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Exploring the History of Golf Course Design

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Exploring the History of Golf Course Design Exploring the History of Golf Course Design by Keith Cutten A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Keith Cutten, April, 2016 ABSTRACT EXPLORING THE HISTORY OF GOLF COURSE DESIGN Keith Cutten Advisor: University of Guelph, 2016 Prof. Robert Brown Golf’s future is in question. Fewer people are participating, environmental restrictions are altering construction and maintenance practices, and improved equipment technologies have necessitated longer golf holes increasing management and playing costs. There is a lack of research examining the influence that golf course architecture has had on the evolution, and current state, of the game of golf. This study explored connections between the evolution of golf architecture and external influences such as technology, media, social trends, the economy and allied professional fields. A decade- by-decade breakdown revealed 10 eras and 8 schools of design. This process led to the recognition of two high points in the evolution of golf course architecture, one pre-WWII and one on-going since 1995. Questionnaires were sent to 35 leading designers, from which aggregate findings were compared to writings of 35 pre-WWII designers. Themes were distilled which suggested a correlation between both high points of design practice. iii Acknowledgements I must first thank my loving wife, Amanda Maxwell-Cutten, for all her support and encouragement throughout both this thesis and my MLA degree. Your ability to push me to new heights has made this work possible. I love you. As I write this, we are expecting our first children. Twins in fact. I would like to dedicate this work to them as well. I pray that my efforts here will inspire you to always chase your dreams in life, no matter how difficult the path. Secondly, I would like to thank my family. My parents are my role models and taught me early that hard work and education will open doors. I thank you for your seemingly endless encouragement and support. I would not be here if it wasn’t for you. I would also like to thank my grandfather, Maurice Cutten, whose passion for golf instilled in me the same love of the game. My brother, Patrick Cutten, also deserves thanks for if it wasn’t for brotherly competition, both on and off the golf course, I don’t think either of us would be as driven as we are. I love you all. Next, I would like to thank my thesis committee. My advisor Bob Brown has been my guiding light from day one in this program. Thank you for helping me explore the possibilities of landscape architecture and providing direction when needed. Your assistance on this thesis has been invaluable. Special thanks must go to Cecelia Paine whose passions for golf and cultural heritage provided great benefit to the completion of this thesis. I have appreciated your insights and support (STS and ASLA) through my time at Guelph. Thank you both for everything. iv Though you must remain anonymous, I would like to thank each and every golf course architect who responded to my questionnaire. Your time is valuable and I deeply appreciate you using it to aid me in my educational endeavour. Thank you. I would like to thank writers/historians Geoffrey Cornish, Ron Whitten, Geoffrey Shackelford and Tom MacWood. Without your earlier efforts this thesis would not have been achievable. I thank you for your vision and love of the game. To my mentors in golf course architecture – Rod Whitman, Bill Coore and Jeff Mingay – thank you for your encouragement and support. To the University of Guelph and the Province of Ontario, thank you for the Ontario Graduate Scholarship. It is a true honour to have my academic excellence in graduate studies at the master's level recognized. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank The Stanley Thompson Society for their generous support and encouragement. Thank you for making me the second recipient of the Stanley Thompson Graduate Scholarship. It is funny how life can come full circle, as it was Stanley Thompson who got me interested in golf course design and it was his society who helped me continue in my pursuit of becoming a great architect. In the words of Stanley Thompson, “it's all out there for the golfer to see and study.” v Table of Contents Acknowledgements …...…………………………………………………. iii Table of Contents ………………………..………………………………. v List of Figures ……………………..…………………………………….. ix 1. Introduction …………………..……………………………..................... 1 1.1. Background …………..…………………………………………….. 1 1.2. Problem Statement ………………..………………………………... 11 1.3. Study Goal and Objectives ………………..………………………... 11 1.4. Rationale …………………….……………………………………... 