Evaluating Sediment and Water Sampling Methods for the Estimation of Deep-Sea Biodiversity Using Environmental
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Gastrointestinal Helminthic Parasites of Habituated Wild Chimpanzees
Aus dem Institut für Parasitologie und Tropenveterinärmedizin des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Gastrointestinal helminthic parasites of habituated wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in the Taï NP, Côte d’Ivoire − including characterization of cultured helminth developmental stages using genetic markers Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Sonja Metzger Tierärztin aus München Berlin 2014 Journal-Nr.: 3727 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Dekan: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jürgen Zentek Erster Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna Zweiter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Heribert Hofer Dritter Gutachter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Achim Gruber Deskriptoren (nach CAB-Thesaurus): chimpanzees, helminths, host parasite relationships, fecal examination, characterization, developmental stages, ribosomal RNA, mitochondrial DNA Tag der Promotion: 10.06.2015 Contents I INTRODUCTION ---------------------------------------------------- 1- 4 I.1 Background 1- 3 I.2 Study objectives 4 II LITERATURE OVERVIEW --------------------------------------- 5- 37 II.1 Taï National Park 5- 7 II.1.1 Location and climate 5- 6 II.1.2 Vegetation and fauna 6 II.1.3 Human pressure and impact on the park 7 II.2 Chimpanzees 7- 12 II.2.1 Status 7 II.2.2 Group sizes and composition 7- 9 II.2.3 Territories and ranging behavior 9 II.2.4 Diet and hunting behavior 9- 10 II.2.5 Contact with humans 10 II.2.6 -
Biology Two DOL38 - 41
III. Phylum Platyhelminthes A. General characteristics All About Worms! 1. flat worms a. distinct head & tail ends 2. bilateral symmetry 3. habitat = free-living aquatic or parasitic *a. Parasite = heterotroph that gets its nutrients from the living organisms in/on which they live Ph. Platyhelminthes Ph. Nematoda Ph. Annelida 4. motile 5. carnivores or detritivores 6. reproduce sexually & asexually Biology Two DOL38 - 41 7/4/2016 B. Anatomy 3. Simple nervous system 1. have 3 body layers w/ true tissues a. brain-like ganglia in head & organs b. 2 longitudinal nerves with a. inner = endoderm transverse nerves across body b. middle = mesoderm 4. Lack respiratory, circulatory systems c. outer = ectoderm 5. Parasitic forms lack digestive & excretory systems 2. are acoelomates - lack a coelom around internal organs a. use diffusion to supply needs from host organisms a. digestive tract is formed of endoderm 6. Planaria anat. 7. Tapeworm anat. a. flat body w/ arrow-shaped head & a. head = scolex tapered tail 1) has hooks to help hold onto host b. light-sensitive eyespots on head 2) has suckers to ingest food c. body covered in cilia & mucus to aid b. body segments = proglottids movement 1) new ones form right behind head d. digestive tract only open at mouth 2) each segment produces gametes 1) in center of ventral surface 3) each houses excretory organs 2) used for feeding, excretion C. Physiology 1. Digestion (free-living) a. pharynx extends out of mouth b. sucks food into intestines for digestion c. excretory pores & mouth/pharynx remove wastes 2. Reproduction varies a. Sexual for free-living (& some parasites) 1) hermaphrodites a) cross-fertilize or self-fertilize internally b. -
Sex Is a Ubiquitous, Ancient, and Inherent Attribute of Eukaryotic Life
PAPER Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of COLLOQUIUM eukaryotic life Dave Speijera,1, Julius Lukešb,c, and Marek Eliášd,1 aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, and Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic; cCanadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1Z8; and dDepartment of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved April 8, 2015 (received for review February 14, 2015) Sexual reproduction and clonality in eukaryotes are mostly Sex in Eukaryotic Microorganisms: More Voyeurs Needed seen as exclusive, the latter being rather exceptional. This view Whereas absence of sex is considered as something scandalous for might be biased by focusing almost exclusively on metazoans. a zoologist, scientists studying protists, which represent the ma- We analyze and discuss reproduction in the context of extant jority of extant eukaryotic diversity (2), are much more ready to eukaryotic diversity, paying special attention to protists. We accept that a particular eukaryotic group has not shown any evi- present results of phylogenetically extended searches for ho- dence of sexual processes. Although sex is very well documented mologs of two proteins functioning in cell and nuclear fusion, in many protist groups, and members of some taxa, such as ciliates respectively (HAP2 and GEX1), providing indirect evidence for (Alveolata), diatoms (Stramenopiles), or green algae (Chlor- these processes in several eukaryotic lineages where sex has oplastida), even serve as models to study various aspects of sex- – not been observed yet. -
Classification of Parasites BLY 459 First Lab Test (October 10, 2010)
