NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 1 of 17 Assessment Schedule – 2012 Art History: Describe the meaning of iconographic motifs (90491) Evidence Statement

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence

The meanings conveyed through a range of The ways in which iconographic motifs are used to The importance of iconography in conveying iconographic motifs in art works are described. convey meaning are explained. meaning in art is evaluated.

• Provides direct responses to the specific As for Achievement, plus: As for Achievement with Merit, plus: requirements of the question. • Uses appropriate art historical language to explain • Discusses and evaluates the significance and / or • Identifies and describes three appropriate named the meanings conveyed by iconographic motifs in effectiveness of the iconography in conveying iconographic motifs in two appropriately selected art two appropriate art works. meaning in art in a response which is directed works, at least one appropriate motif in each art • Demonstrates the ability to understand meanings towards the requirements of the question. work. conveyed by iconographic motifs in art works. • Provides perceptive and comprehensive discussions • Uses appropriate art historical language to describe • Explains links between meanings conveyed by of the iconographic meanings of appropriate art meanings of the iconographic motifs, which are individual motifs and the overall meaning or content works. relevant to the selected art works. of an art work. • Demonstrates broad and comprehensive • Uses sufficient relevant information to clarify • Explains how the iconographic motifs give meaning understanding of art content and context by relating descriptions of the meanings of iconographic motifs. to the selected art works. the iconography to appropriate contextual information and evidence. • Evaluates the importance of iconography in relation to other factors such as styles, theory or media. • Demonstrates insight and understanding of the role of iconography in the specified period or art movement.

NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 2 of 17 Fourteenth-century Italian Painting

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question One The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how the The candidate has evaluated the role of iconography in conveyed by iconographic motifs in Simone iconographic motifs are used to convey encouraging the veneration of saints in fourteenth-century Italy, Martini's Altarpiece of St. Louis of Toulouse and meaning about the saint in each of the eg: one other appropriate fourteenth-century two altar-panels, eg: Iconography was an important part of religious art in this period. It altarpanel, eg: St Mary Magdalene was famous as the was used to identify saints and to indicate the saint's particular • St Louis wears a mitre, which identifies him as reformed prostitute who gave up sinning virtues and how they were a role model. bishop, and he sits on a throne to show that he is a and became a follower of Jesus. This is Mary Magdalene is depicted alongside the Virgin Mary and the ruler. conveyed by her long flowing hair, symbolic contrast established by their blue and red conventional iconography • In Pietro Lorenzetti’s depiction of Mary Magdalene of prostitutes, and her red gown, which vividly reminds the viewer of the contrasting role models presented in The Madonna and Child with Saints St Mary conveys the idea that she is a scarlet by the two Marys. Although all women were encouraged to model Magdalene is easily identified by her long red hair woman. She also holds a jar to remind us their lives on the perfect life of the Virgin Mary, for many this was an and red robes. that she washed the feet of Jesus. impossible ideal. This made the role of Mary Magdalene, as the • His brother Robert the Wise is kneeling. St Louis is shown as a powerful religious redeemed sinner, very important, and led to her inclusion in many leader in the act of blessing the kneeling religious paintings. • The inclusion of the Fleur de Lys motif. figure at his side, who is his brother, the Conventional iconography, which paired Mary Magdalene with the king. This iconography links spiritual and Virgin Mary, was effective in encouraging women to seek earthly power, and shows that religious redemption, which encouraged the veneration of saints. rulers like Bishops have more power than kings. OR: Question Two OR OR

The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how the The candidate has evaluated the importance of landscape- conveyed by iconographic motifs in two iconographic motifs are used to convey related iconography in conveying ideas about human behaviour appropriate fourteenth-century paintings that ideas the meaning of the motifs in each in fourteenth-century Italy, eg: contain landscape-related iconography, eg: of the two paintings, eg: Lorenzetti's fresco series in the Room of the Nine was extremely In Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Allegory of Good Lorenzetti's landscape uses iconographic didactic, designed with the purpose of providing the council with Government: motifs to convey a sense of the peace and visual evidence of the possible outcomes of their government. The • Farmers working in the fields show everyday prosperity, which can be experienced under benefits of good government were shown in the depictions of agricultural activities, which are part of country life. a good government. The expansive dancing, farm work, conversation etc, which filled the landscape and landscape is full of the everyday activities cityscape in Lorenzetti's depiction of Siena – a city that is ruled over • Vineyards can be seen in the hills and symbolise that lead to good harvests and prosperity. by statesmen who place the good of their citizens above personal abundance and harvests. Giotto uses a bare landscape to symbolise gain and greed. Giotto uses landscape related iconography in his the emptiness of the world because Jesus Giotto's landscape is a big contrast to Lorenzetti's because it The Lamentation: has been crucified. It is the bleakness of life symbolises something very different – the lack of hope and • A tree on the right hand side has no leaves. This emptiness of a world where God is dead. This was a very important NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 3 of 17 means that it is winter and life has left it like life without hope. idea and Giotto's imagery was intended to influence human has left Jesus. behaviour to encourage belief in Jesus' death and resurrection. • The art work has an outdoor setting NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 4 of 17 Fifteenth-century Italian Painting

