DOCSLIB.ORG

The Development Impact of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (Ntds)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Development Impact of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (Ntds) United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division Expert Paper No. 2011/1 The development impact of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) Peter J. Hotez This page is intentionally left blank Population Division Expert Paper No. 2011/1 The development impact of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) Peter J. Hotez George Washington University United Nations New York, 2011 NOTE The views expressed in the paper do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the United Nations Secretariat. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this paper do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in this paper also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. This publication has been issued without formal editing. ii PREFACE In November 2009, the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat convened an Expert Group Meeting on Health, Mortality and Development at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The purpose of the meeting was twofold. First, in preparation for the forty-third session of the Commission on Population and Development, the meeting brought together experts and officials of inter-governmental organizations to discuss the challenges in combating the major causes of death and improving health, including consideration of how to strengthen health systems. Second, building upon earlier United Nations Coordination Meetings on the Estimation of Adult Mortality held in 2006 and 2008, the meeting focused on methodological issues in the estimation of adult mortality and initiated a comparison and review of adult mortality estimates for selected countries as produced by different institutions. The meeting took place from 10 to 12 November 2009. Its agenda and list of participants can be found at http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM-healthmortality/agenda- participantslist.pdf. A selection of the papers prepared by experts participating in the first part of the meeting is being issued under the Expert Paper Series published on the website of the Population Division (www.unpopulation.org). Since 2000, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have focused international attention on the reduction of major communicable diseases, especially those covered under MDG 6—HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. As a result, great strides have been made toward combating those diseases. Yet the burden of disease associated with other infectious and parasitic diseases remains high. In 2009, an estimated 1.2 billion people were suffering from a range of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), including parasitic diseases caused by worms (e.g., ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm and lymphatic filariasis) which are the most common type of infection. Newly available evidence confirms that NTDs contribute to undernutrition, which in turn delays cognitive development in children and, by compromising the health of adults, has a negative impact on economic development in the heavily affected communities. The Population Division is grateful to Dr. Peter J. Hotez, Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine of the George Washington University and President of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, for having participated in the meeting and having prepared this paper on the prevalence and development impact of the neglected tropical diseases. The Expert Paper Series aims at providing access to government officials, the research community, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and the general public to overviews by experts on key demographic issues. The papers included in the series will mainly be those presented at Expert Group Meetings organized by the Population Division on the different areas of its competence, including fertility, mortality, migration, urbanization and population distribution, population estimates and projections, population and development, and population policy. The views and opinions expressed in the papers that are part of the series are those of their authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations. The papers in the series are released without undergoing formal editing. For further information concerning this series, please contact the office of Hania Zlotnik, Director, Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, New York, 10017, USA, telephone (212) 963-3179, fax (212) 963-2147. iii This page is intentionally left blank A. OVERVIEW The concept of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) was established partly in response to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for sustainable poverty reduction (Hotez, 2006; Hotez, 2008a; Molyneux, 2008). Launched in 2000, the sixth MDG, to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, stimulated large-scale initiatives for the control of HIV/AIDS and malaria through two massive stimulus packages from the United States Government—the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI)—as well as a third stimulus provided by the Group of Eight (G8) countries through the Geneva-based Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM). Through such initiatives, tens of billions of dollars were committed to provide millions of people living in low- and middle-income countries with antiretroviral therapy for AIDS, directly observed treatment for tuberculosis, and drugs and bed nets for malaria. At the same