. 5. The imprinted image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intended to make the manufacture from a foreign land appear somewhat familiar to Indian people. Why manufacturers were printing calendars? 1. By the late nineteenth century, manufacturers were printing calendars to popularise their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were used even by people who could not read. 3. They were hung in tea shops and in poor people’s homes just as much as in offices and middle-class apartments. 4. And those who hung the calendars had to see the advertisements, day after day, through the year. 5. In these calendars, once again, we see the figures of gods being used to sell new products. How advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalism? 1. Like the images of gods, figures of important personages, of emperors and nawabs, adorned advertisement and calendars. 2. The message very often seemed to say: if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product; when the product was being used by kings, or produced under royal command, its quality could not be questioned. 3. When Indian manufacturers advertised the nationalist message was clear and loud. If you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce. Advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of Swadeshi. What changes affected the pattern of industrialisation by the first decade of the 20th century a series? 1. By the first decade of the twentieth century a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization. 2. As the Swadeshi movement gathered momentum, nationalists mobilized people to boycott foreign cloth. 3. Industrial groups organised themselves to protect their collective interests, pressurizing the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions. 3. From 1906, moreover, the export of Indian yarn to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. 4. So industrialists in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. 5. Cotton piece goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War? 1. The war created a dramatically new situation. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. 2. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. 3. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. 4. New factories were set up and old India and the Contemporary World 122 ones ran multiple shifts. 5. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Over the war years industrial production boomed. Fly shuttle: 1.It is a mechanical device used for weaving, moved by means of ropes and pullies. 2. It places the horizontal threads (called the weft) into the vertical threads (called the warp). 3. The invention of the fly shuttle made it possible for weavers to operate large looms and weave wide pieces of cloth. Q.1: - What was the result of First World War on Indian industries? First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons- 1. The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped. 2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market. 3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on. Q.2: - Who was a jobber? Explain his functions. Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. 1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis. 2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers. Q.3: - What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century? 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices. 2. Clashes with Gomastha- the Gomastha acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them. 3. System of Advances- The Britishers started the system of advances to regularize the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated. Q.4: What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’? 1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time. 2. The fight is taking into the future. 3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory. Q. What is meant by the proto industrialisation? Discuss any four features of this period? What do you mean by Proto industrialisation? What are it's features? 1. Even factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe; there was a large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. 2. This phase is referred to as the proto industrialisation. The proto industrial system was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. In this goods were produced by a vast number of producers within their family farms, not in factories. Following were its features: 1 Large-scale production for the international market due to the acquisition of colonies in parts of world and expansion of world trade, merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. So, they turned to the countryside, where they employed poor peasants and artisans house hold and supplied them money to produce goods. 2. It also allowed them fuller use of their family labor resources in the houses and not in the factories. Rural people could now supplement their shrinking incomes from cultivation from small land holdings. 3. A close relationship developed between the town and the countryside. Merchants were based in towns but work was done in the countryside. Q. Define the following: 1. Proto: Indicating the first or early form of something 2. Stapler: A person who ‘staples’ or sorts wool according to its fiber. 3. Fuller: A person who ‘fills’, that is, gathers-cloth by pleading 4.Carding: The process in which fibers, such as cotton or wool, are prepared prior to spinning. Q. Why was there a boom in the production of cotton in the 19 th century? 1. A series of inventions in the eighteenth century increased the efficacy of each step of the production process (carding, twisting, spinning and rolling) 2. They enhanced the output per worker, enabling each worker to produce more, and they made possible the production of stronger threads and yarn (better quality). Then Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. 3. Now, the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof and management. This allowed a more careful supervision over the production process, a watch over quality and the regulation of labor, all of which had been difficult in the countryside. Invention of new technology like steam, power, machines, etc, also helped to bring boom in the production. Q4. Why did some industrialists in the 19 th century in Europe prefer hand labour to machines?

