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DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVING THE WORKS OF STANLEY THOMPSON, GOLDEN AGE GOLF COURSE ARCHITECT A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by KIRSTEN L BROWN In partial fulfillment of requirements For the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture August 2010 © Kirsten L. Brown, 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-O-494-68055-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-68055-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'Intemet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, §Iectronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent fetre imprim§s ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondares ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada ABSTRACT DEVELOPING GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVING THE WORKS OF STANLEY THOMPSON, GOLDEN AGE GOLF COURSE ARCHITECT Kirsten L. Brown Advisor: University of Guelph, 2010 Professor C. Paine The Golden Age of golf course architecture has provided some of the most notable examples of naturalistic and strategic design in North America. Therefore, understanding features integral to expressing the designer's original vision should be a decisive first step in planning alterations to Golden Age courses. This study develops guidelines formulated specifically to evaluate golf courses designed by Canadian, Stanley Thompson. The research investigates two distinct topics, using independent studies for each to: extract Thompson's principles (53) from his thoughts and philosophies on design through historical research; and, to develop a conservation framework through comparison of current heritage conservation policies and best practices from Canada, United States and United Kingdom and a synthesis of relevant concepts. Thompson's design principles are then integrated with the conservation framework to generate detailed guidelines that can be used to inventory and evaluate the significance and integrity of original and extant features of his designs. Key Terms: design principles, heritage conservation framework (policies/practices), validation golf course alteration/renovation/preservation/modernization and strategic golf course design Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Cecelia Paine, for her guidance and support throughout this process and for sharing with me her incredible wealth of knowledge in the area of heritage conservation. Thank you to Sean Kelly, my academic advisor throughout the MLA program and committee member for this project, for always having time to listen and for his constant encouragement. Thanks also to the Stanley Thompson Society for introducing me to Thompson's work and for inspiring me to pursue this research. Finally, a special thanks to my big sis for always leading the way; to my mom for teaching me to never, never, never, give up; to my editor June for enduring countless hours of bedtime reading; and, last but certainly not least, to Michael for his endless support and for always taking the time to 'go over it' with me! You have been my greatest sources of strength and inspiration! Now...on to the next! i Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements I Table of Contents n CHAPTER | one 1.0 Introduction 1 1.01 Thompson's Contribution and Influence 1 1.02 Thompson's Design Philosophy 3 1.1 The Research 4 1.2 Research Goal & Objectives 7 1.3 Thesis Overview 8 CHAPTER | two - STANLEY THOMPSON: CONTEXT AND PRINCIPLES 2.0 Chapter Introduction 10 PART I: HISTORY OF GOLF COURSE ARCHITECTURE AND THOMPSON'S CONTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE 2.1 The Origin and Evolution of Golf and Golf Course Architecture 10 2.2 The History of Golf Course Architecture in North America 16 2.2.1 The Golden Age of Golf Course Design 17 2.3 Stanley Thompson's Contribution and Influence 20 2.3.1 Thompson's Contributions to Golf Course Architecture in Canada 20 2.3.2 Thompson's Influence on Golf Course Architecture in Canada 24 PART II: THOMPSON'S DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES AND DISTILLING PRINCIPLES 2.4 General Principles and Philosophies of Golf Course Design 29 2.4.1 General Principles of Golf Course Design 29 2.4.2 General Philosophies of Golf Course Design 31 2.5 Methods: Distilling Thompson's Principles 