time, scientists, physicians, public health experts, and global health policymakers concerned about the “other diseases” mentioned in MDG 6 noted a dearth of resources. Of particular concern was a group of tropical infections known as the NTDs, which were prevalent in low-income countries and were increasingly recognized to cause disease burdens comparable to AIDS or malaria. Moreover, there were opportunities to control the NTDs at costs far lower than those required for AIDS, tuberculosis or malaria. Despite the opportunity afforded by targeting the NTDs, none of these conditions was prioritized either by the United States Government or the G8 nations during the first few years of the new millennium. The absence of global commitment to the NTDs prompted the drafting of a series of policy papers. The first two peer-reviewed papers to use the term NTDs were published in 2005 (Molyneux and others, 2005) and 2006 (Hotez and others, 2006a), respectively. These policy papers as well as subsequent ones in 2006 and 2007 (Brady and others, 2006; Lammie and others, 2006; WHO, 2006; Hotez and others, 2007a; 2007b), highlighted the NTDs as the most common infections in low- and middle-income countries. An estimated 1.4 billion people live below the World Bank poverty level of US$1.25 per day (a group sometimes referred to as “the bottom billion,”), almost all of whom are adversely affected by one or more of the NTDs (Hotez and others, 2006a; 2007a; 2009a; Musgrove and Hotez, 2010). The major NTDs afflicting the bottom billion are shown in tables 1 and 2, ranked according to their prevalence. The three soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections (ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm infection) are the most common NTDs, each affecting approximately 600-800 million people worldwide. In order of prevalence, STH infections are followed by schistosomiasis (200 million infected), lymphatic filariasis (LF; 120 million infected), trachoma (60 million to 80 million infected), onchocerciasis (37 million infected), the food-borne trematode infections (>20 million infected), leishmaniasis (12 million infected), and Chagas disease (8 million to 9 million infected) (Hotez and others, 2007a; 2009a). In spite of their substantial health impact, the NTDs have been ignored relative to the “big three diseases” in part because they cause far fewer deaths, on the order of half a million deaths annually due to the NTDs compared to two million or more deaths each year from AIDS, malaria, or tuberculosis (Hotez and others, 2006a). In 2006, the publication of a revised estimate of the global disability resulting from the NTDs marked a key revelation in global health (Hotez and others, 2006a). Using disability adjusted life years (DALYs) as a metric, it determined that the NTDs result in almost 57 million DALYs lost annually, a burden that is greater than that caused by malaria or tuberculosis and almost as great as the burden of disability resulting from HIV/AIDS (Hotez and others, 2006a; Hotez and others, 2007a). However, such estimates are not universally accepted by the global health community. A new initiative led by the Institute of Health Metrics at 1 the University of Washington, together with the Sabin Vaccine Institute is working to resolve controversies surrounding disability estimates for the NTDs. Many of the NTDs share a number of common features. Most of the highest prevalence NTDs are parasitic helminth infections, with the exception of the bacterial infection, trachoma, and the protozoan infections, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. There are several common protozoan infections including amebiasis, toxoplasmosis, and giardiasis for which there are no global prevalence estimates. Among their major common features, the NTDs shown in tables 1 and 2 are mostly chronic infections lasting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Baylisascariasis
    Baylisascariasis Importance Baylisascaris procyonis, an intestinal nematode of raccoons, can cause severe neurological and ocular signs when its larvae migrate in humans, other mammals and birds. Although clinical cases seem to be rare in people, most reported cases have been Last Updated: December 2013 serious and difficult to treat. Severe disease has also been reported in other mammals and birds. Other species of Baylisascaris, particularly B. melis of European badgers and B. columnaris of skunks, can also cause neural and ocular larva migrans in animals, and are potential human pathogens. Etiology Baylisascariasis is caused by intestinal nematodes (family Ascarididae) in the genus Baylisascaris. The three most pathogenic species are Baylisascaris procyonis, B. melis and B. columnaris. The larvae of these three species can cause extensive damage in intermediate/paratenic hosts: they migrate extensively, continue to grow considerably within these hosts, and sometimes invade the CNS or the eye. Their larvae are very similar in appearance, which can make it very difficult to identify the causative agent in some clinical cases. Other species of Baylisascaris including B. transfuga, B. devos, B. schroeder and B. tasmaniensis may also cause larva migrans. In general, the latter organisms are smaller and tend to invade the muscles, intestines and mesentery; however, B. transfuga has been shown to cause ocular and neural larva migrans in some animals. Species Affected Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are usually the definitive hosts for B. procyonis. Other species known to serve as definitive hosts include dogs (which can be both definitive and intermediate hosts) and kinkajous. Coatimundis and ringtails, which are closely related to kinkajous, might also be able to harbor B.