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Three The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how these motifs are The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of conveyed by aspects of the setting in two used to convey meaning in the two paintings, eg: Piero della Francesca's use of setting to convey appropriate paintings by Piero della Francesca, eg: Both The Resurrection and The Baptism use setting spiritual meanings in his paintings, eg: In Piero della Francesca’s The Resurrection: to convey important qualities about the holy figure Piero’s iconography is very convincing as it conveys • Both dead trees and living trees can be seen in the (Jesus) in each narrative. Jesus brings new life with meaning not only in motifs and the figures but also in painting – the dead trees symbolise the death of his resurrection and this is seen in the way Piero has the space the figures occupy, extending the power of Jesus while the living trees symbolise the renewed depicted the light of dawn on the horizon and a new the story to the contemporary world. Nature and life of Jesus' resurrection. day. In The Baptism, the landscape setting geometry are used effectively to convey complex symbolises the order and beauty of the Christian life spiritual ideas about Jesus' resurrection from the dead,

centred on the figure of Jesus. and his offer of salvation to the world through the rituals In Piero della Francesca’s The Baptism: of baptism and communion. • Jesus stands in a stream that represents the river Jordan and symbolises the spiritual life Jesus brought to the world.

OR Question Four OR OR The candidate has described the meanings of The candidate has explained how these motifs The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of iconographic motifs used to convey dramatic and / have been used to convey dramatic and / or iconography in portraying dramatic and / or or miraculous events in two paintings by miraculous meanings in each painting, eg: miraculous meanings in Masaccio's painting, eg: Masaccio, eg: Peter is seen to have an important role in the miracle The increasing popularity of naturalism and humanism (The motifs of the trinity) in Masaccio’s The Trinity: that is taking place, because he is in the centre of the presented artists with challenges in depicting • A strongly foreshortened white dove symbolises the painting striding forward as his shadow falls across the miraculous events. In both of these works, Masaccio Holy Ghost. cripples around him. Various cripples are seen in the has been very effective in conveying a sense of the act of straightening up. miraculous while following the new Albertian principles • The familiar figure of Jesus on the cross signifies his of art. Mathematical perspective and foreshortening has role in the Trinity. The miracle of the Trinity is conveyed by the close positioning of the three persons of the Trinity (God the been used effectively in each work to dramatise the

Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost) on top of one event. In The Trinity, the use of perspective effectively In Masaccio’s St Peter Healing With His Shadow: another to show that they are “three persons in one”. locks the viewer into the structure and meaning of the • St Peter is instantly recognised because of his painting. In St Peter healing with his Shadow, the traditional iconography – the grey beard, worried dramatically foreshortened figure impresses the viewer expression, and flowing robes. with his power and strength.

NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 5 of 17 Italian Renaissance Sculpture

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Five OR OR The candidate has described the meanings of The candidate has explained how these motifs The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of iconographic motifs used to convey meaning in have been used to convey meaning in the two iconography in exploring ideas about the Virgin two appropriate sculptures of the Virgin Mary by sculptures, eg: Mary, eg: Michelangelo, eg: In Michelangelo’s Madonna of the Stairs and his In Condivi’s biography of Michelangelo, he recalls a In Michelangelo’s Madonna of the Stairs: early Pietà (in St Peter’s Basilica, Rome), iconography conversation with Michelangelo about the incredible • Jesus is shown as a human baby nursing at his is used to convey ideas about the person and power of youthfulness of Mary in his Pietà, who appears almost mother's breast. Mary and as an antecedor for the people. the same age as her son. Michelangelo was reported to have said that Mary looks and stays young because • Mary nurses and cares for her baby to show her In Madonna of the Stairs, she is not only a nursing of her purity. Michelangelo's use of this youthful nurturing qualities. mother but she is seated at the bottom of stairs, which represent the stairway to heaven, suggesting she is iconography is an effective way of showing the Virgin

the one to help show the way. In the Pietà, she is Mary's divinity and purity – her divine character is In Michelangelo’s Pietà: presented as young, beautiful, and perfect in the expressed in her physical form and the • Mary is shown cradling the body of her dead adult idealisation of her features, which are smooth and monumentalism of her size. son – his motif conveys sadness and grief. serene and her gestures that seem strong, graceful, and protective. OR Question Six OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how motifs have The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of conveyed by iconographic motifs in two been used to portray the strength of character in iconography in conveying strong heroic appropriate Italian Renaissance sculptures of each of the sculptures, eg: characters, eg: heroic figures, eg: Abraham dominates Ghiberti's relief, and his strong In Ghiberti’s competition panel for the Florentine In (Lorenzo) Ghiberti's Sacrifice of Isaac, Abraham pose and steadfast expression shows that he is a Baptistery doors, Sacrifice of Isaac, Abraham’s facial stands with his fist raised up, about to sacrifice his strong man who can control his emotions in dreadful expression and strong gestures represent son, which shows how strong and devout he is. circumstances. determination in being obedient to God. Isaac, in In Donatello’s Gattamelata, the pose and gestures of There is a sense of tension in the upright pose of contrast, is portrayed as classically muscular, youthful the figure show bravery and importance. The figure Gattemelata and power in the way he controls the and vulnerable in his nakedness. Both figures sits with a straight back on a large regal horse. large horse, which stands still while his mouth is open demonstrate heroic qualities – Abraham's self sacrifice and Isaac's calm acceptance of his fate. The contrast and nostrils flair, as if they are parading or preparing for action. in iconography between the figures is extremely effective and emphasises the potentially tragic event

that is saved dramatically by the intervention of the angel above the two figures.

NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 6 of 17 High Renaissance and the Development of Mannerism

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Seven OR OR The candidate has described the meanings of The candidate has explained how iconographic The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of Leonardo iconographic motifs and / or devices used to motifs and / or devices have been used to da Vinci’s use iconography to convey spiritual meanings convey spiritual meanings in two appropriate convey spiritual meanings in each art work, eg: in his art, eg: art works by Leonardo da Vinci, eg: Leonardo's cartoon is about the spiritual role of the By the end of the fifteenth-century, the growing preference for In Leonardo Da Vinci’s Madonna and Child with Virgin Mary and that she was human, born of a naturalism had reduced the overt symbolism of religious art. St Anne and John the Baptist: human mother, yet she became the mother of This is apparent in the naturalistic poses and lack of hieratic • The baby Jesus on his mother's knee has his Jesus who was the son of God. The entwined symbolism in these two art works. The figures, including that of hand raised in a blessing gesture. figures of this composition symbolise this union of the angel, are depicted in rounded, generally naturalistic forms human and divine. and their gestures are shown as natural expressions rather • St Anne's index figure is raised in a gesture than the stylised gestures of the fourteenth century. Haloes meaning the one way to truth. In the painting of The Annunciation, the Angel conveys to Mary that she will be the mother of have been used in The Annunciation but the heads have

Jesus. This shows the link between heaven and been left bare in the cartoon. In Leonardo Da Vinci’s The Annunciation: earth that is part of the story of the Virgin Mary. • An angel kneels on the left. An angel is a Mary is shown sitting reading a religious book to messenger from heaven and symbolises links symbolise her spiritual purity. between heaven and earth. Question Eight OR OR The candidate has described the meanings of The candidate has explained how iconographic The candidate has evaluated the extent to which the iconographic motifs used to convey meaning motifs have been used to convey meanings iconography used in portraits of popes was effective in in two appropriate High Renaissance portraits about personality and power in each portrait, conveying a sense of the importance of the pope in the of a pope, eg: eg: Roman Catholic church, eg: In Raphael’s portrait of Pope Leo X: Raphael's portrait of Pope Leo X is revealing These are state portraits of popes intended for public display as • The Pope is seated at a table with a book, because it shows his love of wealth in the a sign of papal rule and the allegiance of the owners of the which indicated his role as a scholarly Pope expensive fur-lined vestments the Pope wears and works. In both works, Raphael has been extremely successful who spent a lot of time at his desk. the objects on the table. The painting also exposes in conveying the importance of both the role of the pope and his relationships with the young cardinals who stand the powerful personalities of these individuals. Pope Leo X is • Both objects on the table are very valuable and on either side of him. shown in a quiet, private setting rather than in a major religious show that the Pope was very rich. Julius also wears expensive clothes and his bulk setting. However, the importance of the papal role is clearly In Raphael's Pope Julius: fills the composition and indicates his power and signified by the bulk of the Pope and the emphasis on his rich • Julius is shown on his own, seated in a papal importance. Julius is depicted as lost in thought, red robes, which add to his bulk and contribute to the image of throne, which is decorated with acorns to and his restrained, fairway gaze gives the viewer a a wealthy leader. His hand resting on top of the Bible clearly symbolise the della Rovere family that Julius sense of the lonely life someone in power can have. indicates his control over the word of God. Although Raphael belongs to. used different signifiers in his portrait of Julius II, the power and importance of the Pope remains visible in the strong, but simple NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 7 of 17 composition, which conveys Julius' simple-mindedness and autocratic rule as he sits on his throne, in isolation. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 8 of 17 Venetian Painting

