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Thomas Hansen Viuff Uncertainty Assessment of Wave- and Current-Induced Global Response of Floating Bridges a Numerical Investig

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Thomas Hansen Viuff Uncertainty Assessment of Wave- and Current-Induced Global Response of Floating Bridges a Numerical Investig Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2020:126 Thomas Hansen Viuff Thomas Hansen Viuff Uncertainty assessment of wave- and current-induced global response of floating bridges A numerical investigation ISBN 978-82-326-4600-5 (printed version) ISBN 978-82-326-4601-2 (electronic version) ISSN 1503-8181 Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2020:126 NTNU Faculty of Engineering Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of MarineTechnology Thomas Hansen Viuff Uncertainty assessment of wave- and current-induced global response of floating bridges A numerical investigation Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor Trondheim, May 2020 Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Engineering Department of MarineTechnology NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor Faculty of Engineering Department of MarineTechnology © Thomas Hansen Viuff ISBN 978-82-326-4600-5 (printed version) ISBN 978-82-326-4601-2 (electronic version) ISSN 1503-8181 Doctoral theses at NTNU, 2020:126 Printed by Skipnes Kommunikasjon as Abstract Floating pontoon bridge concepts have proven to be useful for crossing very deep and wide waters where conventional bridge types are not feasible, and different concepts have been built in several locations around the world within the last 70 years. Norway and the United States in particular have contributed to the capabilities of the technology and some of the most impressive floating pontoon bridge structures are currently located in those two countries, i.e. the Hood Canal Bridge in the United States and the Bergsøysund- and Nordhordland Bridges in Norway. Today the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (NPRA) has proposed to establish several fixed links across the many wide and deep fjords in the western part of Norway and floating pontoon bridge concepts are among the proposed solutions. However, with the proposed concepts having unprecedented lengths of up to 5,000 m, the current understanding and technology related to floating bridges are pushed to their limits. Uncertainty in estimation of environmental design loads and the capabilities of existing numerical tools are some of the challenges considered for the new bridge structures and question fundamental pillars in the structural design. The present thesis focuses on uncertainty assessment of the wave- and current-induced global response of curved floating pontoon bridges. The assessment includes investigation of the effect of uncertainties in design wave environments on the extreme response, and a comparison of two commonly used computer programs, i.e. Sima and OrcaFlex, when applied to floating bridge concepts. Furthermore, Sima is verified towards previous experiments of a generic floating pontoon bridge concept carried out in 1989 by Marintek (now SINTEF Ocean). The findings suggest that, for the studied bridge concepts, the extreme response is only slightly affected by changes in the main wave direction for directions within 15◦ from beam sea and for changes in the spreading exponent within naturally occurring values,± i.e. 2 and 10. Furthermore, the responses calculated with the two computer programs, Sima and OrcaFlex, are within 5-15% of each other, when applied to the Bjørnafjord phase 2 floating pontoon bridge concept, selected by the NPRA. Finally, Sima is verified towards previous experiments for a generic floating pontoon bridge concept with a length of roughly 830 m, with a comparison close to the inherent experimental uncertainties of 5-10%. This is valuable knowledge for any future experiments of the selected floating bridge concepts, since the extreme lengths of the bridges necessitate the use of hybrid tests, which utilize numerical tools in the experimental measurements. i Acknowledgements This study was conducted with financial support from the Norwegian Public Roads Administration. I gratefully appreciate this support which has enabled me to investigate a topic that is of great interest to me. I would like to express my gratitude to my main supervisor, Prof. Bernt Johan Leira, for giving me the opportunity to work with floating offshore structures at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), known for its accomplishments within the field. Special thanks are extended to my co-supervisor, Prof. Ole Øiseth, for his keen ability to spot and improve upon areas of my research with a direct and to the point approach in our discussions. Furthermore, I want to give a sincere thank you to my co-supervisor, Dr. Xu Xiang, for his theoretical guidance within the topic of hydrodynamics and his practical work approach. Our friendly discussions have been a valuable pillar of support throughout the study. The late Prof. Ragnar Sigbjörnsson was my initial co-supervisor for the first eight months of the Ph.D. study and inspired me with his pioneering