    [Show full text]
  • Top Papers in Neglected Tropical Diseases Diagnosis
    Top papers in Neglected Tropical Diseases Diagnosis Professor Peter L Chiodini ESCMID eLibrary © by author Neglected tropical diseases http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/ Accessed 9th April 2017 • Buruli ulcer • Lymphatic filariasis • Chagas disease • Mycetoma • Dengue and Chikungunya • Onchocerciasis • Dracunculiasis • Rabies • Echinococcosis • Schistosomiasis • Foodborne • Soil-transmitted trematodiases helminthiases • Human African • Taeniasis/Cysticercosis trypanosomiasis • Trachoma • Leishmaniasis • Yaws • ESCMIDLeprosy eLibrary © by author PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/s/journal-information#loc-scope Accessed 9th April 2017 The “big three” diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis, are not generally considered for PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. Plasmodium vivax possibly ESCMID eLibrary © by author Flynn, FV (1985) “As is your pathology, so is your practice” ESCMID eLibrary © by author Time for a Model List of Essential Diagnostics Schroeder LF et al. NEJM 2016; 374: 2511 ESCMID eLibrary © by author Peruvian Leishmania: braziliensis or mexicana? ESCMID eLibrary © by author Leishmania (Viannia) from Peru ESCMID eLibrary © by author Karimkhani C et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: 584-591 • Global Burden of Disease Study “Unlike the incidence of most other neglected tropical diseases, the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasing” ESCMID eLibrary © by author Karimkhani C et al. Lancet Infect Dis 2016; 16: 584-591 ESCMID eLibrary © by author Akhoundi M et al. Molecular Aspects of Medicine (2017) doi: 10.1016/ j.mam.2016.11.012. ESCMID eLibrary © by author Akhoundi M et al. Molecular Aspects of Medicine (2017) doi: 10.1016/ j.mam.2016.11.012. ESCMID eLibrary © by author Akhoundi M et al. Molecular Aspects of Medicine (2017) doi: 10.1016/ j.mam.2016.11.012.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybrid Ascaris Suum/Lumbricoides (Ascarididae) Infestation in a Pig
    Cent Eur J Public Health 2013; 21 (4): 224–226 HYBRID ASCARIS SUUM/LUMBRICOIDES (ASCARIDIDAE) INFESTATION IN A PIG FARMER: A RARE CASE OF ZOONOTIC ASCARIASIS Moreno Dutto1, Nicola Petrosillo2 1Department of Prevention, Local Health Unit, ASL CN1, Saluzzo (CN), Italy 2National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy SUMMARY We present a case of the 42 year old pig farmer from the province of Cuneo in Northwest Italy who was infected by the soil-transmitted nema- tode Ascaris sp. In November 2010 the patient found one worm in his stool, subsequently identified as female specimen of Ascaris sp. After a first anthelmintic treatment, another worm was found in his stool, that was later identified as male Ascaris sp. Blood tests prescribed by the patient’s family physician, as suggested by a parasitologist, found nothing abnormal. A chest x-ray was negative for Loeffler’s syndrome and an ultrasound of the abdomen was normal with no evidence of hepatic problems. The nematode collected from the patient was genetically characterized using the ribosomal nuclear marker ITS. The PCR-RFLP analysis showed a hybrid genotype, intermediate between A. suum/lumbricoides. It was subsequently ascertained that some pigs on the patient’s farm had A. suum infection; no other family member was infected. A cross- infestation from the pigs as source was the likely way of transmission. This conclusion is further warranted by the fact, that the patient is a confirmed nail-biter, a habit which facilitates oral-fecal transmission of parasites and pathogens. Key words: ascariasis, Ascaris suum, cross infection, pigs, zoonosis, hybrid genotype Address for correspondence: M.