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Nine OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how iconographic The candidate has evaluated the significance of this conveyed by iconographic motifs in Giorgione’s motifs have been used to convey meaning iconography in conveying meaning about everyday The Three Philosophers and one other Venetian about everyday life in each painting, eg: life in each painting, eg: allegory, eg: The three men in Giorgione's painting convey These two very different paintings clearly relate to the rich, In Giorgione’s The Three Philosophers: meaning about the ordinariness of life because all varied world of Venice. Both paintings use the landscape • The three male figures represent the different ages people go through those three stages of man and of mainland Italy to provide peaceful, pleasant settings, of man – youth, maturity, and old age. as they do, their understanding of themselves and which suggest the pastoral utopia, modelled on the life changes. classical Parnassus that many rich Venetians were trying • Two of the men hold papers or notebooks, which to emulate by building villas and gardens in their country symbolise studying, thinking or wisdom. Titian's painting deals with another sort of everyday life, the life of luxury and pleasure, which estates. In Titian’s Venus and Cupid with a Dog and a was enjoyed by the rich who filled their lives with Although both paintings appear to be about the wonderful Partridge: material things to pass the time. rich world of Venice, each artist uses iconography to In this work a naked Venus reclines on rich velvet remind viewers that their time on earth was short. This is drapes in an everyday setting of a rich room. Venus is the key message behind the motif of Three Ages of Man awake and shares a meaningful gaze with Cupid who and Titian is effectively reminding Venetians that they is positioned behind her shoulder to convey meanings should not get so caught up with everyday life that they about love and sensuality. ignore the philosophical or spiritual side of life.

OR Question Ten OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how iconographic The candidate has evaluated the significance of this conveyed by iconographic motifs in two motifs have been used to convey meaning in iconography in conveying important religious ideas in appropriate Venetian sacra conversazione, eg: each painting, eg: Venice in this period, eg: In Giovanni Bellini’s Frari Triptych: In the Frari Triptych altar panel, the two saints on The sacra conversazione motif became increasingly • An enthroned Madonna, holding the baby Jesus sits either side of the enthroned Madonna, are turned popular in Venetian art in the late fifteenth and sixteenth- in the centre of the altarpiece; this represents the towards the centre of the panel so that there looks centuries. The idea that several divine and saintly figures Virgin Mary in two of her roles as the Queen of like some interaction between the figures. from different times and places could be brought together Heaven and Mother of God. The figures in Giorgione's work do not seem to be in the one painted time and place appealed to the concept of the eternal nature of Christianity. • Two saints stand on either side of the Virgin Mary, actively interacting, but the gesture of St Francis, including St Peter on the right who was the founder on the right, communicates with the viewer and The knight in armour in Giorgione's painting relates to the of the Catholic Church. involves the viewer in the conversation that has patrons membership of The Knights of Rhodes, which been set up. means that the iconography of the painting links the In Gorgione’s Castelfranco: painting to the patron and so brings him into the eternal • The Virgin Mary sits on a throne holding the baby conversation or communion of saints that is symbolised by Jesus in the centre of the painting; her elevated the sacra conversazione. This iconographical link between NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 9 of 17 position shows that she is more important than the the divine figure of Jesus and saints and the everyday other figures in this painting. world was extremely effective in making Venetian worshippers feel involved in the Christian communion of saints. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 10 of 17 Northern Renaissance Art

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Eleven OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the extent to which this conveyed by iconographic motifs in two iconographic motifs have been used to iconography conveyed a convincing sense of life after death appropriate Northern Renaissance paintings convey meaning in each painting, eg: in this period, eg: that depict Judgement Day or Hell, eg: Bosch has painted a vision of Judgement The imagery used by Bosch in his imaginative depictions of In Bosch’s Last Judgement (Vienna): Day, which shows the trumpets that heaven and earth was based on the widely held view that “during • At the top of the painting the artist has painted a Revelations said would sound and Jesus will the Middle Ages, sexuality and lust were seen as evidence of vision of heaven that shows Jesus sitting on a come in glory, to judge everyone. At the man's fall from grace, and the most foul of the seven deadly sins.” throne, presiding over heaven and earth. same time, the devil will be unleashed to To the many religious fanatics in Europe at this time, the contrasts punish those who have been evil as is seen between the saintly ideals of chastity and purity contrasted • At the bottom of the picture, monsters that in the lower zone of the painting. markedly with the real world of prostituion and sexual excess. represent devils can be seen tormenting people. A vision of hell is on the right-hand side of These contrasts are depicted in many of Bosch's works, like The In Bosch’s The Garden of Earthly Delights The Garden of Earthly Delights, and it Garden of Earthly Delights where the sensual enjoyment of this Triptych: shows the punishments that await those who work would have been effectively countered by the vivid depiction • The central panel symbolises earthly pleasures get carried away with earthly pleasures and of Hell to the right of the central panel. Bosch's depictions of hell with a lush green landscape and beautiful light ignore the fact that God sits in Heaven were certainly fantastic but it is possible to link some of his symbolising all that God gave to humans in the watching everything. imagined tortures with the Spanish Inquisition which was real. Garden of Eden. These links increase the effectiveness of Bosch's imagery. OR Question Twelve OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how animal- The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of this conveyed by animal-related iconographic motifs related iconographic motifs have been iconography in conveying allegorical meaning in Northern used to convey meaning wealth or status in two used to convey meaning in each art work, Renaissance art, eg: appropriate Northern Renaissance art works, eg: The meanings in both selected artworks are enhanced and eg: Dürer uses his symbolism to show the extended by the symbolic meanings conveyed by animal Rogier van der Weyden's Adoration of the Magi balance of the humours in paradise, and iconography and become complex allegories about the human contains many animals, including an ox and a uses other animals, like the parrot on its condition. donkey, which are nearly always included in nativity perch and the cat waiting to pounce, to hint On one level, the animals in Van der Weyden's nativity Adoration scenes because they were domestic scenes and at the big upset to come once Adam and Eve of the Magi are simply there to set the scene of a stable, and took place in stables where there are these animals. bite the apple from the mouth of the snake. show how humble the birth of Jesus was. However, the allegorical Dürer's engraving of Adam and Eve contains many The birth of Jesus brought balance back to interpretation of these animal motifs leads to the humours, which animals to convey meaning, such as the four earth and this is symbolised in nativity are being brought back into balance because of the birth of Jesus. humours that are symbolised by the elk scenes like Van der Weyden's Adoration of This is an effective link to the allegorical meanings associated with (melancholia), the ox (phlegmatic), rabbit the Magi, where the animals stand the dilapidated stable that represents paganism. Dürer's painting (sanguine), and the cat (choleric). The four humours peacefully in the background in a harmonious also deals effectively with the end of paganism, with its nude were balanced in paradise but not after the ‘fall’. symbolic picture of earthly harmony. figures and deeply layered allegorical meanings. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 11 of 17 Cubism and Abstraction

