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Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Eastern Pondmussel (Ligumia Nasuta) Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO)

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Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Eastern Pondmussel (Ligumia Nasuta) Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO) Ontario Species at Risk Evaluation Report for Eastern Pondmussel (Ligumia nasuta) Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario (COSSARO) Assessed by COSSARO as Special Concern November 2017 Final Ligumie pointue (Ligumia nasuta) La ligumie pointue est une moule d’eau douce de taille moyenne (longueur moyenne de 74 mm) de la famille des Unionidae, dotée d’une coquille comprimée et allongée dont la couleur varie du noir jaunâtre au noir verdâtre chez les juvéniles, et du brun foncé au noir chez les adultes. Chez les spécimens de l’Ontario, la couche interne de la coquille est généralement blanc argenté ou blanc bleuté. Il est difficile de distinguer les mâles des femelles par la forme de leur coquille. La reproduction a lieu à la fin de l’été, et la femelle porte ses larves tout l’hiver. Au printemps, les larves atteignent un stade spécifique, celui de glochidie. Elles sont alors libérées et vont se fixer aux branchies d’un poisson-hôte, où elles doivent passer un certain temps pour survivre : c’est grâce à lui qu’elles obtiennent des nutriments et qu’elles atteignent le stade juvénile. On croit que les hôtes des glochidies au Canada sont l’épinoche à cinq épines, l’achigan à grande bouche, le crapet-soleil et la perchaude. Après une certaine période de croissance, les moules juvéniles se détachent de leur hôte et s’enfouissent dans le substrat où elles se nourrissent de bactéries, d’algues et d’autres particules organiques qu’elles trouvent directement dans le substrat ou dans l’eau interstitielle. Une fois adultes, les moules consomment les mêmes types d’aliments, qu’elles obtiennent de la colonne d’eau par filtration. Les habitats privilégiés de l’espèce sont les zones abritées des lacs et les parties des rivières où le courant est faible et où l’on trouve du substrat de sable fin et de boue. La ligumie pointue n’est présente que dans l’Est de l’Amérique du Nord, depuis les Grands Lacs inférieurs vers l’est jusqu’aux États de New York et du New Hampshire, et vers le sud jusqu’en Caroline du Sud. Au Canada, on la trouve seulement dans la région des Grands Lacs du Sud de l’Ontario, où on la recense habituellement en faibles nombres éparpillés dans des coins isolés de milieux humides dans les Grands Lacs inférieurs et quelques lacs intérieurs. Grâce à la récente intensification du travail de recherche, on a découvert que la ligumie pointue était aussi présente dans certains milieux humides côtiers du lac Érié et du lac Ontario, ainsi que dans plusieurs lacs intérieurs de l’Est de l’Ontario. Cette découverte vient gonfler sensiblement les anciennes estimations quant à la zone d’occupation de l’espèce et au nombre d’endroits où on la trouve. On a également observé une hausse de son abondance dans la sous-population du delta de la rivière Sainte-Claire. Les répercussions sur les populations de l’invasion des moules de la famille des Dreissenidae se sont atténuées, bien qu’elles posent toujours problème. Parmi les autres menaces, mentionnons la pollution découlant du rejet d’eaux usées, et les effluents agricoles et industriels. Bien que considérée par le passé comme une espèce en voie de disparition, la ligumie pointue passe au statut d’espèce préoccupante grâce à la découverte de plusieurs nouveaux endroits et à la hausse de son abondance dans au moins une sous- population. Cette publication hautement spécialisée «COSSARO Candidate Species at Risk Evaluation for Eastern Pondmussel» n'est disponible qu'en anglais conformément au Règlement 671/92, selon lequel il n’est pas obligatoire de la traduire en vertu de la Loi sur les services en français. Pour obtenir des renseignements en français, veuillez communiquer avec le CDSEPO au [email protected]. Executive summary Eastern Pondmussel, Ligumia nasuta, is a medium-sized (average length of 74 mm) freshwater unionid mussel with a compressed, elongate shell in colours that range from yellowish- to greenish-black in juveniles to dark brown or black in adults. The interior lining of shell is usually silvery-white or bluish-white in Ontario mussels. Males and females are difficult to differentiate on the basis of their shell morphology. Reproduction occurs in late summer, and females brood the larvae over the winter. By the spring, the larvae reach a specialized stage known as glochidia, which are released onto the gills of host fish. In order to survive, glochidia must spend a period of time attached to a host fish; they obtain nutrients from this host and develop into juveniles. Hosts in Canada are thought to include Brook Stickleback, Largemouth Bass, Pumpkinseed and Yellow Perch. After a period of development, the juvenile mussels drop off their hosts, and bury into the substrate where they feed on bacteria, algae and other organic particles