Some industrialists in 19 th century in Europe prefer hand labour to machines because:

1. In England, there was plenty of labour, thus wages were low. So, industrialists had no problem of labor shortage or high wage costs. 2. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of human labor and required large capital investments. 3. In many industries like bookbinding, printing etc, the demand of labor was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. In all such industries where production fluctuated with the season industrialists usually preferred hand labour employing workers for the season. 4. A range of products could be produced only with hand labor. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for the mass market. But in the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. 5. In Victorian Britain the upper class – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class. They were better finished individually procured and carefully designed. Q5. What were Trade Guilds? In what ways they were powerful in the towns of England? Merchants could not expand production within towns because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. 1. These were associations of producers that trained crafts people. They maintained control over production. 2. They regulated competition and prices. 3. They restricted the entry of new people into the trade. 4. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. 5. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in town. Q6. How did Industrialisation affect people’s lives? 1. When open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed, cottagers and poor peasants who had earlier depended on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewood, berries, vegetable, hay and straw, had to now look for alternate sources of income. 2. Many had tiny plots of land, which could not provide work to all members of the household. So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed. 3. By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small ploys. Income from proto industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. 4. With the possibility of new jobs, hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and Kin relations that are they were not sure of getting jobs. 5. Many jobs seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. Some stayed in the night refuges that were set up by private individuals; others went to Casual wards maintained by the Poor law authorities. Also, there was a fear of unemployment due to seasonality. Q7. Name one inventions devised in 1764 which speed up the spinning process. Who invented it? How did it affect the lives of the workers in general? 1. Spinning Jenny- Devised by James Hargreaves in 1764, these machines speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. By turning one single wheel a worker could set in motion a number of spindles and spin several threads at the same time. 2. When the Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woollen industry, women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines because many women became unemployed and lost their way of earning. 3. This conflict over the introduction of the Jenny continued for a long time. Q8. Why is the period up to 1750 A.D before the Machine Age called ‘ Age of Indian textiles’? 1. India dominated the international market in textiles- both silk and cotton. 2. Finer varieties of cotton often came from India while many countries produced coarser cotton. 3. The control of land trade routes enabled American and Persian merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, eastern Persia and Central Asia (from passes and deserts) 4. A vibrant sea trade operated through the main pre-colonial ports likes Surat on Gujarat coast, Masulitratam on Coromandel Coast, Hooghly in Bengal, which had a flourishing trade link with south East Asian and Gulf countries. 5. Organized networks of Indian textile export trade activities by a variety of Indian export and supply merchants, big shippers and brokers, suppliers of raw materials and finished goods, farmers, weavers, bankers and financiers of production. The weaving villages in the inland regions were well connected by these people with the ports in this cabin. Q9. How did the English East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers? 1. By establishing political power, the English East India Company could assert the monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition with the existing traders. It would also control costs and ensure a regular supply of cotton and silk goods. 2. By fighting competition, they established direct contact with weavers through gomastha’s who collected supplies, examined quality, supervised weavers, often physically punishing weavers. 3. It prevented the weaver’s from dealing with other brokers and buyers through a system of advances. The loans tied the weavers to Gomastha as they could only supply to him. 4. As loans flowed that in and demand for fine textiles expanded weavers eagerly took the advances. Now they leased out their lands and the whole family devoted all their time to weaving. 5. The weavers lost space to bargain for prices and were forced to accept the miserably low prices offered by the Company. In some places, they revolted and went back to agricultural labour. Q.1: - What was the result of First World War on Indian industries? First World War gave a great boost to the Indian Industries because of the following reasons- 1. The British mills became busy with the production of War materials so all its exports to India virtually stopped. 2. Suddenly Indian mills got clearance to produce different articles for the home market. 3. The Indian factories were called upon to supply various war related material like- Jute bags, clothes for uniforms, tents and leather boots for the forces and so on. Q.2: - Who was a jobber? Explain his functions. Ans.:- Industrialists usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. Very often the jobber was an old and trusted worker. 1. He got people from his village ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in time of crisis. 