    [Show full text]
  • Angiostrongylus Cantonensis: a Review of Its Distribution, Molecular Biology and Clinical Significance As a Human
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303551798 Angiostrongylus cantonensis: A review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human... Article in Parasitology · May 2016 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016000652 CITATIONS READS 4 360 10 authors, including: Indy Sandaradura Richard Malik Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiolo… University of Sydney 10 PUBLICATIONS 27 CITATIONS 522 PUBLICATIONS 6,546 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Derek Spielman Rogan Lee University of Sydney The New South Wales Department of Health 34 PUBLICATIONS 892 CITATIONS 60 PUBLICATIONS 669 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Create new project "The protective rate of the feline immunodeficiency virus vaccine: An Australian field study" View project Comparison of three feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) point-of-care antigen test kits using blood and saliva View project All content following this page was uploaded by Indy Sandaradura on 30 May 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. 1 Angiostrongylus cantonensis: a review of its distribution, molecular biology and clinical significance as a human pathogen JOEL BARRATT1,2*†, DOUGLAS CHAN1,2,3†, INDY SANDARADURA3,4, RICHARD MALIK5, DEREK SPIELMAN6,ROGANLEE7, DEBORAH MARRIOTT3, JOHN HARKNESS3, JOHN ELLIS2 and DAMIEN STARK3 1 i3 Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia 2 School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia 3 Department of Microbiology, SydPath, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Hookworm (Ancylostomiasis)
    Hookworm (ancylostomiasis) Hookworm (ancylostomiasis) rev Jan 2018 BASIC EPIDEMIOLOGY Infectious Agent Hookworm is a soil transmitted helminth. Human infections are caused by the nematode parasites Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. Transmission Transmission primarily occurs via direct contact with fecal contaminated soil. Soil becomes contaminated with eggs shed in the feces of an individual infected with hookworm. The eggs must incubate in the soil for several days before they become infectious and are able to be transmitted to another person. Oral transmission can sometimes occur from consuming improperly washed food grown or exposed to fecal contaminated soil. Transmission can also occur (rarely) between a mother and her fetus/infant via infected placental or mammary tissue. Incubation Period Eggs must incubate in the soil for 5-10 days before they mature into infectious filariform larvae that can penetrate the skin. Within the first 10 days following penetration of the skin filariform larvae will migrate to the lungs and occasionally cause respiratory symptoms. Three to five weeks after skin penetration the larvae will migrate to the intestinal tract where they will mature into an adult worm. Adult worms may live in the intestine for 1-5 years depending on the species. Communicability Human to human transmission of hookworm does NOT occur because part of the worm’s life cycle must be completed in soil before becoming infectious. However, vertical transmission of dormant filariform larvae can occur between a mother and neonate via contaminated breast milk. These dormant filariform larvae can remain within in a host for months to years. Soil contamination is perpetuated by fecal contamination from infected individuals who can shed eggs in feces for several years after infection.
    [Show full text]
  • High Heritability for Ascaris and Trichuris Infection Levels in Pigs
    Heredity (2009) 102, 357–364 & 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/09 $32.00 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE High heritability for Ascaris and Trichuris infection levels in pigs P Nejsum1,2, A Roepstorff1,CBJrgensen2, M Fredholm2, HHH Go¨ring3, TJC Anderson3 and SM Thamsborg1 1Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Genetics and Bioinformatics, Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark and 3Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX, USA Aggregated distributions of macroparasites within their host 0.32–0.73 of the phenotypic variation for T. suis could be populations are characteristic of most natural and experi- attributed to genetic factors. For A. suum, heritabilities of mental infections. We designed this study to measure the 0.29–0.31 were estimated for log (FEC þ 1) at weeks 7–14 amount of variation that is attributable to host genetic factors p.i., whereas the heritability of log worm counts was 0.45. in a pig–helminth system. In total, 195 piglets were produced Strong positive genetic correlations (0.75–0.89) between after artificial insemination of 19 sows (Danish Landrace– T. suis and A. suum FECs suggest that resistance to both Yorkshire crossbreds) with semen selected from 13 indivi- infections involves regulation by overlapping genes. Our data dual Duroc boars (1 or 2 sows per boar; mean litter size: demonstrate that there is a strong genetic component in 10.3; 5–14 piglets per litter).
    [Show full text]
  • Rapid Screening for Schistosoma Mansoni in Western Coã Te D'ivoire Using a Simple School Questionnaire J
    Rapid screening for Schistosoma mansoni in western Coà te d'Ivoire using a simple school questionnaire J. Utzinger,1 E.K. N'Goran,2 Y.A. Ossey,3 M. Booth,4 M. TraoreÂ,5 K.L. Lohourignon,6 A. Allangba,7 L.A. Ahiba,8 M. Tanner,9 &C.Lengeler10 The distribution of schistosomiasis is focal, so if the resources available for control are to be used most effectively, they need to be directed towards the individuals and/or communities at highest risk of morbidity from schistosomiasis. Rapid and inexpensive ways of doing this are needed, such as simple school questionnaires. The present study used such questionnaires in an area of western Coà te d'Ivoire where Schistosoma mansoni is endemic; correctly completed questionnaires were returned from 121 out of 134 schools (90.3%), with 12 227 children interviewed individually. The presence of S. mansoni was verified by microscopic examination in 60 randomly selected schools, where 5047 schoolchildren provided two consecutive stool samples for Kato±Katz thick smears. For all samples it was found that 54.4% of individuals were infected with S. mansoni. Moreover, individuals infected with S. mansoni reported ``bloody diarrhoea'', ``blood in stools'' and ``schistosomiasis'' significantly more often than uninfected children. At the school level, Spearman rank correlation analysis showed that the prevalence of S. mansoni significantly correlated with the prevalence of reported bloody diarrhoea (P = 0.002), reported blood in stools (P = 0.014) and reported schistosomiasis (P = 0.011). Reported bloody diarrhoea and reported blood in stools had the best diagnostic performance (sensitivity: 88.2%, specificity: 57.7%, positive predictive value: 73.2%, negative predictive value: 78.9%).
