DOCSLIB.ORG

Recent Studies on the Late Quaternary Landform Evolution of Riverine Coastal Plains in Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Recent Studies on the Late Quaternary Landform Evolution of Riverine Coastal Plains in Japan Geographical Review of Japan Vol. 69 (Ser. B), No. 2, 134-143, 1996 Recent Studies on the Late Quaternary Landform Evolution of Riverine Coastal Plains in Japan Masatomo UMITSU Department of Geography, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-01, Japan Abstract: Recent studies on the evolution of Japanese riverine coastal plains and sea-level changes in the late Quaternary are reviewed. Studies on the landforms and sediments of the plains have been done in many riverine coastal plains using various research techniques. Landforms and sediments of the riverine coastal plains have changed remarkably since the last glacial maximum. Several studies have clarified the paleogeography of the plains, and also pointed out that the landform evolution of the plains has been influenced by minor fluctuations of sea-level changes in the late Holocene. Key words: late Quaternary, Holocene, landform evolution, riverine coastal plain, sea-level change ten by Ota et al. (1982, 1990), Yonekura and Ota Introduction (1986), Ota and Machida (1987), Iseki (1988), Oya et al. (1988), Umitsu (1991), and so on. The There are a number of small coastal plains aim of this paper is to review papers on the both on the Pacific and Sea of Japan coasts of subject which have been published mainly in the Japanese, islands; they develop not only the last decade. along sandy coasts but also in the regions of lower reaches of rivers. These coastal plains are Characteristics and Environmental Set termed riverine coastal plains in this paper. tings of Japanese Riverine Coastal Plains According to Thom (1982) and Woodroffe (1990), these plains can be classified into river Most Japanese plains are depositional plains dominated and wave-dominated coastal plains that consist of Pleistocene uplands and Holo fr om the viewpoint of their formative settings. cene alluvial lowlands. Pleistocene uplands There are few tide-dominated coastal plains in occupy large areas in the Kanto, Mikawa, and Japan. Stratigraphic studies of the sediments of Tokachi plains etc., and Holocene alluvial the coastal plains indicate that there have been lowlands occupy a large area in the Ishikari, considerable changes in landforms since the Niigata, and Nobi plains, etc. Most Pleistocene last glacial maximum. These changes have uplands in Japan were formed as marine or resulted from postglacial sea-level changes. fl uvial terraces during the last interglacial and Many studies have been carried out on both last glacial periods. sea-level changes and landform evolution of Kubo (1990) examined in detail the landforms the riverine coastal plains in Japan. Studies on of the Kanto plain, where the Tokyo metro sediments and landforms of Japanese coastal politan area is located. She reviewed studies on plains are mainly conducted by physical geog the evolution of the Pleistocene uplands and raphers and Quaternary geologists. The stratig upland-dissected valleys in the plain, and also raphy and chronology of Holocene sediments of presented the evolution of the Tokyo Lowland riverine coastal plains allow reconstruction of in prehistoric and historic times. the ways in which landforms have responded to Sediments of the present riverine coastal sea-level changes in the past. plains have been deposited in, and over, valleys Several review papers on the late Quaternary formed by the last glacial maximum under low evolution of Japanese riverine coastal plains sea-level conditions. Deposition and landform and sea-level changes have already been writ evolution of the riverine coastal plains com Late Quaternary Evolution of Coastal Plains 135 menced with the postglacial sea-level rise. Osaka River, respectively. The age of the basal Typical Japanese riverine plains consist of gravel bed of the paleo-river channel in the alluvial fans, floodplains, and deltas from the Sakuragawa lowland, northeast of Tokyo, is inner to coastal regions in that order (Oya et al. estimated at 2.4-2.2ka (Suzuki et al. 1993). 1988). However, considerable variation in land This age is slightly older than those given in form is observed between the individual river previous studies. me coastal plains. There are plains without Sea-level changes during the late glacial deltas, plains with broad flood plains, and plains period are still poorly understood. Sediments in which alluvial fans occupy the entire plain. of the period in buried, channels of riverine Large dunes or sandy barriers also develop coastal lowlands are sandy and have a relati along the shoreline of the Tsugaru, Akita, vely high N-value (indicator of the hardness of Shonai, and Niigata plains which located along sediments). Sea levels of the early Holocene the coast of the Sea of Japan. Rows of beach reported in various sites are around -30 to ridges are typically recognized in the Kuju-kuri -50m (Ota et al . 