contributions to the field of stochastic response of floating bridge structures. During my stay in Trondheim, I have met many new colleagues and friends whose help and support was a crucial part of my successful completion of the Ph.D. study. Particular individuals who deserve a special thank you are Sepideh Jafarzadeh, Mauro Candeloro, Seniz Ucar, Filippo Frontini, Yuna Zhao, Ping Fu and George Katsikogiannis. Finally, my family deserves a sincere thank you for their support and understanding throughout my time here in Norway. iii Preface The present thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Philosophiae Doctor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. The work has been carried out at the Department of Marine Technology, Faculty of Engineering, with supervision from Prof. Bernt Johan Leira, Prof. Ole Andre Øiseth, Dr. Xu Xiang and the late Prof. Ragnar Sigbjörnsson. The present thesis is based on a collection of two published journal papers and one submitted journal paper. Thomas Hansen Viuff Trondheim, Norway May 6, 2020 v List of appended papers The main part of the thesis is comprised of the following three appended papers: Paper 1 T. Viuff, B. J. Leira, X. Xiang and O. Øiseth, “Effects of wave directionality on extreme response for a long end-anchored floating bridge”, Applied Ocean Research, vol. 90, pp. 101843, May 2019. doi:10.1016/j.apor.2019.05.028. Paper 2 T. Viuff, X. Xiang, B. J. Leira and O. Øiseth, “Software-to-software comparison of end-anchored floating bridge global analysis”, Bridge Engineering, vol. 25(5), pp. 04020022, March 2020. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001545. Final draft with permission from ASCE. Paper 3 T. Viuff, X. Xiang, O. Øiseth and B. J. Leira, “Model uncertainty assessment for wave- and current induced response of a curved floating pontoon bridge”, Applied Ocean Research. Preprint under review. vii Other scientific contributions The following papers resulted from the work during the Ph.D. study, in addition to the three appended papers: T. Viuff, X. Xiang, B. J. Leira, and O. Øiseth, “Code-to-code verification of end-anchored floating bridge global analysis”, In proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, pp. 1-9, June 2018. doi:10.1115/OMAE2018-77902. X. Xiang, T. Viuff, B. J. Leira, and O. Øiseth, “Impact of hydrodynamic interaction between pontoons on global responses of a long floating bridge under wind waves”, In proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, pp. 1-10, June 2018. doi:10.1115/OMAE2018-78625. T. Viuff, B. J. Leira, and O. Øiseth, X. Xiang, “Methods for Preliminary Analysis of Floating Bridge Structures”, In proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on PRActical Design of Ships and Other Floating Structures (PRADS), DTU Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, September 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2446697. T. Viuff, B. J. Leira, and O. Øiseth, X. Xiang, “Dynamic Response of a Floating Bridge Structure”, In 19th Congress of IABSE, Challenges in Design and Construction of an Innovative and Sustainable Built Environment, The International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), September 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11250/2469567. ix Declaration of authorship The thesis is a collection of papers and is written by myself with supervision from my main- supervisor Prof. Bernt Johan Leira and my two co-supervisors Prof. Ole Øiseth and Dr. Xu Xiang. The supervisors have contributed to the thesis with their comments and guidance on which topics were relevant for the thesis. Below is a summary of the contributions from each author to the appended papers. Paper 1 Prof. Bernt Johan Leira initiated the idea of the research and I was responsible for establishing the numerical model, calculating the stochastic response and writing the paper. Our colleague Dr. Ping Fu was a great help in implementing the correct calculation method for the extrapolated average extreme values used in the parametric study. Prof. Ole Øiseth and Dr. Xu Xiang were both helpful in giving constructive comments on the method used and on the writing of the paper. Prof. Ole Øiseth was particularly involved in writing the abstract and introduction of the paper. Paper 2 Dr. Xu Xiang and I initiated the idea of the research together and based on an existing numerical model in OrcaFlex from Dr. Xu Xiang, I was responsible of making a numerical model in Sima as similar as possible. The calculations and extraction of the relevant responses was done in OrcaFlex by Dr. Xu Xiang and in Sima by myself. I was responsible of handling the data, deciding on which responses to compare, creating the figures and writing the paper. Prof. Bernt Johan Leira and Prof. Ole Øiseth were both responsible for constructive comments on which results to compare and the writing of the paper. Prof. Ole Øiseth was particularly involved in writing the abstract and introduction of the paper. Paper 3 Dr. Xu Xiang and I initiated the idea of the research together and Dr. Xu Xiang was responsible of providing crucial information regarding the experiments, such as internal reports in the NPRA.
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