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Moving Towards Whole Settlement Energy Self-Sufficiency in Rural Communities

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Moving Towards Whole Settlement Energy Self-Sufficiency in Rural Communities Moving towards whole settlement energy self-sufficiency in rural communities Rhona Pringle Submitted for Doctor of Philosophy School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University May 2015 Abstract Energy has become an important issue for governments, communities and individuals, as concerns about energy prices, security of supply and climate change increase. Community scale low carbon energy systems could play an important role in future energy systems, but until recently UK government policy focussed on centralised energy systems. A number of rural communities elsewhere in Europe have made transformational whole settlement transitions from fossil fuel dependent towards renewable powered energy systems; however, the number of these in the UK is limited. Using a case study approach of European and UK cases, this research examines: reasons why rural communities embark on journeys towards whole place energy self- sufficiency; what capacities are present and contributions of these on outcomes achieved; whether there are similarities or differences between Europe and the UK and whether these are generalisable. European cases are examined using secondary and UK cases mainly primary data sources. Cases had varying rationales for embarking on whole settlement approaches to energy self-sufficiency. Whilst these don’t appear to determine the degree of energy self- sufficiency achieved, a whole settlement approach was considered important. No cases achieved energy self-sufficiency, but most made significant progress towards this and the idea did function as a boundary object. A number of capacities were present across all the cases such as public funding for energy system delivery, some capacities were present in the majority of cases and there were differences in capacities between the European and UK cases including leadership by local government. If the UK is serious about whole place energy self-sufficiency there needs to be; a commitment to public funding and resolving whether local authorities at their current scale and resourcing can provide leadership, or if alternative forms of local governance need to be found. i Dedication To my husband Paul, who has selflessly supported me, emotionally throughout and financially when needed. His quiet grace and sense of humour has both grounded me and enabled me to breathe freely. ii Acknowledgments Undertaking this research has been a voyage of discovery for me on many levels. Having spent many years working in the public and private sectors, I found myself often commissioning research, but unable due to time constraints, to undertake the research myself. This research has therefore been both a luxury and an incredible learning experience and would not have been possible without the support of a great number of people. Firstly I would like to thank Neil Powe and Geoff Vigar, my supervisors for all their guidance and patience, giving me the benefit of both their tremendous skills and expertise and to Neil for believing I could do this from the start. Thanks also to the School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape for providing the funding, without which I wouldn’t have been able to undertake the research. I would also like to thank Guy Garrod, Simon Davoudi and staff at the Newcastle University Sustainability Institute for contributing to and supporting the Community Renewable Energy Workshop I organised in October 2013 and to Guy for providing further opportunities to share my research. Thanks also to Marian Kyte, Postgraduate Research Secretary who has provided support throughout my research, with patience, efficiency and humour. I would not have been able to complete this research without the generosity of my case study interviewees, all busy people, who gave freely of their time. I am truly grateful and humbled by the kindness of people who didn’t know me, but met me in pubs, gave me lifts, welcomed me into their homes provided me with drinks and even meals. I hope the research does justice to their generosity of spirit. Lastly I would like to thank my family and friends who have given me support through opportunities to release my mind and recharge my batteries so that I could continue my research in good spirits. iii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i Dedication……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………………………. iii Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………. ix List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………………... x List of Acronyms……………………………………………………………………………………………. xii Chapter 1: The Research, Context, Aims and Methodology……………………………. 1 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.2 UK Energy Policy………………………………………………………………………………... 