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Thirteen OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the importance of the iconography conveyed by iconographic motifs in two iconographic motifs have been used to used to convey meaning about objects and surfaces in this appropriate cubist still-life paintings, eg: convey meaning in each painting, eg: period, eg: In Georges Braque’s Fruit Dish, Ace of Clubs: In these two paintings, Braque has In Cubism the reality of the object was a secondary concern. Meaning • The bowl of fruit conveys meaning about everyday incorporated typical still-life objects that in Cubism was about the nature and processes of painting, life and people doing ordinary things like eating. fascinated the cubists – musical particularly the treatment of form and space and use of various instruments, cards, sheet music, and fruit. techniques such as collage. Braque and Gris both use their • The playing card has lots of meanings – it is also Although these objects are recognisable, iconography and cubist techniques to explore the physical and an everyday activity but it can also symbolise luck they are painted in a way that explores conceptual aspects of painting as they explore representation and or gambling. multiple viewpoints and angles. In this visual truth about the nature of objects in space. The layered surfaces In Georges Braque’s Violin and Pitcher: way, they convey meanings about of Cubism were important in exploring these concepts and making • The pitcher, or jug, is an everyday object that physical objects and conceptual ideas them visible as well as emphasising the flatness of the painting references everyday life, and may convey about objects in space. They are both surface. Braque makes reference to himself in the ace of clubs as additional meanings about water and sustenance. physical and conceptual objects. well as to music, newspapers, and posters. • The violin that conveys the idea that music is a Iconography was critical to cubists because, without recognisable form of human entertainment and provides a way elements and reference points the significance of objects and surface of enjoying yourself. planes would be missed. OR Question Fourteen OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of iconography in conveyed by iconographic motifs in two iconographic motifs have been used to conveying Léger's enthusiasm for ‘the machine’, eg: appropriate art works by Léger that demonstrate convey meaning in each art work, eg: Léger painted The Card Players when he was recovering from a his enthusiasm for ‘the machine’, eg: In The Pilot, Léger has placed the pilot in mustard gas attack in World War I. In this work, he has represented In Fernand Léger’s The Card Players, Léger uses the middle of overlapping geometric the soldiers playing cards as more like machines with their shiny tubular, metallic forms to make his people look like shapes of circles, cylinders, lines, and robotic arms and indistinct faces, to convey the effects of war on robots or machines. squares representing an aeroplane and himself and his fellow soldiers. Like the Futurists, Léger saw beauty in In his work, The Pilot, he has created geometric perhaps a bird’s eye view of the city the everyday ‘machine age’, and he captures this sense of beauty in circular forms to represent a propeller and aeroplane below. In The Card Players, the The Pilot, with forms that create movement and have harmonious cylindrical forms of the figures make his colours. Léger's use of cubism differed from that of other cubists in figures appear inhuman, this is that he incorporated recognisable motifs. This made his works very emphasised by the faceless figures and effective so that when the viewer looks at the broken figures of the the chaotic way they squeeze into the soldiers in the cardplayers, one senses the ground shaking noise and composition. power of the machines that had awed Léger in the trenches of World War I, where he was “blinded by the shine of metal on metal”. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 12 of 17 Fauvism and Expressionism