12 2. Literature Review …………………………………………………..…… 13 2.1. Overview …………………………………………………………….. 13 2.2. Professional Practice ………………………………………………… 13 2.2.1. Professional Practice in Allied Fields …………………………… 14 2.2.2. Professional Practice in Golf Course Architecture ……………… 16 2.3. Golf Course Architecture ……………………………………………. 17 2.3.1. The Literature of Golf Course Architecture …………………….. 17 2.3.2. The Practitioners and Products of Golf Course Architecture …… 32 2.4. Issues Currently Facing the Game of Golf …………………………... 38 2.5. Summary …………………………………………………………….. 40 vi 3. Method ……………………………………………………….…………... 42 3.1. Research Design ………………………..……………………………. 42 3.2. Scholarship of Integration …………………………………………… 44 3.3. Questionnaires ……………………………………………………….. 45 3.4. Data Analysis ………………………………………………………… 48 3.5. Summary ……………………………………………………………... 48 4. Results ……………………………………………………………………. 50 4.1. Overview …………………………………………………………….. 50 4.2. Scholarship of Integration – The Evolution of Golf Course Architecture …………………..……………………………………… 51 4.2.1. Pre-1830s ………………………………………………………... 51 4.2.2. 1830s …………………………………………………………….. 57 4.2.3. 1840s …………………………………………………………….. 60 4.2.4. 1850s …………………………………………………………….. 64 4.2.5. 1860s …………………………………………………………….. 68 4.2.6. 1870s …………………………………………………………….. 70 4.2.7. 1880s …………………………………………………………….. 76 4.2.8. 1890s …………………………………………………………….. 82 4.2.9. 1900s …………………………………………………………….. 95 4.2.10. 1910s …………………………………………………………….. 107 4.2.11. 1920s …………………………………………………………….. 115 4.2.12. 1930s …………………………………………………………….. 124 vii 4.2.13. 1940s …………………………………………………………….. 136 4.2.14. 1950s …………………………………………………………….. 143 4.2.15. 1960s …………………………………………………………….. 147 4.2.16. 1970s …………………………………………………………….. 151 4.2.17. 1980s …………………………………………………………….. 157 4.2.18. 1990s …………………………………………………………….. 165 4.2.19. 2000s …………………………………………………………….. 174 4.2.20. 2010s …………………………………………………………….. 180 4.3. Scholarship of Integration – Eras in Golf Course Architecture ……... 185 4.4. Questionnaires ……………………………………………………….. 192 4.4.1. Design Influence ………………………………………………… 193 4.4.2. Personal Journey ………………………………………………… 196 4.4.3. Design Process …………………………………………………... 199 4.5. Summary …………………..……………...………………………….. 203 5. Discussion …………………..……………………………………………. 205 5.1. Summary of Research ………...………….………………………….. 205 5.2. Results of Study Objectives …………………………………………. 208 5.3. Limitations of the Study …………...……………………………….... 214 5.4. Applications of Research …………………………………………….. 216 5.5. Future Research ……………………………………………………… 217 6. References …………………..……………………………………………. 219 viii Appendix ………………………………………………………………………... 239 A. Profiles of Influential Golf Course Architects …................................. 239 B. Profiles of Influential Golf Writers …………………………...……... 424 C. Profiles of Influential Golf Course Owners/Members ………………. 457 D. Questionnaires ……………………………………………………….. 469 ix List of Figures Figure 1.1: Established rail lines and golf courses in 1875 ………………..…… 4 Figure 1.2: Golf Participation in the United States, 1986-2009 ……………...… 9 Figure 1.3: Golf Participation in Europe, 2004-2013 …………...……………… 9 Figure 2.1: Landmark Publications in Golf Course Architecture ………………. 19 Figure 2.2: Proof of the “Golden Age of Golf Course Design” and evidence of a trend toward a potential second ………………………………….. 35 Figure 2.3: The most influential golf course architects ………………………… 35 Figure 2.4: Relationship between the production of landmark publications and design excellence in the field of golf course architecture, as represented by most “Top 100” courses …………………………… 37 Figure 3.1: General procedure of methodology …………………….………….. 43 Figure 4.1: The Natural School of golf course architecture, pre-1830s ………... 53 Figure 4.2: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1830s .. 58 Figure 4.3: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1840s .. 61 Figure 4.4: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1850s .. 65 Figure 4.5: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1860s .. 71 Figure 4.6: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1870s .. 75 Figure 4.7: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1880s .. 80 Figure 4.8: Natural School (pre-1830s) compared to the Victorian or Penal School (1870s-1890s) ……………………………………………… 81 Figure 4.9: George Frederick Watts and Mary Seton Watts …………………… 84 Figure 4.10: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1870s.. 85 x Figure 4.11: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1900s.. 96 Figure 4.12: Victorian or Penal School (1870s-1890s) compared to the Early Strategic or Arts & Crafts School (1900s-1910s) ………… 97 Figure 4.13: Timeline of external influences on golf course architecture, 1910s.. 108 Figure 4.14: Timeline of external influences
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