Classification of Parasites BLY 459 First Lab Test (October 10, 2010) If a taxonomic name is not in bold type, you will not be held responsible for it on the lab exam. Terms and common names that may be asked are also listed. I have attempted to be consistent with the taxonomic schemes in your text as well as to list all slides and live specimens that were displayed. In addition to highlighted taxa, be familiar with, material in lab handouts (especially proper nomenclature), lab display sheets, as well as material presented in lecture. Questions about vectors and locations within hosts will be asked. Be able to recognize healthy from infected tissue. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Class Turbellaria Dugesia (=Planaria ) Free-living, anatomy, X-section Bdelloura horseshoe crab gills Class Monogenea Gyrodactylus , Neobenedenis, Ergocotyle gills of freshwater fish Neopolystoma urinary bladder of turtles Class Trematoda ( Flukes ) Subclass Digenea Life-cycle stages: Recognize miracidia, sporocyst, redia, cercaria , metacercaria, adults & anatomy, model Order ?? Hirudinella ventricosa wahoo stomach Nasitrema nasal cavity of bottlenose dolphin Order Strigeiformes Family Schistosomatidae Schistosoma japonicum adults, male & female, liver granuloma & healthy liver, ova, cercariae, no metacercariae, adults in mesenteric intestinal veins Order Echinostomatiformes Family Fasciolidae Fasciola hepatica sheep & human liver, liver fluke Order Plagiorchiformes Family Dicrocoeliidae Dicrocoelium & Eurytrema Cure for All Diseases by Hulda Clark, Paragonimus -
Ascaris Lumbricoides, Roundworm, Causative Agent Of
http://www.MetaPathogen.com: Human roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides ● Ascaris lumbricoides taxonomy ● Brief facts ● Developmental stages ● Treatment ● References Ascaris lumbricoides taxonomy cellular organisms - Eukaryota - Fungi/Metazoa group - Metazoa - Eumetazoa - Bilateria - Pseudocoelomata - Nematoda - Chromadorea - Ascaridida - Ascaridoidea - Ascarididae - Ascaris - Ascaris lumbricoides Brief facts ● Together with human hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus also described at MetaPathogen) and whipworms (Trichuris trichiura), Ascaris lumbricoides (human roundworms) belong to a group of so-called soil-transmitted helminths that represent one of the world's most important causes of physical and intellectual growth retardation. ● Today, ascariasis is among the most important tropical diseases in humans with more than billion infected people world-wide. Ascariasis is mostly seen in tropical and subtropical countries because of warm and humid conditions that facilitate development and survival of eggs. The majority of infections occur in Asia (up to 73%), followed by Africa (~12%) and Latin America (~8%). ● Ascaris lumbricoides is one of six worms listed and named by Linnaeus. Its name has remained unchanged up to date. ● Ascariasis is an ancient infection, and A. lumbricoides have been found in human remains from Peru dating as early as 2277 BC. There are records of A. lumbricoides in Egyptian mummy dating from 1938 to 1600 BC. Despite of long history of awareness and scientific observations, the parasite's life cycle in humans, including the migration of the larval stages around the body, was discovered only in 1922 by a Japanese pediatrician, Shimesu Koino. ● Unlike the hookworm, whose third-stage (L3) larvae actively penetrate skin, A. lumbricoides (as well as T. trichiura) is transmitted passively within the eggs after being swallowed by the host as a result of fecal contamination. -
Kinomes of Selected Parasitic Helminths - Fundamental and Applied Implications
KINOMES OF SELECTED PARASITIC HELMINTHS - FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED IMPLICATIONS Andreas Julius Stroehlein BSc (Bingen am Rhein, Germany) MSc (Berlin, Germany) ORCID ID 0000-0001-9432-9816 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2017 Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne Produced on archival quality paper ii SUMMARY ________________________________________________________________ Worms (helminths) are a large, paraphyletic group of organisms including free-living and parasitic representatives. Among the latter, many species of roundworms (phylum Nematoda) and flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) are of major socioeconomic importance worldwide, causing debilitating diseases in humans and livestock. Recent advances in molecular technologies have allowed for the analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data for a range of helminth species. In this context, studying molecular signalling pathways in these species is of particular interest and should help to gain a deeper understanding of the evolution and fundamental biology of parasitism among these species. To this end, the objective of the present thesis was to characterise and curate the protein kinase complements (kinomes) of parasitic worms based on available transcriptomic data and draft genome sequences using a bioinformatic workflow in order to increase our understanding of how kinase signalling regulates fundamental biology and also to gain new insights into the evolution of protein kinases in parasitic worms. In addition, this work also aimed to investigate protein kinases with regard to their potential as useful targets for the development of novel anthelmintic small-molecule agents. This thesis consists of a literature review, four chapters describing original research findings and a general discussion. -