36 2.5.1 Sources and Types of Evidence 38 ii 2.5.2 Data Collection 41 2.5.3 Organization and Evaluation 43 2.5.4 Documentation 48 2.6 Chapter Summary 53 CHAPTER | three - HERITAGE CONSERVATION FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT 3.0 Chapter Introduction 54 PART I: REVIEW OF LITERATURE RELATED TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPES 3.1 Part I Introduction 54 SECTION A| theory 3.2 Landscapes vs. Cultural Landscapes 56 3.2.1 Positioning Golf Courses within the Context of Cultural Landscapes 57 3.3 Significance 60 3.3.1 Significance Criteria 61 3.3.2 Historic Context 64 3.3.3 Hierarchy for Evaluating Significance 66 3.3.4 Period of Significance 67 SECTION B | assessment process 3.4 Inventory of Original Features and Elements 68 3.4.1 Scale 68 3.4.2 Landscape Characteristics & Character-Defining Elements 70 3.4.3 Chronology & Physical History 75 3.5 Existing Conditions 75 3.6 Historic Integrity 77 3.6.1 Assessing Historic Integrity 78 3.7 Contributing and Non-Contributing Features 81 3.8 Documenting & Using Findings 81 3.8.1 Statement of Significance 81 3.8.2 Summary Statement 84 iii 3.8.3 General Management Categories 84 3.8.4 Treatment Options 85 3.9 Part I Summary 88 PART II: SUMMARY AND COMPARISON OF ASSESSMENT METHODS 3.10 Part II Introduction 89 3.11 Scope 89 3.12 Approach to Comparison 90 3.13 Findings of Comparison 94 3.13.1 Study Sponsor 94 3.13.2 Type of Study 94 3.13.3 Scale & Level of Detail 95 3.13.4 Landscape Types 95 3.13.5 Purpose 97 3.13.6 Methods of Investigation and Procedural Focus 97 3.13.7 Summary of Approaches 98 PART III: DEVELOPMENT OF A CONSERVATION FRAMEWORK 3.14 Part II Introduction 99 3.15 Background: Cultural Landscape Assessment in the U.S. National Park Service. 99 3.16 The Heritage Conservation Framework 100 3.17 Chapter Summary 102 CHAPTER | four - GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING GOLF COURSES DESIGNED BY STANLEY THOMPSON 4.0 Chapter Introduction 103 4.1 Guideline Structure 103 4.2 Guidelines for Evaluating Golf Courses Designed by Stanley Thompson 106 4.2.1 Guideline Assumptions and Outline 106 4.3 Preface 107 4.3.1 Purpose and Use 107 iv 4.3.2 Qualifications for Evaluators 108 4.4 Client & Golf Course Background 109 4.4.1 Inventory Unit 109 4.4.2 Golf Course Management Summary 109 4.4.3 Historical Summary 110 4.4.4 Scope of Work Ill 4.5 Site History and Inventory 115 4.5.1 Historic Context 115 4.5.2 Golf Course Inventory 116 4.5.3 Chronology and Physical History 134 4.5.4 Research 135 4.5.5 Documenting Research Findings 138 4.6 Existing Conditions 139 4.6.1 Research 139 4.6.2 Field Investigation 140 4.6.3 Conditions Assessment 143 4.7 Analysis and Evaluation 145 4.7.1 Site History and Existing Conditions Summary 145 4.7.2 Evaluating Historic Integrity 146 4.7.3 Identifying Contributing and Non-contributing Elements 156 4.7.4 Writing the Statement of Significance 156 4.8 Golf Course Planning and Management 157 4.8.1 Golf Course Description and Base Plan 157 4.8.2 Golf Course Management Categories 159 4.9 Chapter Summary 162 Chapter | five - DEMONSTRATION & DISCUSSIONS 5.0 Demonstration Example: Banff Springs Golf Course 163 5.1 Generating Information on Client & Golf Course Background 164 v 5.1.1 Inventory Unit 164 5.1.2 Golf Course Management Summary 164 5.1.3 Historical Summary 165 5.2 Site History and Inventory 169 5.2.1 Consideration #1 171 5.2.2 Consideration #2 173 5.3 Chronology and Physical History 177 5.4 Existing Conditions 180 5.4.1 Closing Sequence, Post 1987 Renovations 181 5.4.2 1st Hole, Post 1987 Renovations 182 5.4.3 18th Hole, Post 1987 Renovations 183 5.4.4 Conditions Assessment 183 5.5 Analysis and Evaluation 184 5.5.1 Site History and Existing Conditions Summary 184 5.5.2 Evaluating Historic Integrity 192 5.6 Discussion of Guidelines 195 5.6.1 Inventory Tables 195 5.6.2 Comprehensive Study 196 5.6.3 Access to Information 197 5.6.4 Expert-Based Approach 197 5.7 Chapter Summary 197 Chapter| six-RESEARCH SUMMARY 6.0 Comments on the Research 198 6.1 Limitations and Future Work 201 6.2 Conclusion 203 vi References 205 Archival References 216 Appendix A | Analysis of Score Golf Magazine Course Ratings 220 Appendix B| Analysis of Score Golf Magazine Course Ratings 222 Appendix C | Distilling Thompson's Design Principles: Coding primary evidence.
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