1982, 1990). plain, eastern Japan. Similar rows of beach In the Kanto plain, an unconformity and the ridges are also recognized in the Ishikari, deposition of a conspicuous sandy bed are Yufutsu, and Sendai plains in north and north recognized between the contact of the Pleisto eastern Japan. In general, relatively large cene and Holocene sediments in the riverine plains develop in regions where the land tended coastal plains. These sandy sediments were to subside during the late Quaternary. called the Holocene basal gravel bed (HBG) by A special issue of the Geographical Review of Endo et al. (1982), and they are considered to be Japan on "Fluvial and Coastal Plains in Japan" sediments that were deposited in the period of was published in 1989. Several papers on the Younger Dryas. fl uvial plains (Oya and Kim 1989, Nakayama A slow rise of sea level in the early Holocene and Toyoshima 1989), coastal landforms was reported by Matsushima (1987) and Endo (Fukumoto 1989), coastal sand dunes (Naruse et al. (1989) in the Kanto plain, eastern Japan. 1989), maritime coastal lakes (Hirai 1989) and The period of slow transgression continued barriers in the coastal lowlands (Matsubara until approximately 8,500-8,300yr BP. After 1989) were included in that issue. that period, the sea level rose rapidly and reached a high stand in the middle Holocene Holocene Sea-level Changes in Japan around 7,000-6,000 yr BP. In many places, the sea level during that period is reported to have As a detailed review of studies of sea-level been 2-3m higher than present level (Ota et al. changes in Japan has already been written by 1982, 1990). The highest sea level in the Izu Umitsu (1991), only a brief reference to several Peninsula, which is located on the Philippine recent studies is made here. There are many Sea Plate, however, was recognized at 2,000 -3 opinions about the lowest sea-level during the ,000yr BP (Ota et al. 1986, Taguchi 1993). last glacial maximum: -80m (Oshima 1982, This is considered to be due to the difference in 1990); -95•}3m (Saito et al. 1989) ; -100m tectonic setting between the Philippine Sea and (Fujii 1990); -127•}30m (Oba 1988); -140m the Pacific Ocean Plates. Marked uplift is evi (Iseki 1977) and so on. Many studies, however, dent on the Boso, Muroto, and other peninsulas regard the level around -100m as the sea-level along the Pacific Ocean and Japan Sea coasts. at that time (Ota and Omura 1991, etc.). The height of middle Holocene marine terraces The extensions of paleo-river valleys formed in these regions was several meters higher than during the last glacial maximum have been the present sea level (Ota and Machida 1987). recognized in various places such as Tokyo and In particular, it was more than 20 meters higher Osaka bays and the continental shelves around in the Boso Peninsula (Frydle 1982). the Japanese islands. The buried paleochannel Minor fluctuations and temporal sea-level under the bottoms of Tokyo and Osaka bays falls after the middle Holocene are reported on are called the paleo-Tokyo River and paleo the Okhotsk coast (Maeda 1984, Sakaguchi et 136 Masatomo Umitsu al. 1985, Hirai 1987), the Inland Sea coast ments including the courses of paleochannels in (Naruse et al. 1984), the Chita Peninsula (Maeda the plain. et al. 1983), etc. In many places, minor sea-level Studies on the landform evolution and sedi falls are recognized around 4.500 and 3,000 ments of the riverine coastal plains of the Kanto 2,000yrs BP, and they are called middle Jornon plain during the Holocene were done by Endo small regression (Ota et al. 1982) and Yayoi et al. (1982, 1987, 1989), Ando (1986, 1988), regression (Ariake Bay Research Group 1965), Ando et al. (1987, 1990), Matsushima (1987), respectively. Kosugi (1989), etc. Most of the studies involved reconstruction of the Holocene depositional Evolution of River-dominated Riverine environments of the riverine coastal plains, and Coastal Plains in Japan determining the extent of marine transgres sion through diatom analysis. These studies Many studies on the sedimentary environ clarified more detailed landform evolution and ments and landform evolution of riverine environmental change in comparison to previ coastal plains have been done based on the ous studies. examination