X055/11/01 Total Marks

FOR OFFICIAL USE

NATIONAL FRIDAY, 5 JUNE QUALIFICATIONS 9.00 AM – 11.00 AM MANAGING 2015 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES INTERMEDIATE 2

Fill in these boxes and read what is printed below.

Full name of centre Town

Forename(s) Surname

Date of birth Day Month Year Scottish candidate number Number of seat

1. Attempt all questions in Section 1. In Section 2 there is a choice. 2. Read the whole of each question carefully before you answer it. 3. Write in the spaces provided. 4. Additional space for answers will be found at the end of the book. If further space is required, supplementary sheets may be obtained from the Invigilator and should be inserted inside the front cover of this book. 5. There is a separate Ordnance Survey Map Extract for use with Question 7. 6. Rough work, if any should be necessary, should be written in this book and then scored through when the fair copy has been written. 7. Before leaving the examination room you must give this book to the Invigilator. If you do not, you may lose all the marks for this paper.

*X055/11/01* © PB DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks SECTION 1 Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided. Use the map extract to answer Question 7.

1. (a) The diagram below shows some of the inputs and outputs of a whisky bottling plant.

Whisky

Water Caramel Bottled Glass bottles Whisky Labels CAR PARK Cardboard

Key: Security fence Security check

(i) Give two man-made resources required at the bottling plant.

1 2 1

(ii) Name the natural resource required at the bottling plant.

(iii) Name the natural resource from which labels and cardboard are made.

(iv) Sand is used in the manufacture of glass for the bottles.

Sand is a renewable / non-renewable resource.

Circle your choice and give a reason for your answer.

Reason 1

(v) Suggest one reason for the security which is at the plant.

[X055/11/01] Page two DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 1. (continued)

(b) If a machine breaks down in the bottling process, the company loses £10 000 per minute of the stoppage. Calculate the sum of money lost after a one hour stoppage. Space for calculation

£ 1

(c) (i) Give one reason why the bottling plant was sited in Central Scotland and not in the Highlands where the whisky is made.

(ii) Whisky is made in a distillery. Explain why the air leaving a distillery is monitored.

(d) Caramel, burnt sugar from sugar cane plants, is used to colour the whisky.

Complete the word equation of photosynthesis below which plants use to make sugar.

+ → sugar + 1

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[X055/11/01] Page three DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 2. The graph below shows the renewable sources used to generate electricity in England and Scotland.

England

0% 100%

Scotland

0% 100%

Key: Wind and wave Landfill Solar Biofuel Hydro

(a) (i) Name the main renewable energy source used to generate electricity in England.

(ii) Give one reason why England generates electricity from solar power and Scotland does not.

(iii) Give two reasons why Scotland generates electricity from hydro power and England does not.

1 1

2 1

[X055/11/01] Page four DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN 2. (continued) Marks

(b) The Scottish Government aims to meet 100% of electricity demand from renewables by 2020. To meet this target Scotland’s first marine energy park was launched in July 2012.

The map below shows the location of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Marine Energy Park

Sites between the Pentland Firth and Orkney Islands in the Orkney Waters marine park will be Marine Energy Park used to locate tidal devices to generate electricity.

Sites on the western side of the marine N Marine current turbines energy park on the sea bed will designated to generate electricity Scotland generate electricity taking advantage of the from wave power. fast tidal stream.

0 50 miles Wave devices as shown above can 0 80 kms generate electricity

(i) Give two advantages of using marine current turbines on the sea bed.

2 2 (ii) Give one disadvantage of using marine current turbines.

1 (iii) Suggest one problem marine energy companies face after the electricity is generated in the marine energy park.

[X055/11/01] Page five [Turn over DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 2. (continued)

Name of fuel Coal Gas Nuclear Renewable Other % of electricity produced 28% 6% 61% 4% 1%

(i) Name the natural resource used to fuel a nuclear power station.

(ii) Give two reasons why environmentalists may be concerned about using a nuclear energy source.

1 1

2 1

(iii) Give one advantage of using a nuclear energy source.

(iv) Name one European country that uses nuclear fuel as its main energy source.

(d) Name a major energy source used in an Economically Less Developed Country (ELDC) and give one of its major uses.

Energy source 1

Major use 1

(e) Suggest two ways you personally could reduce energy use in the home.

2 1

[X055/11/01] Page six [Turn over for Question 3 on Page eight

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[X055/11/01] Page seven DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 3. The diagram below shows part of a river food web.

Heron Kingfisher

Trout

Dragonfly Caddisfly Stonefly

Worm Mayfly River Limpet

Dead Leaves Algae

(a) Use the information from the food web to answer the following questions. (i) How many species are the prey of the trout?

(ii) Name two organisms which are in competition with the caddisfly and give a reason for your answer.

1 2

Reason

[X055/11/01] Page eight DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 3. (a) (continued)

(iii) Choose the most efficient food chain between the algae and the kingfisher and draw a pyramid of numbers to show their relationship.