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Fifteen OR OR The candidate has described the meanings conveyed The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of this by iconographic motifs in two appropriate art works iconographic motifs have been used to iconography in conveying the ideas and aims of the Brücke by the Die Brücke group, eg: convey meaning in each work, eg: group, eg: In Kirchner’s The Chronicle of the Brücke Group Kirchner's archaic imagery compares the Die Brücke s appropriation of Gothic style and traditional (woodcut): leading Die Brücke artists with saints to Germanic methods like woodcuts was very effective in • The composition is broken up into compartments, each identify them as artists with a mission to expressing the strong patriotism and sense of destiny which set one framed by stylised patterns – these link to the change the world through their art. Die Brücke apart from other groups of artists in early twentieth stylisation of medieval art and Germanic traditions. Heckel uses his tight composition and century Europe. • The iconic images of the Brücke members are in the acidic yellow colours to create a very There were close connections between Die Brücke and the compartments so that they look like saints. expressive and tense image. Two ideas of Nietzsche, the source of the group's name. Heckel has windows, each with cruciform bars, created a very vivid image of the world of Nietzsche’s madman, In Erich Heckel’s The Madmen: symbolise the isolation of the madmen, trapped in an urban world and weighed down by the pressures • Mask-like faces stare out at the viewer to symbolise the trapped in the scary room. of existence. primitive, instinctive urges of human beings. OR Question Sixteen OR OR The candidate has described the meanings conveyed The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the extent to which Christian by iconographic motifs in two appropriate Fauve or iconographic motifs have been used to iconography was successful in expressing ideas about Expressionist art works with Christian subjects, eg: convey meaning in each work, eg: contemporary society in this period, eg: In Emil Nolde’s The Last Supper: Nolde shows the Last Supper as a close- By the early twentieth-century, Christian ideas were being • The central figure, with his eyes closed, represents knit gathering of friends who join together challenged by new spiritual concepts like theosophy. Christian Jesus who is holding the cup of wine this is the first and hug another as a sign of strength and artists had to re-evaluate their Christianity in terms of new communion and Jesus is telling people to drink his fellowship. The mask-like faces are philosophies and their experiences in war and overseas. blood. angular and tense and show the anguish Although both artists adopted some of the conventional of the event. iconography of their subjects, both adapted the motifs to • The figures who surround Jesus are the twelve express ideas about contemporary society. Nolde's disciples disciples who were at the Last Supper before Judas Schmidt-Rottluff has put the date 1918 on tightly surround Jesus in a protective circle, shielding him from identified himself. the forehead of Jesus to make his image relevant to the present day. Another motif the modern world, which has forgotten his sacrifice. In Karl Schmidt-Rottluff’s The Head of Christ (woodcut): that does this is the eyelashes, which look Schmidt-Rottluff's work is much more hard-hitting, with the face • Jesus can be recognised by the conventional like barbed wire and link the image to the of Jesus staring out of the page in a dark-eyed stare of pain and iconography of his long hair, parted in the middle; the trenches. blame, which reinforces the words “Christ did not appear to crown of thorns on his head; and the rays that surround you”. In art, this is one of the most effective comments on the his head like a halo. horrors of World War I and the bitterness of the German defeat. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 13 of 17 Dada and Surrealism

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Seventeen OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the extent to which surrealist conveyed by iconographic motifs in two iconographic motifs have been used to iconography was effective in exploring religious and / or appropriate surrealist art works which explore convey meaning in each work, eg: spiritual ideas in this period, eg: religious and / or spiritual ideas, eg: The landscape and lighting in Dalí's painting Many people were critical of Dalí's painting because his earlier art In Salvador Dalí’s Christ of Saint John of the are similar to those used in his surrealist works and lifestyle were regarded as anti-Christian. Dalí explained Cross: paintings and its imagery conveys a visionary the inspiration for this painting "In the first place, in 1950, I had a • Jesus is shown as a nude male, hanging on a quality to the painting. 'cosmic dream' in which I saw this image in colour and which in my cross, which seems to float in darkened space. Klee's imagined landscape presents a magical dream represented the 'nucleus of the atom.” The effectiveness of Dalí's iconography has come about because of the popularity of • The cross is high up above a landscape at the view of an enchanted world in which things like this image with Christians today. bottom of the page, which symbolises the real trees and mountains have been transformed world on earth. into fragments of colour like the stained glass Klee shared Kandinsky's interests in the spirituality of the primitive of a church. or instinctive life, however, according to Robert Hughes, Klee's In Paul Klee’s House in the Full Moon: beliefs were intensified by a mysitic idea that the visible world was • A large yellow circle represents a full moon, a model of the order of the spiritual world, and Klee used mystical which illuminates the nighttime landscape, and works like House in the Full Moon to provide people with a turns it into a magical, spiritual world. spiritual vision of that invisible order. OR Question Eighteen OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the extent to which the use of conveyed by iconographic motifs in two iconographic motifs have been used to iconography to convey meaning was important in Dada art, appropriate Dada art works, eg: convey meaning in each work, eg: eg: In Marcel Duchamp's Fountain: Although Duchamp was making a point about Duchamp said he made an art work out of a urinal to show that • Duchamp used a men's urinal to make an art conceptual art, the meaning of the urinal as a meaning wasn't important in art works but that in some ways the work – Duchamp turned a normal thing into art urinal was used to convey meaning about the work demonstrated the importance of the meaning or concept of work. significance of art and artists. The writing art works themselves. The choice of a urinal was very important in about it was very important because it was like drawing attention to the object and to the whole idea of what an • R. Mutt has been painted on the side to look like the signature of an artist, which signified that it artwork is or should be and the questioning of how it should be an artist's signature. was an art work. displayed, along with the absence of the artist’s hand. Dada was In Marcel Duchamp's LHOOQ: The image of the Mona Lisa conveys meaning art from the age of reproduction with the loss of originality. The • The work is made of a postcard of the Mona because it is a famous painting and it conveys appropriated image of the Mona Lisa also demonstrates how Lisa. This is a reproduction of an art work and it meaning about the traditions of western art, important meaning was to Dada artists The Mona Lisa is one of is a picture of a very famous painting. which had dominated European art. The fact the most well-known paintings in the world and instantly that it is a postcard also conveys meaning recognisable to many people. The meaning achieved by this about art in the age of reproduction. recognition was important to Duchamp, along with the reasons why he selected this art work. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 14 of 17 Architecture: Modernism to Postmodernism