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 5: Emerging Parasitic Helminths Part 2: Tissue Nematodes
    Readings-Nematodes • Ch. 11 (pp. 290, 291-93, 295 [box 11.1], 304 [box 11.2]) • Lecture 5: Emerging Parasitic Ch.14 (p. 375, 367 [table 14.1]) Helminths part 2: Tissue Nematodes Matt Tucker, M.S., MSPH [email protected] HSC4933 Emerging Infectious Diseases HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2 Monsters Inside Me Learning Objectives • Toxocariasis, larva migrans (Toxocara canis, dog hookworm): • Understand how visceral larval migrans, cutaneous larval migrans, and ocular larval migrans can occur Background: • Know basic attributes of tissue nematodes and be able to distinguish http://animal.discovery.com/invertebrates/monsters-inside- these nematodes from each other and also from other types of me/toxocariasis-toxocara-roundworm/ nematodes • Understand life cycles of tissue nematodes, noting similarities and Videos: http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside- significant difference me-toxocariasis.html • Know infective stages, various hosts involved in a particular cycle • Be familiar with diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathogenicity, http://animal.discovery.com/videos/monsters-inside-me- &treatment toxocara-parasite.html • Identify locations in world where certain parasites exist • Note drugs (always available) that are used to treat parasites • Describe factors of tissue nematodes that can make them emerging infectious diseases • Be familiar with Dracunculiasis and status of eradication HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3 HSC4933. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 Lecture 5: On the Menu Problems with other hookworms • Cutaneous larva migrans or Visceral Tissue Nematodes larva migrans • Hookworms of other animals • Cutaneous Larva Migrans frequently fail to penetrate the human dermis (and beyond). • Visceral Larva Migrans – Ancylostoma braziliense (most common- in Gulf Coast and tropics), • Gnathostoma spp. Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma “creeping eruption” ceylanicum, • Trichinella spiralis • They migrate through the epidermis leaving typical tracks • Dracunculus medinensis • Eosinophilic enteritis-emerging problem in Australia HSC4933.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies Show That Fecal Dx Antigen Tests Allow for Earlier Detection of More Intestinal Parasites
    Research update Studies show that Fecal Dx antigen tests allow for earlier detection of more intestinal parasites Antigen detection is commonly used today to diagnose Results heartworm and Giardia infections, and now it is available for In the 1,156 field fecal samples for the roundworm and hookworm additional parasites. IDEXX Reference Laboratories, as a leader study and the 1,000 field fecal samples for the whipworm study, in pet healthcare innovation, has developed immunoassays for egg-positive roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm results were the detection of hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm antigens noted in 23, 13, and 27 samples, respectively. In contrast, 26, 19, in feces of dogs and cats. These antigens are secreted from the and 35 samples were antigen positive for roundworm, hookworm, adult worm and are not present in their eggs, which allows for and whipworm. The T. canis ELISA detected T. cati coproantigen in detection of prepatent stages as well as the ability to overcome the feline samples. Fecal antigens detected more infections than did challenges of intermittent egg laying. Earlier detection during the fecal flotation. prepatent period will also reduce the frequency of environmental contamination with potentially infectious eggs. Roundworm Hookworm Whipworm Two recent papers describing the performance of the Fecal Dx™ antigen tests, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) Fecal flotation 23 13 27 developed by IDEXX for coproantigen detection of Trichuris vulpis, positive Ancylostoma caninum and Toxocara canis in dogs and Toxocara cati in cats, are summarized below. Fecal Dx antigen 26 19 35 • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for coproantigen detection test positive of Trichuris vulpis in dogs1 • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for coproantigen Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Angiostrongylus Cantonensis and Eosinophilic Meningitis