of drilling logs and detailed fossil Based on diatom analysis (Kosugi 1985, 1986, analysis of sediments. Detailed study on the 1988), Kosugi (1989) clarified the evolution of basal topography of the Holocene and latest the Oku-Tokyo Bay which expanded to the Pleistocene sediments in the Kanto plain was north of the Tokyo lowland during the postgla conducted by Endo et al. (1988). They also cial transgression (Figure 1). Evolution of the discussed the mode of deposition of the sedi region was classified into three stages: (1) trans Figure 1. Fossil diatom assemblages in the paleo Oku-Tokyo Bay at 5,500yr BP (Kosugi, 1989). Late Quaternary Evolution of Coastal Plains 137 gressive stage (10,000-6, 500yr BP); (2) maxi Holocene sediments in the Hiroshima plain mum transgression (6,500-5,300yr BP); and (3) using FeS2 analysis, and pointed out that regressional stage (5,300yr BP-present).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Life History and Stable Regeneration of the Endangered Saltmarsh
    Plankton Benthos Res 9(2): 114–121, 2014 Plankton & Benthos Research © The Japanese Association of Benthology Life history and stable regeneration of the endangered saltmarsh sesarmid crab Clistocoeloma sinense in small populations of the isolated metapopulation of Tokyo Bay, Japan 1, 2 TAKESHI YUHARA * & TOSHIO FUROTA 1 Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274–8510, Japan 2 Faculty of Sciences, Tokyo Bay Ecosystem Research Center, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274–8510, Japan Received 2 October 2013; Accepted 17 March 2014 Abstract: The saltmarsh sesarmid crab, Clistocoeloma sinense, inhabits the muddy substrata in upper intertidal saltmarshes, and is designated as endangered in Japan. Seasonal changes were investigated in population characters, including abundance, time to sexual maturity, reproductive season, and recruitment of juveniles in a regional meta- population in Tokyo Bay. Crab samples were collected monthly at five small isolated habitats along the coast of the bay from July, 2011, to March, 2013. Ovigerous females were found during summer in a single peak, and a peak of ju- venile recruitment occurred in autumn. Size distribution analysis indicates that growth is slower than for other salt- marsh crab species and life span is at least 4 years. Females reach maturity when they enter the second breeding sea- son following recruitment. The slow growth and reclusive behavior of C. sinense may be closely related to the charac- teristics of its habitat which is under buried stones or wood in the uppermost part of intertidal muddy substrata. Re- cruitment of juveniles and the presence of breeding females were observed at all five study sites located along the Tokyo Bay coastline, suggesting that each population stably regenerates by larval settlement following larval disper- sal and growth in the water column in Tokyo Bay.
    [Show full text]
  • Hypomesus Nipponensis) Stock Trajectory in Lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura
    Open Journal of Marine Science, 2015, 5, 210-225 Published Online April 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojms http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2015.52017 Factors Affecting Japanese Pond Smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) Stock Trajectory in Lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura Ashneel Ajay Singh1, Noriyuki Sunoh2, Shintaro Niwa2, Fumitaka Tokoro2, Daisuke Sakamoto1, Naoki Suzuki1, Kazumi Sakuramoto1* 1Department of Ocean Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan 2Freshwater Branch Office, Ibaraki Fisheries Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan Email: *[email protected] Received 5 February 2015; accepted 26 March 2015; published 30 March 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract The Japanese pond smelt (Hypomesus nipponensis) stock has been observed to fluctuate quite ri- gorously over the years with sustained periods of low catch in Lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura of the Ibaraki prefecture, Japan which would adversely affect the socioeconomic livelihood of the lo- cal fishermen and fisheries industry. This study was aimed at determining the factors affecting the stock fluctuation of the pond smelt through the different years in the two lakes. Through explora- tory analysis it was found that the pond smelt had significant relationship with total phosphorus (TP) level in both lakes. The global mean land and ocean temperature index (LOTI) was also found to be indirectly related to the pond smelt stock in lake Kasumigaura and Kitaura at the latitude band of 24˚N to 90˚N (l).