1 1.3 The Need for Low Carbon Energy Futures…………………………………………... 4 1.4 Rural Areas and Energy………………………………………………………………………. 5 1.5 Capacities for Rural Communities to Develop their Own Low Carbon Energy Systems………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.6 Introducing the Research…………………………………………………………………... 7 1.7 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………….. 8 1.8 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………... 9 1.9 Thesis Structure…………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Chapter 2: The Challenge of Whole Settlement Approaches to Energy Self-sufficiency……………………………………………………………………………………….... 12 2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………… 12 2.2 What is an Energy Self-sufficient Rural Community?............................ 13 2.3 Developing a Conceptual Framework………………………………………………... 16 2.3.1 Capacities for whole settlement energy self-sufficiency…………….. 16 2.3.2 Individual Capacity……………………………………………………………………. 20 2.3.3 Structural Capacity……………………………………………………………………. 20 2.3.4 Cultural Capacity………………………………………………………………………. 21 2.3.5 Infrastructural Capacity……………………………………………………………. 22 2.4 Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………..... 22 2.5 How to Consider Capacities for Whole Settlement Approaches to Energy Self-sufficiency?......................................................................................... 24 2.6 Problem Formulation……………………………………………………………………...... 25 2.6.1 Cultural & Structural Capacity: Rationales for whole settlement energy self-sufficiency………………………………………………………………. 25 2.6.2 Cultural capacity: The importance of place for energy self- Sufficiency…………………………………………………………………………………. 26 2.6.3 Individual Capacity: Skills………………………………………………………….. 29 2.6.4 Structural Capacity: Vision & Strategy………………………………………. 29 2.6.5 Structural Capacity: Government and Governance……………………. 31 2.6.6 Infrastructural Capacity: Energy Infrastructure & renewable iv Resources………………………………………………………………………………… 32 2.6.7 Cultural Capacity: Whole place energy self-sufficiency as a boundary object……………………………………………………………………… 32 2.7 Mobilisation……………………………………………………………………………………. 36 2.7.1 Individual Capacity: The role of the individual in moving towards whole settlement energy self-sufficiency………………….. 38 2.7.2 Structural Capacities: Government and Governance……………… 39 2.7.3 Structural Capacity: External expertise…………………………………… 42 2.7.4 Structural Capacity: Funding…………………………………………………… 42 2.7.5 Infrastructural Capacities: Community energy systems………….. 43 2.8 Communication………………………………………………………………………………. 44 2.8.1 Individual and Cultural Capacities: The role of trust and the Individual……………………………………………………………………………….. 45 2.8.2 Structural capacities: strategy and policy………………………………. 45 2.8.3 Structural Capacity: Sharing learning……………………………………. 46 2.9 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………………. 46 2.9.1 Problem Formulation…………………………………………………………….. 47 2.9.2 Mobilisation………………………………………………………………………….. 47 2.9.3 Communication…………………………………………………………………….. 48 Chapter 3. Developing a Research Design…………………………………………………. 49 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 49 3.2 Case Studies as a Research Method………………………………………………. 50 3.3 European Cases…………………………………………………………………………….. 54 3.3.1 Rationales……………………………………………………………………………. 54 3.4 Cross-case Analysis………………………………………………………………………. 56 3.5 Detailed UK Case Studies……………………………………………………………… 58 3.5.1 UK case selection………………………………………………………………… 59 3.5.2 Case one……………………………………………………………………………… 61 3.5.3 Case two…………………………………………………………………………….. 61 3.5.4 Case three………………………………………………………………………….. 62 3.5.5 Case four……………………………………………………………………………. 62 3.6 Sources of UK Case Study Evidence: Primary Data Sources…………... 63 3.6.1 Interviews……………………………………………………………………………. 63 3.6.2 Guiding principles……………………………………………………………….. 64 3.6.3 Direct Observations……………………………………………………………. 67 3.7 Secondary Data Sources……………………………………………………………… 67 3.7.1 Documentation………………………………………………………………….. 67 3.8 Community Renewables Workshop…………………………………………… 68 3.9 Analysing the Data……………………………………………………………………. 70 3.9.1 Analysis of semi-structured Interviews…………………………….. 70 3.9.2 Analysis of documentary data sources……………………………… 71 3.10 My Role as Researcher…………………………………………………………..... 71 3.10.1 Biographical Reflexivity……………………………………………………. 72 v 3.11 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………… 73 Chapter 4: European Cases……………………………………………………………………. 75 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… 75 4.2 Güssing…………………………………………………………………………………….. 77 4.2.1 Problem Formulation……………………………………………………….. 77 4.2.2 Mobilisation…………………………………………………………………….. 80 4.2.3 Communication……………………………………………………………….. 85 4.2.4 Outcomes………………………………………………………………………… 87 4.3 Mureck……………………………………………………………………………………… 88 4.3.1 Problem Formulation…………………………………………………………
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