2 (iv) The North American Signal crayfish, a voracious predator of small invertebrate river animals, is a non-native species which has invaded Scottish rivers. Predict, with a reason, what could happen to the population of heron, if crayfish numbers increased. Underline one of the options.

Numbers of heron would increase / stay the same / decrease

Reason

(v) Suggest one reason why the North American Signal crayfish are so successful in Scottish rivers.

(b) Describe one method to collect samples of invertebrates in a river.

[X055/11/01] Page nine [Turn over DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 3. (continued)

1 2 1

(ii) What do the arrows indicate in a food web?

(d) The table below gives information on some river invertebrates.

Diagram

Name of Water Water Stonefly Snail Mayfly invertebrate louse mite

(i) Use the information from the table to complete the biological key below.

Invertebrate without a shell 1 Invertebrate with a shell Snail

Invertebrate with more than 10 legs 2 Invertebrate with less than 10 legs Go to 3

Invertebrate body as long as it is wide Water mite 3

Go to 4

Invertebrate with 3 pronged tail 4 3 Stonefly

[X055/11/01] Page ten DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 3. (d) (continued)

(ii) Describe one similarity and one difference between the Freshwater Shrimp, below, and a named organism in the key.

Organism and Freshwater Shrimp.

Similarity 1

Difference

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[X055/11/01] Page eleven DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 4. Read the passage below and answer the questions which follow.

Birds, Parasites and Economics Adult Red grouse are medium to large-sized “gamebirds” feeding on shoots, buds and seeds of small shrubs and herbs, found on the heather moorlands of Scotland. A healthy Red grouse population generates an estimated £23·3 million per annum for the Scottish rural economy. Grouse shooting supports over 1000 full-time equivalent jobs. Red grouse populations in Scotland show “cyclic fluctuations” with the major downturns being caused by a parasitic worm. This worm causes damage and internal bleeding after burrowing into the intestine of the Red grouse. These parasites can cause a mortality rate of 78% in the Red grouse population. Crashes in grouse numbers following parasite infestations can reduce income substantially on many upland estates. Over the last 15 years, medicated grit has been used to reduce the number of worms in Red grouse. The active drug in medicated grit is fenbendazole, which kills the eggs and larvae of worms as well as the worms themselves. It reduces the number of worms in Red grouse by about 40%, and improves grouse breeding success by increasing chick survival.

(a) (i) Name the type of feeding behaviour found in adult Red grouse.

(ii) Give the habitat of the Red grouse.

(b) What is the relationship between the size of the Red grouse population and the rural economy?

(ii) A Red grouse population of 5600 was infected with parasites causing a mortality of 78%. Calculate the number of birds remaining in this population. Space for calculation

1 [X055/11/01] Page twelve DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 4. (continued)

(d) Explain why the use of fenbendazole can improve Red grouse breeding success.

(e) Explain how the use of pesticides can reduce biodiversity.

(f) Name one conservation plan designed to increase the numbers of an endangered species.

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[X055/11/01] Page thirteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 5. (a) The graph below shows the total mass of biodegradable waste sent to landfill in Scotland between 2000 and 2010.

Key: 12 Total waste sent to landfill 10 Biodegradable waste sent to landfill

4 Millions of tonnes 2

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year

(i) What is the trend in mass of waste being sent to landfill?

(ii) Give two disadvantages of waste being sent to landfill.

1 1

2 1

(iii) Biodegradable waste includes garden waste. Give one method other than landfill to dispose of this type of waste.

(b) In 2010 the landfill tax was £40 per tonne for biodegradable waste. This tax has risen by £8 per annum. Calculate the tax per tonne in 2015. Space for calculation

£ 1

[X055/11/01] Page fourteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 5. (continued)

(c) The Scottish Zero Waste Plan highlights Prevention, Reuse and Recycle. Describe one example for each category to illustrate how you would contribute to the Zero Waste Plan.

Prevention

Reuse

Recycle

(d) Name one type of organism which can carry out decomposition.

(e) Carbon is one element which can be cycled in nature. Name one other.

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[X055/11/01] Page fifteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 6. The flowering period of 5 species of plants found on the floor of deciduous woodland was investigated in site X. Light intensity and temperature were recorded. The location of site X is shown below.

Key

Deciduous woodland

10 metres

Recording site

Flowering period results. Snowdrops and Daffodils were found to flower in February, March and April, Bluebells and Wood Anemone flowered in March, April and May and Wood Sorrel flowered in April and May. The results for light intensity and temperature are shown in the table below.

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average Light 57 60 70 80 76 73 70 68 64 60 55 58 Intensity % Average Temperature 2 3 3 5 8 10 13 15 11 7 4 2 °C

(a) (i) Use the information above to complete the graph on the page opposite by adding: 1 the flowering data for March; 1 2 light intensity data for October, November and December; 1 3 temperature data for January, February and March. 1 (An additional graph can be found on Page twenty-eight.)