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence

Question Nineteen OR OR

The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how the The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of architectural about modern working practices in two iconographic features have been used to iconography in expressing ideas about modern working appropriate buildings, eg: convey meaning about modern working practices, eg: In Walter Gropius’ Fagus Shoe-Last Factory practices, eg: The workplace of the twentieth-century was governed by principles of in Alfeld/Leine, Germany: These two buildings are associated with efficiency, team work, and systems. These principles were effectively • The clock above the entrance door outside functionalist architecture, which was a feature of expressed in the architecture, which grew out of early German shows that time is important in this building. the Modernist and the International Style. modernism. Fagus Shoe-Last Factory was a very early expression Factionalist architects like Behrens and Van der of this new ideology, with the large glazed areas to allow the • The straight lines and undecorated, Rohe expressed the ideal order of the new penetration of sunlight right into the factory floor. Anyone functional architecture mean big business. technological society in simple functionalist approaching this building would be impressed by the apparent In Ludwig Mies van der Rohe’s Seagram buildings like these. solidity of the entrance façade with its large clock keeping perfect Building: time, informing the public that this was a business that ran on time • Sleek efficient lines symbolise the efficiency and like clockwork. The Seagram Building used its strong simple of corporate business. shape to stand out in the New York skyline as an effective masthead for Seagrams. The gridded pattern of the iron-skeleton and windows was an effective link to the columns of an account book to signify the importance of profits.

OR Question Twenty OR OR

The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how these The candidate has evaluated the extent to which the iconography conveyed by the iconographic features of materials have been used to convey meaning used in Art Deco buildings was an important aspect of Art Deco two appropriate Art Deco buildings, eg: in each building, eg: buildings, eg: In William Van Alen’s Chrysler Building: The Chrysler Building had been commissioned Ornament conveying meaning was very important to the Art Deco • Spire, like the tail fin of a Chrysler motorcar. by the Chrysler Corporation as the flagship style, which can be seen as a movement designed to counter the building for this successful business. The functionalism of early modernism and the corporate uniformity of the • Shining metallic surfaces like the shiny decorative spire, and other applied decorative International Style. chrome trim on a car. motifs like hubcaps emphasised the business of The Art Deco features of the two selected buildings were very On The Empire State Building: the building's owner. The horizontal bands on the important to their designers and owners because these features made • Smooth, horizontal bands of windows and Empire State Building look like the fluting on a these buildings stand out from the surrounding high-rise buildings. cladding give the building a columnar classical column. These classical associations Also important were the meanings about the buildings' owners, which appearance. convey a sense of timelessness and permanence the iconography conveyed. Chrysler, in particular, used the features of to the building. his building to advertise and promote his company. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 15 of 17 Modern American Art