2. Jobbers became persons with authority and power. 3. He began demanding money and gifts for the favor he did and started controlling the lives of workers. Q.3: - What were the problems of Indians weavers at the early 19th century? 1. Shortage of raw material – as raw cotton exports from India increased the price of raw cotton shot up. Weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at higher prices. 2. Clashes with Gomastha - the Gomastha acted arrogantly and punished weavers for delays in supply. So the weavers clashed with them. 3. System of Advances - The Britisher started the system of advances to regularizes the supply. The weavers eagerly took the advances in a hope to earn more but they failed to do so. They even started loosing small plots of land which they had earlier cultivated. Q.4: - What does the picture indicate on the famous book ‘Dawn of the century’? 1. There is an angle of progress, bearing the flag of the new century and is gently perched on a wheel with wings symbolizing time. 2. The fight is taking into the future. 3. Floating about behind her are the sign of progress- Railway, Camera, Machines, Printing press and factory. 1. How did farming methods change due to industrialization? (i) Steel plough used in place of wooden plough (ii) Harrow in place of wooden Weeder (iii) Mechanical drill for seed sowing, reaping and threshing machines. 2. What was the purpose of James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny? The purpose of the spinning jenny was to provide more cotton thread for the weavers which could spin 80 threads simultaneously. 3. Mention any two economic effects of the industrial revolution? (a) Village economy expanded to become economy of the nation with large scale industrial production. (B) Trade and commerce found larger scope all over the world. 4. Explain the meaning of the word, capitalism’ The new economic system of society with individual ownership of production in large scale and for profit motive , the workers under this system, do not own anything but work for wages. 5. What was the result of the import of Manchester cloth to India? (i) It ruined the cloth industry in India because the Manchester cloth was cheap, showy, and durable. (ii) The weavers were forced to give up their ancestral profession of cloth weaving and had to work as labourers in urban areas. 1. Why did the women workers in Britain attack the spinning jenny? Ans. The fear of unemployment made women workers hostile to the introduction of new technology. This was the reason of aggressive attack from women in England on one of the woollen industry in which spinning jenny was first installed. 2. How does industrialisation help in raising the level or the standard of living? Ans. (i) The industrialisation had facilitated the mankind by meeting their primary necessities of food, clothes and shelter. (ii) The machines have relieved man of tiredness and unpleasant jobs. (iii) The machines have brought leisure for man e.g. Sports goods, arts/ painting made by using machines. (iv) Large scale production of several kinds of goods has brought many articles of comfort and luxury within the easy reach of even a common man. 3. Write an essay on industrialization in India. 1. In India, limited industrial revolution started only in certain regions or cities of the country in second half of the 19th century. An important development in this field was the establishment of machine based industries in India. 2. The machine age in India began with cotton textile, jute industry and also coal mining industry. The first textile mill was started in Bombay by Cawasjee Nanabhoy in 1853, and the first jute mill was set-up in Rishra (Bengal) in 1855. 3. in 1879, there were 56 cotton textile mills and 200 cotton mills in India in 1905. 4 .In 1901 there were over 36 jute mills employing nearly 1,15,000 persons. The coal mining industry employed about 1,00000 persons in 1906. 5. Other industries developed between 1850 and early years of 20th century were cotton mills, rice, flour and timber mills leather tanneries, woollen textiles, sugar mills, iron and steel works and mineral industries like salts, mica, and saltpeter 4. How did the industrial revolution in England affect India’s economy? Ans. India’s economy was affected in the following manner; 1. The surplus production was brought to India by lifting trade barriers. Thus, India was reduced to importer from exporter of cotton textiles to England. 2. Handicraft sector lost jobs because of machine-made textile imported in India besides several other tricks played by the British to see them wind-up. 3. The British government in India forced the Indian farmers to sell their raw material at cheap rates to the British factory owners. 4. In India agriculture was the only occupation of the people. That too was looted by permanent settlement and Ryotwari systems adopted by the British in order to exploit more and more revenue. 5. Before industrial revolution India was a major producer of cotton, woolen and silken cloth. But now she suffered a severe setback in these industries, as the British machine made cloth was cheaper than the Indian cloth.

5 Bring out the social consequences of the industrial revolution. Social consequences: (A) Division of society: - as a result of the industrial revolution, the society was divided into two distinct classes – the capitalists and the labourers. The rich became richer and the poor became poorer. (B) Insanitary conditions in the towns:- as a large number of people shifted from villages to industrial towns. Thus, the towns were overcrowded. There was no arrangement for housing, sanitation, ventilation, drainage etc. (C) Unsatisfactory conditions of the factory workers: - the workers had to work in factories which were poorly ventilated, poorly lighted and were extremely unhealthy. (D) Exploitation of women and children:- women and children were employed in large numbers in the factories as they were cheaper and easy to manage. (E) Promotion of arts and culture: - machines brought more leisure to man. These utilized for the promotion of arts and culture in the society.

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