    Epidemiology of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and eosinophilic meningitis in the People’s Republic of China INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Shan Lv aus Xinyang, der Volksrepublik China Basel, 2011 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Jürg Utzinger, Prof. Dr. Peter Deplazes, Prof. Dr. Xiao-Nong Zhou, und Dr. Peter Steinmann Basel, den 21. Juni 2011 Prof. Dr. Martin Spiess Dekan der Philosophisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät To my family Table of contents Table of contents Acknowledgements 1 Summary 5 Zusammenfassung 9 Figure index 13 Table index 15 1. Introduction 17 1.1. Life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis 17 1.2. Angiostrongyliasis and eosinophilic meningitis 19 1.2.1. Clinical manifestation 19 1.2.2. Diagnosis 20 1.2.3. Treatment and clinical management 22 1.3. Global distribution and epidemiology 22 1.3.1. The origin 22 1.3.2. Global spread with emphasis on human activities 23 1.3.3. The epidemiology of angiostrongyliasis 26 1.4. Epidemiology of angiostrongyliasis in P.R. China 28 1.4.1. Emerging angiostrongyliasis with particular consideration to outbreaks and exotic snail species 28 1.4.2. Known endemic areas and host species 29 1.4.3. Risk factors associated with culture and socioeconomics 33 1.4.4. Research and control priorities 35 1.5. References 37 2. Goal and objectives 47 2.1. Goal 47 2.2. Objectives 47 I Table of contents 3. Human angiostrongyliasis outbreak in Dali, China 49 3.1. Abstract 50 3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of Two Serodiagnostic Tests for Loiasis in A
    Performance of two serodiagnostic tests for loiasis in a Non-Endemic area Federico Gobbi, Dora Buonfrate, Michel Boussinesq, Cédric Chesnais, Sébastien Pion, Ronaldo Silva, Lucia Moro, Paola Rodari, Francesca Tamarozzi, Marco Biamonte, et al. To cite this version: Federico Gobbi, Dora Buonfrate, Michel Boussinesq, Cédric Chesnais, Sébastien Pion, et al.. Perfor- mance of two serodiagnostic tests for loiasis in a Non-Endemic area. PLoS Neglected Tropical Dis- eases, Public Library of Science, 2020, 14 (5), pp.e0008187. 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008187. inserm- 02911633 HAL Id: inserm-02911633 https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-02911633 Submitted on 4 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES RESEARCH ARTICLE Performance of two serodiagnostic tests for loiasis in a Non-Endemic area 1 1 2 2 Federico GobbiID *, Dora Buonfrate , Michel Boussinesq , Cedric B. Chesnais , 2 1 1 1 3 Sebastien D. Pion , Ronaldo Silva , Lucia Moro , Paola RodariID , Francesca Tamarozzi , Marco Biamonte4, Zeno Bisoffi1,5 1 IRCCS Sacro
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Characteristics Around the Household and Their Association with Hookworm Infection in Rural Communities from Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Environmental characteristics around the household and their association with hookworm infection in rural communities from Bahir Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia Melaku Anegagrie1,2☯, SofõÂa Lanfri3,4☯, Aranzazu Amor Aramendia1,2, Carlos 3,5 2 2 4 MatõÂas ScavuzzoID , Zaida HerradorID , AgustõÂn BenitoID , Maria Victoria PeriagoID * 1 FundacioÂn Mundo Sano, Madrid, Spain, 2 National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, 3 Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales Mario Gulich, ComisioÂn Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, Universidad Nacional de CoÂrdoba, CoÂrdoba, Argentina, 4 FundacioÂn Mundo Sano, Buenos a1111111111 Aires, Argentina, 5 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientõÂficas y TeÂcnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, a1111111111 Argentina a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract OPEN ACCESS Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) are highly prevalent Neglected Tropical Disease in Ethio- pia, an estimated 26 million are infected. Geographic Information Systems and Remote Citation: Anegagrie M, Lanfri S, Aramendia AA, Scavuzzo CM, Herrador Z, Benito A, et al. (2021) Sensing (RS) technologies assist data mapping and analysis, and the prediction of the spa- Environmental characteristics around the tial distribution of infection in relation to environmental variables. The influence of socioeco- household and their association with hookworm nomic, environmental and soil characteristics on hookworm infection at the individual and infection in rural communities from Bahir Dar, household level is explored in order to identify spatial patterns of infection in rural villages Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(6): e0009466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. from Zenzelema (Amhara region). Inhabitants greater than 5 years old were recruited in pntd.0009466 order to assess the presence of STH.
    [Show full text]