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of the Water Circulation Mechanism of the Sakuragawa River Basin Flowing Into the Lake Kasumigaura
    生活大学研究Bulletin of Jiyu GakuenVol. 4 College103～104 of Liberal（2019 ）Arts Vol. 4 103–104 (2019) Short Note Outline of the Water Circulation Mechanism of the Sakuragawa River Basin Flowing into the Lake Kasumigaura Shinpei YOSHIKAWA Jiyu Gakuen College (Received 31 August 2018; Accepted 3 October 2018) In October 2018, The 17th World Lake Conference was held in Ibaraki prefecture for the first time in 23 years since 1995. In this paper, we will outline the advanced water circulation mechanism surrounding the Sakuragawa river basin and the Sakuragawa river, which is the inflowing river of Lake Kasumigaura, which is the representative lake in this area. Also, it shows an inventory of survey results related to the Sakuragawa river. KeyWords: Lake Kasumigaura, Sakuragawa river, Water circulation mechanism, River environment, River basin management 1. Outline of Lake Kasumigaura area The Lake Kasumigaura area is located in the eastern part of the Kanto region, the southeastern part of Ibaraki prefecture, and the area is 2,157 km2 (Fig. 1). Among them, the area of the lake is 220 km2, the second largest in the Japan after Lake Biwa. Lake Kasumigaura is connected downstream to Tonegawa river, in confluence point is set on Hitachigawa watergate. And in the usual time it is a slightly higher water area. On the other hand, the lake is made desalinated by preventing saltwater run-up by the flood gate, making it possible to develop present water resources. In addition, “Lake Kasumigaura” is a generic term such as Lake Nishiura, Lake Kitaura, Hitachitonegawa river etc. In this paper we mainly deal with Nishiura (lake area 172 km2).
    [Show full text]
  • Holocene Sea-Level Changes and Coastal Evolution in Japan1)
    第 四 紀 研 究 (The Quaternary Research) 30 (2) p. 187-196 July 1991 Holocene Sea-Level Changes and Coastal Evolution in Japan1) Masatomo UMITSU2) Recent progress in Holocene sea-level studies and studies on coastal evolution in Japan are reviewed. Several studies recorded either a slight fall or slow rise of sea-level in the early Holocene, and some studies recognized minor regressions after the culmination of rapid postglacial transgression. Coastal landforms have changed remarkably during the Holocene. Many drowned valleys were formed in the middle Holocene, and the coast lines in Japan were very rugged at the time. Various types of coastal evolution have been reported in numerous studies. Some of the studies were carried out as cooperative research using a variety of research techniques. published by OTA et al. (1982, 1990), YONEKURA and I. Introduction OTA (1986), OTA and MACHIDA (1987) and ISEKI The Japanese Islands are located along the (1987). Recent studies on sea-level changes in boundaries of the Eurasian, Pacific Ocean and Japan were compiled in the "Atlas of Holocene Sea Philippine Sea Plates, and the landforms of the Level Records in Japan" (OTAet al., 1981) and the islands have been strongly influenced by the "Atlas of Late Quaternary Sea Level Records in Japan, plates movements. Coastal landforms of Japan vol. I" (OTA et al., 1987a). The coastal during the late Quaternary have also changed environments in the Late Quaternary and the and developed under the influence of both Holocene were illustrated in the "Quaternary tectonic and eustatic movements. Regional Maps of Japan" (JAPAN ASSOCIATION FOR QUATERNARY differences and variations can be found in the RESEARCH ed., 1987) and the "Middle Holocene processes of evolution of the coastal landforms, Shoreline Map of Japan" (OTA et al., 1987b).