[X055/11/01] Page sixteen 6. (a) (i) (continued)

Snowdrops Bluebells Flowering Daffodils period Wood Sorrel

Wood Anemone

100 20

90 18 80 16 70 14 60 12 Average 50 10 Average light temperature intensity 40 8 °C % 30 6

20 4 10 2 0 0 Jul Jan Jun Oct Sep Feb Apr Dec Aug Mar Nov May Month

Key: Average light intensity %

Average temperature °C

[Turn over

[X055/11/01] Page seventeen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 6. (a) (continued)

(ii) A student concluded that these plants only flower at low temperatures. Do you agree with this conclusion?

Circle your choice and justify your answer.

Yes / No

Justification

(iii) Give one way in which the results were made more reliable.

(b) (i) Describe a technique which could be used to sample plants on the woodland floor.

(ii) Name one other abiotic factor which could influence the distribution of plants on the woodland floor.

(c) A similar investigation was carried out in a coniferous forest. Suggest one reason why no flowering plants were found on this forest floor.

[X055/11/01] Page eighteen DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 7. Use the map extract of Eigg, an island off the west coast of Scotland– Extract No 2114/39 (separate item) to answer the following questions. The location of Eigg is shown below.

Isle of Eigg 0 50 miles 0 80 kms

(a) The map extract shows historical and natural features on the island. Complete the table using the information below.

Place of worship Caves Waterfall 456854 483856

Historical or natural feature Grid reference Dun 4387 4888 Standing stone

482856 3 [X055/11/01] Page nineteen [Turn over DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 7. (continued)

(b) The field sketch below was made from a neighbouring island looking north to Eigg.

An Sgurr ridge 393 m

(i) Give a reason for the fort being built at the top of An Sgurr (GR 4684).

(ii) Suggest how the geology has made this ridge such a prominent feature on the island.

44 47 87 87

Area A

83 83 44 47

Give two reasons why very few people live in Area A.

2 2

[X055/11/01] Page twenty DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 7. (continued)

(d) Tourists are attracted to Eigg for its scenery, geology, wildlife and history.

(i) Give two pieces of map evidence which show there is tourism on Eigg.

1 GR

2 GR 1

(ii) Most visitors to Eigg arrive by ferry. Suggest how the topography has influenced the location of the ferry terminal (GR 487842).

(iii) Give one navigational aid which ensures the safe passage of the fe rr y.

GR 1

(iv) Canoeists in a sea kayak also visit Eigg. Should they come ashore at GR 445844 or GR 467882? Circle one of the sites and give a reason for your choice.

GR 445844 or GR 467882

Reason

(e) Eigg is an example of an island “going green”. (i) Using map evidence give one resource used to generate electricity

GR 1

(ii) Explain why this is an example of “going green”.

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[X055/11/01] Page twenty-one DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 7. (continued)

(f) There is an area of commercial forestry (GR 4786). (i) Estimate the area of commercial forestry.

km2 1

(ii) Suggest one recreational use of this forest.

(iii) Give one reason why there is so little natural woodland on the island.

(g) A planning application has been made to site a fish farm at GR 4985. The site would cover an area equivalent to 28 football pitches.

(i) Give two advantages this development could have to the islanders.

1 1

2 1

(ii) Suggest two disadvantages this development could have on the environment.

[X055/11/01] Page twenty-two DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks 7. (continued)

(h) The pier at Galmisdale has been refurbished to benefit local boatmen, anglers and conservationists. This is an example of multi-use integration by user groups. Describe a successful example of multi-use integration in an area you have studied.

User groups: 1

Integration

[Turn over for Section 2 on Page twenty-four

[X055/11/01] Page twenty-three DO NOT WRITE IN THIS MARGIN Marks SECTION 2 Answer only ONE question—Option A or B or C. Write your answers on the pages which follow. Diagrams may be used where appropriate. Option A

Describe:

(a) the formation and effects of acid rain; 6

(b) energy efficient schemes for sustainability. 4 (10)

Option B

Describe:

(a) the carbon cycle; 6

(b) the role of indicators in pollution. 4 (10)

Option C

Describe, with reference to an investigation you have carried out:

(a) weather elements and techniques to measure them; 6

(b) a conflict of interest and its resolution. 4 (10)

[END OF QUESTION PAPER]

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[X055/11/01] Page twenty-seven ADDITIONAL GRAPH FOR QUESTION 6(a)(i)

Snowdrops Bluebells Flowering period Daffodils Wood Sorrel

Wood Anemone

100 20 90 18 80 16 70 14 60 12 Average 50 10 Average light temperature intensity 40 8 °C % 30 6

20 4 10 2 0 0 Jul Jan Jun Oct Sep Feb Apr Dec Aug Mar Nov May Month

Key: Average light intensity %

Average temperature °C

[X055/11/01] Page twenty-eight ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Question 2 – Image of wave device. SQA has made every effort to trace the owners of copyright materials reproduced in this question paper, and seek permissions. We will be happy to incorporate any missing acknowledgements. Please contact [email protected].

Question 2 – Image of underwater turbine (HS1000 tidal turbine). SQA has made every effort to trace the owners of copyright materials reproduced in this question paper, and seek permissions. We will be happy to incorporate any missing acknowledgements. Please contact [email protected].