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Mega Floating Concrete Bridges Final report Mega Floating Concrete Bridge MEGA FLOATING CONCRETE BRIDGES The final report Master Thesis of Ali Halim Saleh TU Delft 1 M.Sc. thesis: Ali Halim Saleh Final report Mega Floating Concrete Bridge Content: 0.0 Introduction 0.1 Problem analysis 0.2 Problem definition 0.3 The objective of the thesis 0.4 Boundary conditions 0.5 The case study 1 Literature study for the floating bridges 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Conventional bridges 1.2.1 Types 1.2.2 Construction methods 1.2.3 The main constraints of the construction 1.3 Very large floating structure (VLFS) 1.3.1 VLFS types and definition 1.3.2 Comparison between VLFS and land-based structures 1.3.3 Structural behavior classification of VLFS 1.4 The floating bridges 1.4.1 The history of the floating bridges 1.4.2 The technical aspects of the floating bridge 1.4.3 Floating bridges classifications 1.5 The floating bridge around the world 1.6 Introduction to the hydro-static 1.6.1 Equilibrium and stability 1.6.2 Meta Centre Height 1.6.3 Rotation 1.7 Introduction to the hydro-dynamic 1.7.1 Dynamic motion definition 1.7.2 Basic Dynamic Analysis of continuous beam 1.8 Material specifications 1.9 Evaluation 2 Design principles 2.1 Argumentation of the choice (with pontoons and mooring cables) 2.2 Evaluation of the floating bridge layouts 2.2.1 The continuous pontoon floating bridge models 2.2.2 The separated pontoon floating bridge models 2.2.3 Comparison between the separated pontoon- and continuous pontoon floating bridge 2.3 The main structural elements of the floating bridge with alternatives 2.3.1 The pontoon 2.3.2 The access bridge 2.3.3 The pontoon connector 2.3.4 The mooring system 2.3.5 Additional members (abutment – stability pontoon – wave breaker) 2.4 The creation of different bridge alternatives 2.5 Mechanical modelling of the floating bridge 2.6 The construction procedure 2.6.1 The continuous pontoon floating bridge 2.7 Durability and concrete technology TU Delft 2 M.Sc. thesis: Ali Halim Saleh Final report Mega Floating Concrete Bridge 2.7.1 The situation analysis 2.7.2 Durability of marine concrete structures 3 The sea wave-wind load 3.1 The wind and wind classifications 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Wind classifications 3.1.3 The wind load 3.2 The ocean waves definition and characteristics 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 The simple linear wave 3.2.2.1 Basic definitions 3.2.2.2 Basic relationships 3.2.2.3 Influence of water depth 3.2.2.4 Subsurface pressure 3.2.3 Wave energy principles 3.2.4 Wave breaking 3.3 Wave generation by wind 3.3.1 Bretschneider method 3.3.2 Monogram method 3.4 The float geometry effects 3.4.1 The wavelength 3.4.2 Lateral opening 3.4.3 Draft 3.5 The sea wave load 3.5.1 Linear theory 3.5.2 The wave force on the bottom slab 3.5.3 The wave force frequency 3.6 Evaluation 4 Structural analysis 4.1 Local design 4.1.1 The total bridge length 4.1.2 Pontoon dimensions (length-width- depth) 4.1.3 Pontoon compartmentalization 4.1.4 Pontoon slabs and walls design 4.1.5 Pontoon rigidity (flexural/ torsional stiffness) 4.1.6 Design and analysis of the mooring line 4.1.7 Loads determination and load combinations 4.2 Global design 4.2.1 Heaving and pitching motion (XZ-plane) 4.2.2 Swaying and Yawing (XY-plane) 4.2.3 Rolling (ZY-plane) 4.2.4 Hydro-static analysis 4.2.4.1 Pontoon length influence 4.2.4.2 Pontoon connector stiffness influence 4.2.4.3 Mooring system stiffness influence 4.2.5 Hydro-dynamic analysis 4.3 Prestressing design 4.3.1 The moment capacity of the pontoon 4.3.1.1 Serviceability limit state TU Delft 3 M.Sc. thesis: Ali Halim Saleh Final report Mega Floating Concrete Bridge 4.3.1.2 Ultimate limit state 4.3.2 The shear capacity of the pontoon 4.4 Evaluation 5 Case study 5.1 Dimensioning 5.1.1 Global dimensioning 5.1.2 Local dimensioning and load combinations 5.1.2.1 The bridge width 5.1.2.2 The bridge depth 5.1.2.3 Determination of the additional required coefficients 5.1.3 Pontoon rigidity 5.2 The hydrostatic analysis 5.2.1 The sea wave 5.2.2 The loading 5.2.3 Slabs and walls thicknesses verification 5.2.3.1 The design of the internal wall 5.2.3.2 The design of the External wall 5.2.3.3 Design of bottom slab 5.2.3.4 Design of top slab 5.2.4 The mooring system 5.3 The Global design 5.3.1 Individual pontoon response method 5.3.2 The total bridge static response 5.3.2.1 Heaving and pitching motion (XZ-plane) 