obtained directly from the substrate or interstitial water. Adult mussels feed on similar types of food that they filter from the water column. Preferred habitat is found in sheltered areas of lakes and slow-flowing sections of rivers with substrates of fine sand and mud. Eastern Pondmussel occurs only in eastern North America, with a distribution that runs from the lower Great Lakes east through New York to New Hampshire, and south to South Carolina. In Canada, it has been found only in the Great Lakes region of southern Ontario, where it has typically been recorded at low abundance in many isolated wetland patches in the lower Great Lakes and a few inland lakes. A recent increase in search effort has led to new findings of Eastern Pondmussel in some of the coastal wetlands of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and also in several eastern Ontario inland lakes. These new findings substantially increase the previous estimates of area of occupancy and number of locations. In addition, an increase in abundance has been recorded for the St. Clair River delta subpopulation. The impacts of invasive dreissenid mussels on populations have lessened, although they remain a threat. Other threats include pollution from wastewater discharge, and agricultural and industrial effluents. Although previously assessed as Endangered, the discovery of several additional sites and the increase in abundance in at least one subpopulation has allowed the Eastern Pondmussel to be down- listed to Special Concern. 1. Eligibility for Ontario status assessment 1.1. Eligibility conditions 1.1.1. Taxonomic distinctness Ligumia nasuta (Say) is recognized as a species by Turgeon et al. (1998) and Graf and Cummings (2007). Although taxonomic revisions of the genus Lagumia may be forthcoming (Zanatta and Murphy, 2006; Kuehnl, 2009), these do not reflect any uncertainty regarding the taxonomic distinctness of L. nasuta. 1.1.2 Designatable units All Canadian subpopulations are found within the Great Lakes-Upper St. Lawrence National Freshwater Biogeographic Zone (COSEWIC, 2017). Additionally, there is no evidence of multiple DUs based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of Eastern Pondmussels sampled across the Great Lakes region including sites in Ontario (Scott et al. 2014). 1.1.3 Native status Eastern Pondmussel was first recorded in Canada in 1860 (COSEWIC, 2017). It is considered a native Ontario species. 1.1.4 Occurrence Numerous records from the past decade show the Eastern Pondmussel still occurs in Ontario. 1.2. Eligibility results Eastern Pondmussel (Ligumia nasuta) is eligible for status assessment in Ontario. 2. Background information 2.1. Current designations o GRANK: G4 (NatureServe accessed October, 2017) o NRANK Canada: N1 o COSEWIC: Special Concern (2017) o SARA: Endangered (Schedule 1) o ESA 2007: Endangered (April, 2007) o SRANK: S1 (ranked in 2013) 2.2. Distribution in Ontario Prior to the invasion of dreissenid mussels in the 1980s, Eastern Pondmussel was one of the most common species of freshwater mussel in the lower Great Lakes region. Since that time it has apparently been eliminated from numerous sites in the offshore waters of Lake St. Clair and Lake Erie in Canada, although a subpopulation with an estimated size of 270,000 – 1,200,000 individuals remains in the nearshore areas of the St. Clair River delta (Figure 1). Extant subpopulations (of unknown sizes) exist in the coastal wetlands of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and several eastern Ontario inland lakes and rivers including Fishing, Loughborough and White/Ingelsby lakes, and Lyn Creek (a tributary of the upper St. Lawrence River). A recent increase in sampling effort identified previously unknown subpopulations along the Lake Ontario nearshore in the lower Trent River, Rouge River Marsh, Carruthers Creek, Lynde Creek Marsh, Presqu’ile Bay (shells only), Weller’s Bay and Pleasant Bay Marsh; the majority of these assessments were based on records of live individuals (Figure 2), and reflect an increase in search effort in recent years (Table 1). The recent COSEWIC assessment identifies a total of 15 subpopulations (COSEWIC, 2017): Detroit River, St. Clair River Delta, Lake Erie, Sydenham River, Grand River, Coyle Creek (Welland River), Niagara River, Lake Ontario, Mill Dam Pond (Rouge River), White/Ingelsby Lake, Beaver Lake, Loughborough Lake, Fishing Lake, Whitefish Lake, and Lyn and Golden Creeks. NHIC currently lists 16 EOs, although records from two of these pre-date the ‘current’ timeframe as defined by COSEWIC (2017) (pre- 2007), and additional records are awaiting review and verification by NHIC. Figure 1. Historical (1894-2006) and current distribution (2007-2015) of Eastern Pondmussel in Canadian water (based on records from the Lower Great Lakes Unionid Database). Historical distributions are based on 255 records, 20% of which represent known live occurrences; the remaining historical records are for shells that, in many cases, could have washed up on the shore from deeper water. Figure copied from COSEWIC (2017).
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