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Chrobáky (Coleoptera) Mozaiky Biotopov V Kamenici Nad Hronom (Južné Slovensko)

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Chrobáky (Coleoptera) Mozaiky Biotopov V Kamenici Nad Hronom (Južné Slovensko) Entomofauna carpathica, 2019, 31(1): 59-74 CHROBÁKY (COLEOPTERA) MOZAIKY BIOTOPOV V KAMENICI NAD HRONOM (JUŽNÉ SLOVENSKO) Oto MAJZLAN1, Peter GAJDOŠ2 1Univerzita Komenského, Prírodovedecká fakulta, Katedra krajinnej ekológie, Ilkovičova 6, 845 15 Bratislava, Slovensko, e-mail: [email protected] 2Ústav krajinnej ekológie SAV, Bratislava, pobočka Nitra, Akademická 2, 949 01 Nitra, e-mail: [email protected] MAJZLAN, O. & GAJDOŠ, P. 2019. The Beetles (Coleoptera) of mosaic biotopes in the Kamenica nad Hronom village (south Slovakia). Entomofauna carpathica, 31(1): 59-74. Abstract: This contribution deals with diversity of beetle fauna of mosaic biotopes (xerotermic steppe, forest, vineyards) in the vicinity of Kamenica nad Hronom (Burda Mts.) of south Slovakia. The survey contains 381 beetles species, including the typical indicators Mecaspis alternans, Brachysomus villosus, Ocypus picipennis, Sisyphus schaefferi and Cryptophagus saginatus. Key words: beetles, mosaics biotops, south Slovakia ÚVOD Južné Slovensko a najmä okolie Štúrova v minulosti priťahovalo množstvo entomológov a inak tomu nie je ani dnes. Preto je toto územie po stránke fauny hmyzu podrobne zmapované. Entomologickú významnosť územia zvyšuje aj jeho poloha, keďže tvorí nárazníkovú zónu pre infiltráciu panónskych a mediteránnych elementov na sever. Faunistické údaje sú roztrúsené po mnohých periodikách, väčšie množstvo je zachytené napríklad v prácach ROUBALa (1930, 1936, 1937-41). Faune fuzáčov (Cerambycidae) daného územia sa venoval HANZLÍK (1967). Ucelená údaje o faune chrobákov (Coleoptera) z územia Burdy prináša práca MAJZLANa (2016). Synúziám chrobákov vo vinohradoch na území Malých Karpát v roku 2018-2019 sú spracované v práci MAJZLAN & GAJDOŠ 2019). Sledované územie Rezervácia Burda bola vyhlásená dňa 25.5.1966. Tvorí ju najjužnejší výbežok andezitovej pahorkatiny medzi Hronom, Dunajom a Ipľom. Podložie tvoria andezity, niektoré časti andezitov vznikali pod vodou vulkanickou činnosťou. Centrum vulkanitov je v Maďarsku v pohoriach Pilis a Börzsony. Územie tu 59 Entomofauna carpathica, 2019, 31(1): 59-74 budujú vulkanoklastické horniny, ktoré vznikli spevnením sopečných vyvrelín (sopečný prach, popol, piesok, sopečné balvany). Miestami vystupuje sopečná hornina aj na povrch. Výsledkom zvetrávania (mráz a voda) v kvartéri sú strmé skalné steny, kužeľovité formy a kamenné moria, sutiny. Osobitý ráz tvoria sedimenty vápenca na vulkanitoch VESELÝ (1954) Klimaticky patrí Burda medzi najteplejšie a najsuchšie polohy Slovenska. Priemerná ročná teplota 10,3 °C, ročný úhrn zrážok je 580-600 mm (VESELÝ (1954). Najvyšší vrchol je bezmenný kopec 395 m n.m., dominantou je vrch Burdov 388 m n.m. Na území je najsevernejší výskyt mnohých druhov pontických rastlín a živočíchov. Lesy sú charakteristické teplomilnými dúbravami s dubom cerovým, Quercus pubescens, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus ornus. Na presvetlených miestach rastú xerotermofilné druhy rastlín: Vinca herbacea, Adonis vernalis, Convolvulus cantabricus, Althaea cannabina, Minuartia fastigiata, Salvia aethiops, Minuartia