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Twenty-one OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of conveyed by iconographic motifs that convey iconographic motifs have been used to convey iconography in conveying meaning about the impact of meaning in two appropriate art works that refer meaning about American consumerism in consumerism on American society, eg: to American consumerism, eg: each work, eg: Kruger's simple, but large-scale work, conveys much of its In Barbara Kruger’s Untitled I Shop Therefore I Kruger's large scale, simple image conveys meaning through the words which have been adapted from Am: meaning through its stylistic similarities to the Plato's original concept “I think therefore I am”. Kruger's use of • The red rectangle looks like a credit card and advertising posters of contemporary commercial this term is an effective way of drawing attention to the popular conveys meaning about shopping. art. The red text box looks like a “sale” sign and pastime of shopping and she asks us whether people today attracts the viewer's eye. get a greater sense of being alive from shopping rather than • The hand, which seems to hold the red card, is thinking. clean and looks like a city person's hand, not the In Estes' painting lots of well-known commercial hand of a hard worker. signs are seen through the window of the bus and Estes' large photo-realist canvases are full of consumerist this creates a familiar world of shops and people iconography ranging from office buildings and shops and In Richard Estes’ Ticket Lines: shopping. advertising signs and queues of people. While Kruger’s • A busy city street is seen through a bus and background leads her to use graphic designs to draw attention there is a line of people lining up to buy tickets to consumerism, Estes uses size and reflections to draw out because they have money to spend. attention to the excesses of modern-day consumerism. Both forms of iconography are equally effective. OR Question Twenty-two OR OR The candidate has described the meanings The candidate has explained how the motifs The candidate has evaluated the extent to which the use conveyed by iconographic motifs in two have been used to convey meaning about the of iconography to convey meaning was a significant appropriate modern American portraits, eg: subjects of each portrait, eg: aspect of portraiture in modern American art, eg: In Audrey Flack’s Vanitas/Marilyn two images of Flack's portrait of Marilyn is subtitled Vanitas and Flack has used her portraits of Marilyn to focus attention on Marilyn Monroe are included in a painted collage of the objects in the painting form a still life of motifs. image and celebrity and the effects that these have on ordinary objects. The picture of Marilyn could be a reflection Their meanings concern mortality, like the candle, people like herself, which are seen in the painted snapshot of a in a mirror of what the person looking in the mirror which represents a well-known motif about time brother and sister. This iconography was a significant part of wants to see. Other objects in the painting, like the passing – the candle in the wind. Flack's use of her art to explore social and feminist issues. lipstick, are to do with female images. By repeating rows of images of Marilyn Monroe, Portraiture made up a significant part of Warhol's practice, In Andy Warhol’s A Shot of Marilyn Monroe Warhol makes his viewers think about the especially his psychedelic screen-printed portraits of celebrities repeated images of Marilyn fill this canvas, stacked commodification of the celebrity's image and the like Mick Jagger or Mao Tse Tung. Sourced from readily up in rows to show she is a commodity effects of its reproduction. available publicity shots, the iconography of these images was highly significant in Warhol's exploration of fame and celebrity in his celebrity portraits. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 16 of 17 Modern New Zealand Art

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Question Twenty-Three The candidate has described the The candidate has explained how iconographic The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of Parekowhai's use meanings conveyed by iconographic motifs have been used to convey meaning in of humorous iconography to entertain and/or challenge social motifs in two appropriate art works each art work, eg: issues, eg: by Michael Parekowhai, eg: Although the Māori figure In Poorman, Poorman, Beggarman, Thief challenges stereotypes by the contrasting In Poorman, Beggarman, Thief, Beggarman, Thief, is dressed in a smart suit with a way the figure is conservatively well dressed and the racist language Michael Parekowhai has used a white shirt and tie, the meaning of the nametag, used on the name tag ‘Hori’. The viewer has to come close to read this mannequin dressed in a smart suit to which uses the slang word for Māori – Hori, shatters tag and the incongruity between the dapper appearance of the figure and give the figure a sense of dignity and the impression of dignity and respect. In My Sister, the nickname is at first amusing, then as the viewer examines his respect. Myself, Parekowhai creates humour by using aa reaction, it leads to discomfort. In My Sister, Myself, he uses stool and a bike wheel instead of a ball because In My Sister Myself, Parekowhai references Michel Duchamp’s stool iconography in the shiny black seal, this is not what we expect to see. and bicycle wheel, but presents a ‘readymade’ of a different kind, which which represented performing seals is at first amusing but then makes us think about the relationships who balance balls on their noses for our between siblings and whether artists are performing seals. entertainment. A more recent example of the effectiveness of Parekowhai's use of humourous iconography to entertain and challenge can be seen in his exhibits at the Venice Biennale, On First Looking at Chapman's Homer, where his proud, masculine bull on a grand piano raised questions about the role of European culture in the wider world. OR Twenty-Four OR OR The candidate has described the The candidate has explained how iconographic The candidate has evaluated the effectiveness of iconography in meanings conveyed by iconographic features have been used to convey meaning in exploring personal identity, eg: motifs in two appropriate modern each work, eg: These art works are biographical, with each artist using extensive New Zealand art works that explore In On Another Man’s Land, by John Pule, motifs iconography, drawn from their personal experiences and broader cultural personal identity, eg: are used to represent journeys made from the backgrounds to produce effective statements about their sense of In his work On Another Man’s Land, Pacific Islands to New Zealand, such as the birds personal identity. Pule has included his own history in this work by John Pule uses motifs such as islands that guided sea travellers. This iconography including references to both cultures that form part of his identity – the in the sea to represent the Pacific demonstrates the importance of the sea and boats Niuean hiapo tapa cloth and the materials of western art history he has Islands, which is where he came from. in the Pacific Island sense of identity. Another name used – oil on canvas. Rita Angus created this painting while she was In Rutu, Rita Angus has used motifs to for Rutu is Pacific Goddess – Rita Angus has recovering from illness at her parent’s home in Waikanae. She explores describe herself – such as the fish created that idea by including a golden halo around her personal spiritual identity showing her interest in religious imagery representing her star sign Pisces. her head that could represent the sun or the such as the Lotus flower, while locating herself in a recognisable local holiness of a goddess. The idea of the Pacific is landscape. conveyed by other motifs in the painting. NCEA Level 3 Art History (90491) 2012 — page 17 of 17 Judgement Statement

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence A M E