5.3.2.2 Swaying and Yawing (XY-plane) 5.3.2.3 Rolling (ZY-plane) 5.3.3 The maximum moment capacity of the pontoon 5.3.3.1 The serviceability limit states 5.3.3.2 The ultimate limit states 5.3.3.3 The shear strength of the pontoon 5.3.3.4 Pontoon connector rigidity 5.3.3.5 Pontoon connector analysis 5.4 Evaluation 6.1 Summary 6.2 Conclusion 6.3 Recommendations References Appendix A Appendix B TU Delft 4 M.Sc. thesis: Ali Halim Saleh Final report Mega Floating Concrete Bridge Acknowledgment This research is the outcome of much effort and encouragement from many interested parties. Many significant contributions made in this thesis for Master of Science degree at TU Delft, The Nederland. To begin with I would like to thank gratefully Professor J.C. Walraven, Head of Concrete Structure Department at TU Delft for his support throughout the study period. I am also grateful to all commission members for their support, ideas, flexibility, knowledge, enthusiasm, and especially for my supervisor’s dr.ir.C.R. Braam and dr.ir. P. Hoogenboom for their patience, encouragement with close guidance and continuous assistance during entire thesis period. Similarly, I am grateful to other persons who helped and support me includes my friends and colleagues in TU Delft. I do not like to forget the close guidance of the study adviser Mrs. Karel Karsen during the entire study period and I would to thank him gratefully. Last of all, a special thank to my parents, brothers, and sisters in Iraq and all my thanks to my wife and children for their patience, care, and optimism in difficult times. I hope that you are proud of me. Thanks for their continuous motivations, prayers, and moral support during academic period. COMMISSION MEMBERS: Prof. Dr. Ir. J.C. Walraven Head of Concrete Structure Department Dr. Ir. C. van der Veen Concrete Structure Dr. Ir. C.R. Braam Concrete Structure Dr. Ir. P.C.J. Hoogenboom Structure Mechanics Ir. Dil Tirimanna FDN Engineering Company A.H. Saleh 23 Augustus 2010 TU Delft 5 M.Sc. thesis: Ali Halim Saleh Final report Mega Floating Concrete Bridge 0.0 Introduction This graduation project has been initiated to research the technical feasibility of floating bridges. The project has been done in co-operation with the FDN engineering company and Delft technical university. A design is made of a continuous pontoon floating bridge, which connects a mainland to an island. 0.1 Problem analysis Floating bridges can be constructed where conventional bridges are impractical (under the conditions that are described in section 1.4.2). The buoyancy forces support the bridge in the vertical direction and the mooring system in the horizontal direction. Environmental loads are the main loading on the floating bridge. Because of the random form of the sea wave forces and the wind force, it is difficult to expect the precise value and direction of loading on the bridge. The environmental loads twist the bridge and excite it in the horizontal and in the vertical direction. When it is possible to construct a sliding pile mooring system to introduce the wind and wave load in the horizontal direction, the floating bridge will have a satisfactory stability. In most cases, it is impossible to construct the sliding piles due to the large water depth or the seabed soil weakness; therefore, the mooring system should be replaced by chains/cables mooring system to maintain the lateral supporting. The efficiency of the mooring cable is lower than the sliding pile due to the relatively large compliance range. That is valid also for the vertical displacement; the bridge response will be introduced by the bridge flexural rigidity, the bridge mass, the water spring, the water damping and the pontoon connector stiffness when discrete pontoons are used. In this case, the floating bridge deflections, internal forces and stresses will be relatively large and unexpected. The linear theory is applied to determine the sea wave load. The hydro-static and the hydro- dynamic analysis of a multi-body slender structure consisting of rigidly or flexibly connected elements will be made. The behavior of the continuous pontoon floating bridge under the wave and wind load and the connections between the elements are examined. The design procedure of the mooring cables of the offshore structure is applied to design the mooring system. The construction of a slender structure on an unlimited flexible foundation such as water has a certain risk.
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