A Phylum-Wide Survey Reveals Multiple Independent Gains of Head Regeneration Ability in Nemertea
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/439497; this version posted October 11, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. A phylum-wide survey reveals multiple independent gains of head regeneration ability in Nemertea Eduardo E. Zattara1,2,5, Fernando A. Fernández-Álvarez3, Terra C. Hiebert4, Alexandra E. Bely2 and Jon L. Norenburg1 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA 2 Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA 3 Institut de Ciències del Mar, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain 4 Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA 5 INIBIOMA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Bariloche, RN, Argentina Corresponding author: E.E. Zattara, [email protected] Abstract Animals vary widely in their ability to regenerate, suggesting that regenerative abilities have a rich evolutionary history. However, our understanding of this history remains limited because regeneration ability has only been evaluated in a tiny fraction of species. Available comparative regeneration studies have identified losses of regenerative ability, yet clear documentation of gains is lacking. We surveyed regenerative ability in 34 species spanning the phylum Nemertea, assessing the ability to regenerate heads and tails either through our own experiments or from literature reports. Our sampling included representatives of the 10 most diverse families and all three orders comprising this phylum. -
Xenacoelomorpha's Significance for Understanding Bilaterian Evolution
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Xenacoelomorpha’s significance for understanding bilaterian evolution Andreas Hejnol and Kevin Pang The Xenacoelomorpha, with its phylogenetic position as sister biology models are the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster and group of the Nephrozoa (Protostomia + Deuterostomia), plays the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, in which basic prin- a key-role in understanding the evolution of bilaterian cell types ciples of developmental processes have been studied in and organ systems. Current studies of the morphological and great detail. It might be because the field of evolutionary developmental diversity of this group allow us to trace the developmental biology — EvoDevo — has its origin in evolution of different organ systems within the group and to developmental biology and not evolutionary biology that reconstruct characters of the most recent common ancestor of species under investigation are often called ‘model spe- Xenacoelomorpha. The disparity of the clade shows that there cies’. Criteria for selected representative species are cannot be a single xenacoelomorph ‘model’ species and primarily the ease of access to collected material and strategic sampling is essential for understanding the evolution their ability to be cultivated in the lab [1]. In some cases, of major traits. With this strategy, fundamental insights into the a supposedly larger number of ancestral characters or a evolution of molecular mechanisms and their role in shaping dominant role in ecosystems have played an additional animal organ systems can be expected in the near future. role in selecting model species. These arguments were Address used to attract sufficient funding for genome sequencing Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of and developmental studies that are cost-intensive inves- Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway tigations. -
Protistology an International Journal Vol
Protistology An International Journal Vol. 10, Number 2, 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM «PROTIST–2016» Yuri Mazei (Vice-Chairman) Welcome Address 2 Organizing Committee 3 Organizers and Sponsors 4 Abstracts 5 Author Index 94 Forum “PROTIST-2016” June 6–10, 2016 Moscow, Russia Website: http://onlinereg.ru/protist-2016 WELCOME ADDRESS Dear colleagues! Republic) entitled “Diplonemids – new kids on the block”. The third lecture will be given by Alexey The Forum “PROTIST–2016” aims at gathering Smirnov (Saint Petersburg State University, Russia): the researchers in all protistological fields, from “Phylogeny, diversity, and evolution of Amoebozoa: molecular biology to ecology, to stimulate cross- new findings and new problems”. Then Sandra disciplinary interactions and establish long-term Baldauf (Uppsala University, Sweden) will make a international scientific cooperation. The conference plenary presentation “The search for the eukaryote will cover a wide range of fundamental and applied root, now you see it now you don’t”, and the fifth topics in Protistology, with the major focus on plenary lecture “Protist-based methods for assessing evolution and phylogeny, taxonomy, systematics and marine water quality” will be made by Alan Warren DNA barcoding, genomics and molecular biology, (Natural History Museum, United Kingdom). cell biology, organismal biology, parasitology, diversity and biogeography, ecology of soil and There will be two symposia sponsored by ISoP: aquatic protists, bioindicators and palaeoecology. “Integrative co-evolution between mitochondria and their hosts” organized by Sergio A. Muñoz- The Forum is organized jointly by the International Gómez, Claudio H. Slamovits, and Andrew J. Society of Protistologists (ISoP), International Roger, and “Protists of Marine Sediments” orga- Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP), nized by Jun Gong and Virginia Edgcomb. -
