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Ancestral Teachings to Reclaim the Roles of Kwakwaka’Wakw Women in Governance and Leadership

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Ancestral Teachings to Reclaim the Roles of Kwakwaka’Wakw Women in Governance and Leadership łaʷeyasəns gayułas: Ancestral Teachings to Reclaim the Roles of Kwakwaka’wakw Women in Governance and Leadership by ‘Naa-mehl (Marcia Dawson) Bachelor of Arts, University of Victoria, 2012 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Leadership Royal Roads University unceded shared traditional lands of the Kwsepsum and Lekwungen families Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Supervisor: Susanne Thiessen, PhD March 2019 Marcia Dawson, 2019 KWAKWAKAWKA’WAKW WOMEN IN GOVERNANCE 2 COMMITTEE APPROVAL The members of Marcia Dawson’s Thesis Committee certify that they have read the thesis titled łaʷeyasəns gayułas: Ancestral Teachings to Reclaim the Roles of Kwakwaka’wakw Women in Governance and Leadership and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Leadership: Dr. Susanne Thiessen [signature on file] Dr. Catherine Etmanski [signature on file] Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon submission of the final copy of the thesis to Royal Roads University. The thesis supervisor confirms to have read this thesis and recommends that it be accepted as fulfilling the thesis requirements: Dr. Susanne Thiessen [signature on file] KWAKWAKAWKA’WAKW WOMEN IN GOVERNANCE 3 Creative Commons Statement This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/ca/. Some material in this work is not being made available under the terms of this license: • Third-Party material that is being used under fair dealing or with permission. • Any photographs where individuals are easily identifiable. KWAKWAKAWKA’WAKW WOMEN IN GOVERNANCE 4 Ni’noxsola 1 In loving memory of my mom Angeline Turner and my late mother-in-law Annie Dawson, both of whom attended the Indian Residential Schools.2 Yet despite the brutality and painful circumstances with which they were raised and their challenges in life, they lived with dedication, love, strength, determination, humility, wisdom, and embodiment of ancestral teachings. You are my heroines. 1 In the bakwemkala language, which is the language of the Kwakwaka’wakw people, the word Ni’noxsola means wise people . It is the plural form of the word Noxsola , a wise person. 2 The Indian Residential Schools system was a legislated assimilation policy by the federal Government of Canada designed to “kill the Indian in the child” (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, n.d., Historical Review section, para. 1), through which Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families, communities, and cultures and placed in church-run, government-funded institutions. The children received no love or nurturing; instead, they were starved, punished for speaking their language, separated from their siblings for years, and suffered various forms of neglect and horrific physical, sexual, and emotional abuses. The last Indian Residential School in British Columbia closed in 1996 on Vancouver Island (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, n.d.). KWAKWAKAWKA’WAKW WOMEN IN GOVERNANCE 5 Abstract This thesis explored the ancestral teachings regarding the roles of matriarchs and women in governance and leadership as a mechanism for restoring balance in Kwakwaka’wakw families and communities. This thesis emerged from the need to strengthen capacity in governance and leadership for Kwakwaka’wakw communities impacted by colonization. Participants were Ni’noxsola from the Kwakwaka’wakw Nation. The decolonizing, action-oriented methods used were ceremony as research and kitchen table conversations. Through privileging Kwakwaka’wakw knowledge systems this thesis contributes new knowledge to the field of social sciences in governance and leadership with the following findings: (a) ancestral systems locate women as intrinsic leaders in traditional Kwakwaka’wakw governance systems and (b) integral to Kwakwaka’wakw governance and leadership is the importance of both men and women. Recommendations call for change at the systemic level for Kwakwaka’wakw Nations for traditional and colonial governance, postsecondary institutions, and governments to restore ancestral laws that equalize Indigenous women in governance and leadership. Keywords: Leadership, Governance, Indigenous Women, Indigenous Communities. KWAKWAKAWKA’WAKW WOMEN IN GOVERNANCE 6 Table of Contents Creative Commons Statement..........................................................................................................3 Ni’noxsola ........................................................................................................................................4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................5 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................8 Maya'xa̱ la .........................................................................................................................................9 T’oyax’si’ nis’m.............................................................................................................................11 Xe Kwa’layu ......................................................................................................................11 Gilakas’la ...........................................................................................................................12 ‘Naa-mehl ......................................................................................................................................14 Nuyam ‘Nam: Understanding the Journey ....................................................................................16 Significance of Inquiry ......................................................................................................23 Organizational Context ......................................................................................................28 Systems Analysis ...............................................................................................................31 Overview of the Thesis ......................................................................................................40 Nuyam Ma’ł: Journey through Literature ......................................................................................41 Interrelated Roles of Indigenous Men and Women ...........................................................44 Reclamation of Ancestral Teachings in Governance .........................................................56 Nuyam Summary ...............................................................................................................65 Nuyam Yudaxw: Pathways Through Kwakwaka’wakw Knowledge ............................................68 Knowledge-Gathering Methods .........................................................................................71 Inquiry Participants ............................................................................................................75 KWAKWAKAWKA’WAKW WOMEN IN GOVERNANCE 7 Study Conduct ....................................................................................................................79 Knowledge Creation ..........................................................................................................85 Ethical Considerations .......................................................................................................89 Nuyam Summary ...............................................................................................................94 Nuyam Mu: What was Heard and Learned ....................................................................................95 Study Findings ...................................................................................................................96 Study Conclusions ...........................................................................................................132 Scope and Limitations of the Inquiry...............................................................................139 Nuyam Summary .............................................................................................................141 Nuyam Sak̓ a: The Path Forward ..................................................................................................143 Ancestral Teachings in Governance and Leadership: Study Recommendations.............143 Organizational Implications .............................................................................................160 Implications for Future Inquiry ........................................................................................168 łaʷeyasəns gayułas: Thesis Summary ..............................................................................169 References ....................................................................................................................................173 Appendix A: List of Kwakwaka’wakw group of Nations ...........................................................182 Appendix B: Map of Kwakwaka’wakw Territories.....................................................................183 Appendix C: Consent and Confidentiality ...................................................................................184 Appendix D: Video
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