glomerata, Vicia sparsiflora, Phlomis tuberosa, Dictamnus albus, Waldsteinia geoides, Latyrus pannonicus, Stipa pulcherrima, Stipa stenophylla, Echium rubrum, Gagea minima ai. Stepný charakter plochy S1 s bohatým porastom kavyľa (obr. 1). Kry tvoria najmä ruže (Rosa sp.), Prunus avium ďalej Colutea arborescens, Stapyhlea pinnata, Amygdalis nana, Euonymus verrucosa a iné (VESELÝ 1954) Obr. 1. Xeroterm s porastom kavyľa reprezentuje stepné plochy č. 1 a 2. Fig. 1. Xeroterm with Stipa represents steppe areas 1 and 2. (foto / photo: O. Majzlan, 4.5.2018) 60 Entomofauna carpathica, 2019, 31(1): 59-74 METODIKA A MATERIÁL Dňa 18.4.2018 sme exponovali zemné pasce (5 ks) na 8 plochách pre sledovanie zmien cenóz chrobákov v rôznych typoch habitatov. V blízkosti železničnej trati sme exponovali zemné pasce v troch typoch vinohradov: obrábaný (č. 6), čiastočne opustený (č. 7) a viac rokov neobrábaný (č. 8). V prirodzených habitatoch sme založili 3 línie pascí na stepi (č. 1, 2 a 3) a dve línie v zatienených lesných habitatoch (č. 4 a 5). Ďalšie charakteristicky plôch sú uvedené v tabuľke 1. Ukončenie výberu zemných pascí bolo 17.4.2019, tak sme zabezpečili sledovanie celoročného cyklu (vrátane zimných mesiacov). Obr. 2. Obrábaný vinohrad (plocha č. 6) ako plocha vytvorená človekom. Fig. 2. Machined vineyard (area 6) as a Man Made Area. (foto / photo: O. Majzlan, 7.6.2018) Tabuľka 1. Študijné plochy na lokalite Kamenica nad Hronom. (S-step, L-les, V-vinohrad) Table 1. Study areas on the site Kamenica nad Hronom. (S-steppe, L-forest, V-vineyard) typ číslo Názov plochy Súradnice N Súradnice E Výška m. vek S 1 stepná lúka 48°19'48.4'' 17° 17'28.5'' 164 S 2 línia dubov, na okraj stepi 48°19'48.4'' 17° 17'28.5'' 168 S 3 skalná step 48°19'48.4'' 17° 17'28.5'' 160 L 4 dub. les na okraji stepi 48°19'48.4'' 17° 17'28.5'' 156 L 5 kameňolom s vegetáciou 48°19'50.3'' 17° 17'33.5'' 147 V 6 intenzívne obrábaný vinohrad 48°19'47.3'' 17° 17'36.1'' 108 10 r. V 7 menej obrábaný vinohrad 48°20'50.3'' 17° 18'01.4'' 110 15 r. V 8 opustený vinohrad 48°20'52.6'' 17° 18'01.9'' 109 20 r. 61 Entomofauna carpathica, 2019, 31(1): 59-74 VÝSLEDKY A DISKUSIA Počas ročného výskumu sme na 8 plochách zistili 398 druhov (1258 ex.) prevažne epigeických chrobákov (štúdium zemnými pascami) (tab. 2 a 4). Dominantné druhy v rámci všetkých plôch boli: Ocypus olens, Ocypus picipennis, Sisyphus schaefferi, Opatrum sabulosum, Dorcadion pedestre a Mecaspis alternans. Dominancia týchto druhov sa pohybovala v hodnotách 5-8%. typ číslo sp. ex. Tabuľka 1. Počty chrobákov (Coleoptera) na S 1 40 125 jednotlivých plochách (sp-druhy, ex- jedince). S 2 64 91 Table 2. Number of beetles (Coleoptera) on S 3 68 117 individual areas (sp-species, ex-individuals). L 4 96 155 L 5 110 297 V 6 52 116 V 7 73 182 V 8 62 175 Plochy stepného charakteru (typ S) K týmto plochách patria plochy č. 1-3. Sú to otvorené xerotermné plochy, bez zatienenia. Na xerotermoch boli typické druhy: Hetaerius ferrugineus, Choleva spinipennis, Ptinus dubius, Combocerus glaber, Tetrabrachys connatus, Dorcadion pedestre, Coniocleonus nigrosuturatus, Romualdinus angustisetulosus a iné. Tieto plochy vykazujú najnižšie hodnoty druhovej identity s ostatnými plochami. Len plocha č. 3 a plochy č. 4 a 6 majú hladinu podobnosti 0,2 (tab. 3). Faunisticky zaujímavý je druh Oedecnemidius varius, ktorý bol nájdený zatiaľ len z Burdy. Plochy lesného charakteru (typ L) Plochy lesného charakteru č. 4 a 5 sú zatienené najmä drevinami ako Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens a Fraxinus ornus. Typickými druhmi chrobákov sú: Carabus cancellatus, Carabus ullrichi, Carabus coriaceus, Calosoma inquisitor, Ocypus mus, Onthophagus grossepunctatus, Sciaphilus asperatus a iné. Index druhovej podobnosti je nízky (tab. 3). Plochy vo vinohradoch (typ V) Tieto plochy reprezentujú zmenené pôvodné biotopy lesného a stepného charakteru na svahoch pohoria Burdy mimo rezervácie. Tri plochy reprezentujú rôzny typy vinohradov. Charakteristické druhy chrobákov sú: Carabus cancellatus, Carabus coriaceus, Pseudoophonus rufipes, Onthophagus ruficapillus, Oxyomus sylvestris, Opatrum sabulosum, Bothynoderes affinis a 62 Entomofauna carpathica, 2019, 31(1): 59-74 iné. Z typických epigeických druhov možno hodnotiť Carabus coriaceus, Carabus ullirichi a Carabus cancellatus, ktoré migrujú hlavne z lesa stepi. Hladina druhovej identity chrobákov je nízka u plochách vo vinohradoch avšak najvyššie zo všetkých porovnávaných plôch. Medzi plochami č. 7, 8 a 6 je 0,1 a 0,2. Medzi ostatnými plochami je najnižšia až nulová (tab. 3). Epigeické druhy, ktoré sa vyskytli len vo vinohradoch sú napr. Callistus lunatus, Bradycellus caucasicus, Clivina collaris, Pterostichus hungaricus, Staphylinus caesareus, Onthophagus taurus, Necrobia violacea, Bothynoderes affinuis, Gymnetron veronicae, Otiorhynchus orbicularis a iné. V zemnej pasci sme náhodne zaznamenali aj fuzáča Callimoxis gracilis. Obrábaný vinohrad (plocha 6, obr. 2) pod pohorím Burda je refúgiom niektorých lesných s stepných druhov chrobákov. V pasciach sme zaznamenali aj viaceré faunisticky zaujímavé druhy iných bezstavovcov, napr. Gryllus campestris na stepi, Boreus hiemalis na ploche č. 4 v mesiaci február (2 ex.), Scutigerella coleoptrata na stepných plochách (12 ex). Tabuľka 3. Druhová podobnosť (Sörensen) synúzií chrobákov (Coleoptera) na študovaných plochách. Table 3. The species similarity (Sörensen) of the beetles community (Coleoptera) on the studied areas. typ S S S L L V V V plocha 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 S 1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 S 2 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,0 0,1 S 3 0,2 0,1 0.2 0,0 0,1 L 4 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,0 L 5 0,1 0,0 0,1 V 6 0,0 0,2 V 7 0,2 V 8 Tabuľka 4. Prehľad zistených druhov chrobákov (Coleoptera) v Kamenici nad Hronom s uvedením čísla plochy a počtu jedincov (ex.) za roky 2018-2019. Table 4. An overview of the identified species of beetles (Coleoptera) in Kamenice nad Hronom with the number of the area and the number of individuals (ex.) for 2018-2019. Čeľaď/ druh číslo plochy / ex. Carabidae Badister bullatus (Schrank, 1798) 7/1 Bembidion properans (Stephens, 1828) 3/1,4/2 Bradycellus caucasicus (Chaudoir, 1846) 7/1 Brachinus crepitans (Linnaeus, 1758) 3/1,4/2,8/3 63 Entomofauna carpathica, 2019, 31(1): 59-74 Čeľaď/ druh číslo plochy / ex. Broscus cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) 7/1 Calathus fuscipes (Goeze, 1777) 5/5,7/1 Callistus lunatus (Fabricius, 1775) 8/1 Calosoma inquisitor (Linnaeus, 1758) 2/4,4/2,5/22 Carabus cancellatus Illiger, 1798 4/2,5/11,6/12,8/1 Carabus coriaceus
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