A Distinct Lineage of Giant Viruses Brings a Rhodopsin Photosystem to Unicellular Marine Predators
A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators David M. Needhama,1, Susumu Yoshizawab,1, Toshiaki Hosakac,1, Camille Poiriera,d, Chang Jae Choia,d, Elisabeth Hehenbergera,d, Nicholas A. T. Irwine, Susanne Wilkena,2, Cheuk-Man Yunga,d, Charles Bachya,3, Rika Kuriharaf, Yu Nakajimab, Keiichi Kojimaf, Tomomi Kimura-Someyac, Guy Leonardg, Rex R. Malmstromh, Daniel R. Mendei, Daniel K. Olsoni, Yuki Sudof, Sebastian Sudeka, Thomas A. Richardsg, Edward F. DeLongi, Patrick J. Keelinge, Alyson E. Santoroj, Mikako Shirouzuc, Wataru Iwasakib,k,4, and Alexandra Z. Wordena,d,4 aMonterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039; bAtmosphere & Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8564, Japan; cLaboratory for Protein Functional & Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; dOcean EcoSystems Biology Unit, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany; eDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; fGraduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; gLiving Systems Institute, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4SB, United Kingdom; hDepartment of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; iDaniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822; jDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; and kDepartment of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Edited by W. Ford Doolittle, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, and approved August 8, 2019 (received for review May 27, 2019) Giant viruses are remarkable for their large genomes, often rivaling genomes that range up to 2.4 Mb (Fig. -
New Phylogenomic Analysis of the Enigmatic Phylum Telonemia Further Resolves the Eukaryote Tree of Life
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life Jürgen F. H. Strassert1, Mahwash Jamy1, Alexander P. Mylnikov2, Denis V. Tikhonenkov2, Fabien Burki1,* 1Department of Organismal Biology, Program in Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden 2Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Yaroslavl Region, Russia *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Keywords: TSAR, Telonemia, phylogenomics, eukaryotes, tree of life, protists bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/403329; this version posted August 30, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract The broad-scale tree of eukaryotes is constantly improving, but the evolutionary origin of several major groups remains unknown. Resolving the phylogenetic position of these ‘orphan’ groups is important, especially those that originated early in evolution, because they represent missing evolutionary links between established groups. Telonemia is one such orphan taxon for which little is known. The group is composed of molecularly diverse biflagellated protists, often prevalent although not abundant in aquatic environments. -
The Transcriptome of Trichuris Suis – First Molecular Insights Into a Parasite with Curative Properties for Key Immune Diseases of Humans
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchOnline at James Cook University The Transcriptome of Trichuris suis – First Molecular Insights into a Parasite with Curative Properties for Key Immune Diseases of Humans Cinzia Cantacessi1*, Neil D. Young1, Peter Nejsum2, Aaron R. Jex1, Bronwyn E. Campbell1, Ross S. Hall1, Stig M. Thamsborg2, Jean-Pierre Scheerlinck1,3, Robin B. Gasser1* 1 Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, 2 Departments of Veterinary Disease Biology and Basic Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 3 Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia Abstract Background: Iatrogenic infection of humans with Trichuris suis (a parasitic nematode of swine) is being evaluated or promoted as a biological, curative treatment of immune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis, in humans. Although it is understood that short-term T. suis infectioninpeoplewithsuchdiseases usually induces a modified Th2-immune response, nothing is known about the molecules in the parasite that induce this response. Methodology/Principal Findings: As a first step toward filling the gaps in our knowledge of the molecular biology of T. suis, we characterised the transcriptome of the adult stage of this nematode employing next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic techniques. A total of ,65,000,000 reads were generated and assembled into