    [Show full text]
  • Reemerging Political Geography in Japan
    Japanese Journal of Human Geography 64―6（2012） Reemerging Political Geography in Japan YAMAZAKI Takashi Osaka City University TAKAGI Akihiko Kyushu University KITAGAWA Shinya Mie University KAGAWA Yuichi The University of Shiga Prefecture Abstract The Political Geography Research Group （PGRG） of the Human Geographical Society of Japan was established in 2011 to promote political geographic studies in Japan. The PGRG is the very first research unit on political geography in the Society which was established in 1948. Political geography was once one of the weakest sub―fields in Japanese geography with a very limited number of scholars and published works. This, however, is not at all the case now. Political geography is a reemerging field in Japan. In this review paper, four of the PGRG members contribute chapters on general trends in Japanese political geography, legacies of Japanese wartime geopolitics, the introduction of “new geopolitics” into Japan, and geographical studies on environmental movements. All of them have confirmed with confidence that Japanese political geography has been reemerging and making steady progress in terms of theory, methodology, and case study since the 1980s. Although the current stage of Japanese political geography is still in the regenerative phase, they strongly believe that political geography should be firmly embedded in Japanese geography. Key words : political geography, Japanese geopolitics, new geopolitics, environmental movements, Japan I Introduction The Political Geography Research Group （PGRG） of the Human Geographical Society of Japan was established in 2011 to promote political geographic studies in Japan. The PGRG is the very first research unit on political geography in the Society which was established in 1948.
    [Show full text]
  • Umezakia Natans M.Watan. Does Not Belong to Stigonemataceae but To
    Fottea 11(1): 163–169, 2011 163 Umezakia natans M.WATAN . does not belong to Stigonemataceae but to Nostocaceae Yuko NIIYAMA 1, Akihiro TUJI 1 & Shigeo TSUJIMURA 2 1Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan; e–mail: [email protected] 2Lake Biwa Environmental Research Institute, 5–34 Yanagasaki, Otsu, Shiga 520–0022, Japan Abstract: Umezakia natans M.WA T A N . was described by Dr. M. Watanabe in 1987 as a new species in the family of Stigonemataceae, following the rules of the Botanical Code. According to the original description, this planktonic filamentous species grows well in a growth media with pH being 7 to 9, and with a smaller proportion of sea water. Both heterocytes and akinetes were observed, as well as true branches developing perpendicular to the original trichomes in cultures older than one month. Watanabe concluded that Umezakia was a monotypic and only planktonic genus belonging to the family of Stigonemataceae. Unfortunately, the type culture has been lost. In 2008, we successfully isolated a new strain of Umezakia natans from a sample collected from Lake Suga. This lake is situated very close to the type locality, Lake Mikata in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. We examined the morphology of this U. natans strain, and conducted a DNA analysis using 16S rDNA regions. Morphological characters of the newly isolated strain were in a good agreement with the original description of U. natans. Furthermore, results of the DNA analysis showed that U. natans appeared in a cluster containing Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and Anabaena bergii.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Loss Model Model
    GIROJ FloodGIROJ Loss Flood Loss Model Model General Insurance Rating Organization of Japan 2 Overview of Our Flood Loss Model GIROJ flood loss model includes three sub-models. Floods Modelling Estimate the loss using a flood simulation for calculating Riverine flooding*1 flooded areas and flood levels Less frequent (River Flood Engineering Model) and large- scale disasters Estimate the loss using a storm surge flood simulation for Storm surge*2 calculating flooded areas and flood levels (Storm Surge Flood Engineering Model) Estimate the loss using a statistical method for estimating the Ordinarily Other precipitation probability distribution of the number of affected buildings and occurring disasters related events loss ratio (Statistical Flood Model) *1 Floods that occur when water overflows a river bank or a river bank is breached. *2 Floods that occur when water overflows a bank or a bank is breached due to an approaching typhoon or large low-pressure system and a resulting rise in sea level in coastal region. 3 Overview of River Flood Engineering Model 1. Estimate Flooded Areas and Flood Levels Set rainfall data Flood simulation Calculate flooded areas and flood levels 2. Estimate Losses Calculate the loss ratio for each district per town Estimate losses 4 River Flood Engineering Model: Estimate targets Estimate targets are 109 Class A rivers. 【Hokkaido region】 Teshio River, Shokotsu River, Yubetsu River, Tokoro River, 【Hokuriku region】 Abashiri River, Rumoi River, Arakawa River, Agano River, Ishikari River, Shiribetsu River, Shinano
    [Show full text]
  • Symposium Full Program
    11.4 Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, NTU 11.5-6 Howard Civil Service International House 2019 Organizer Ecological Engineering Research Center, National Taiwan University Co-Organizers College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University Wisdom Informatics Solutions for Environment Co., Ltd Symposium Program Sponsors Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica The Japanese Association of Benthology Marine National Park Headquartrers, Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan The Plankton Society of Japan Ocean Conversation Administration, Ocean Affairs Council, Taiwan Contents Welcome Messages .........................................................................2 More Welcomes and Greetings from Previous AMBS Chairmans .................................................3 Symposium Schedule ......................................................................7 Conference Information ................................................................8 Symposium Venue Map ..................................................................9 Information for the Presenters .................................................11 Student Presentation Contest Rules .......................................12 Presentation Schedule .................................................................13 Poster Presentation Schedule ...................................................20 Keynote Speaker Abstracts & Biographies ............................25 Organizers and Sponsors.............................................................32
    [Show full text]
  • A Checklist of the Parasites of Eels (Anguilla Spp.) (Anguilliformes: Anguillidae) in Japan (1915-2007)
    J. Grad. Sch. Biosp. Sci. Hiroshima Univ. (2007), 46：91～121 REVIEW A Checklist of the Parasites of Eels (Anguilla spp.) (Anguilliformes: Anguillidae) in Japan (1915-2007) 1） 1） 2） Kazuya Nagasawa , Tetsuya Umino and Kouki Mizuno 1）Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan 2）Ehime Prefectural Uwajima Fishery High School 1-2-20 Meirin, Uwajima, Ehime 798-0068, Japan Abstract Information on the protistan and metazoan parasites of three species of eels, the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, the giant mottled eel A. marmorata and the European eel A. anguilla, in Japan is summarized in the Parasite-Host List and Host-Parasite lists, based on the literature published for 93 years between 1915 and 2007. Both A. japonica and A. marmorata are native to Japan, whereas A. anguilla is an introduced species from Europe. The parasites, including 44 named species and those not identified to species level, are listed by higher taxon as follows: Sarcomastigophora (no named species), Ciliophora (6), Microspora (1), Myxozoa (6), Trematoda (7), Monogenea (7), Cestoda (3), Nematoda (7), Acanthocephala (4), Hirudinida (2), and Copepoda (1). For each taxon of parasite, the following information is given: its currently recognized scientific name, any original combination, synonym(s), or other previous identification used for the parasite occurring in eels; habitat (freshwater, brackish, or marine); site(s) of infection within or on the host; known geographical distribution in Japanese waters; and the published source of each locality record. Of the 44 named species of parasites, 43 are from A.
    [Show full text]
  • Mie Prefecture, Japan
    Vol.3, No.2, 205-213 (2013) Open Journal of Ecology http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2013.32024 Vegetation communities in estuarine tidal flats in the different river and basin environments of the four major rivers of Ise Bay (Suzuka, Tanaka, Kushida and Miya), Mie Prefecture, Japan Korehisa Kaneko1*, Seiich Nohara2 1Ecosystem Conservation Society-Japan, Tokyo, Japan; *Corresponding Author: [email protected] 2Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan Received 10 January 2013; revised 13 February 2013; accepted 10 March 2013 Copyright © 2013 Korehisa Kaneko, Seiich Nohara. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribu- tion License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT tion of a gravelly sandy surface where an annual salt marsh plant community of Suaeda maritime In this study, we compared and analysed vege- and Artemisia fukudo has been established and tation communities in the estuarine tidal flats of grown as the annual precipitation and catch- the four major rivers of Ise Bay (Suzuka River, ment volume of the basin have increased. Tanaka River, Kushida River and Miya River) in Mie Prefecture, Japan. Along the Suzuka River, Keywords: Annual Salt Marsh Plant; Perennial Salt Eragrostis curvula of the exotic plant accounted Marsh Plant; Flood Volume; Water Level; for 60.0% or more of the entire surface area, and Disturbance the plant volume was high. Along the Tanaka River, Suaeda maritima community occupied the sand-mud zone in the vicinity of the shoreline on 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Cycle Train in Service! Rental Cycle Izu Vélo Shuzenji Station L G *The Required Time Shown Is the Estimated Time for an Electrical Assist Bicycle
    Required time: about 4hours and 20minutes (not including sightseeing/rest time) Mishima Station Exploring in Mishima City - Hakone Pass - Numazu Station Atami Station Challenging Cyc Daiba Station course - Jukkoku Pass - Daiba Station Course START o lin Cycle Train in Service! Rental Cycle izu vélo Shuzenji Station l g *The required time shown is the estimated time for an electrical assist bicycle. é Izuhakone Railway 28 minutes Izuhakone Railway v M Izu-Nagaoka Station Cycle Train Service Zone JR Ito Line Izu City will host the cycling competition Mishima-Futsukamachi Station *Can be done in the opposite direction a Japan Cycle at the Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 ↑Ashinoko Lake u Sports Center About 1.3 km ( Track Race and Mountain Bicycle ) Hakone Pass z p Mishima Taisha Shrine i Hakone Ashinoko-guchi ◇Track Race Venue: Izu Velodrome ★ Minami Ito Line Izu City Susono About 2.2 km ★ ly the Heda Shuzenji Station Mountain Bicycle Venue: Izu Mountain Bicycle Course Grand Fields On ◇ p Country Club a i Nishikida Ichirizuka Historic Site z est u St b Nakaizu M u Toi Port Yugashima Gotemba Line nn Kannami Primeval Forest About 13.5 km v ing ♪ g s Izu Kogen Station é The train is National Historic Site: n V l i seat Joren Falls i ews! Hakone Pass o Enjoy the Izu l Mishima-Hagi Juka Mishima Skywalk Yamanaka Castle Ruins c n now departing! Lover’s Cape Ex ★ Izu Peninsula p About 8.7 km y Find the re C s bicycle that a s Children’s Forest Park Izukyu Express w Jukkoku Pass Rest House to the fullest! best for a Kannami Golf Club Tokai
    [Show full text]
  • The Techniques and Tools of the Kazusabori Well-Boring
    地球環境研究,Vol.6(2004) The Techniques and Tools of the Kazusabori Well-boring Hiroki TAKAMURA＊ Keyword: boring technology, lower Pleistocene system, traditional, a thin strip of bamboo Making much of that opportunity, Hisahiro . Introduction Ishiwatari (Risshop University) and the author car- Kazusabori, a well-boring technology developed in the ried out studies on the details of the technical aspect, area now called Kimitsu-gun, Chiba Prefecture, has tools and history of Kazusabori. contributed to construction of numerous flowing (ar- tesian) wells for non-commercial and farming water . Geological considerations on the history of supply, since its birth during the Bunka period (1804- Kazusabori 1818) in the Edo era. In 1892, this method was em- ployed even in oil well development in Niigataand The Kazusa district occupies the central part of Chiba Akita Prefectures. It was also introduced to the inter- Prefecture, bordering on the Shimousa district on the national community, to India, in particular, as the north, on Awa on the south, facing Tokyo Bay on the Kazusa System. It was Japan's most advanced well- west and facing the Pacific Ocean on theeast. In the boring technology of the time. southern area, a mountain range forms a border be- tween Kazusaand Awa, from Mt. Kiyosumi (383m) However, in the wake of the introduction of the ro- to Mt. Nokogiri (228m). Having their headwaters in tary boring technology and the spread of water- this area, the Yoro, Obitsu, Koito andMinato Rivers works, the Kazusabori methodbegan losing its pour into the Bay of Tokyo while the Ichinomiyaand prevalence since the mid-1950s, and today, it is no Isumi Rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]