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Rapport Femise 2013 Algérie Maroc 30 Avril 2013

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Rapport Femise 2013 Algérie Maroc 30 Avril 2013 FEMISE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 2008-2009 Impact des transferts de fonds sur la pauvreté et les inégalités : les enseignements de deux nouvelles enquêtes conduites au Maroc et en Algérie Research n°FEM33-22 Directed By E.M. Mouhoud Professeur à l’Université Paris Dauphine In collaboration with: CREAD Algérie (Nacer Eddine Hammouda) Institut Universitaire de la Recherche Scientifique Université Mohammed V Souissi (BAHANI Abdelkabir et HANCHANE Hicham) Centre d’Economie de Paris Nord Université de Paris 13 (Luis Miotti, Joel Oudinet El Mouhoub MOUHOUD) LEDa-DIAL Université Paris Dauphine (Amal Miftah, E.M. Mouhoud) CATT Université de Pau (Jamal Bouoiyour) Avril 2013 Ce rapport a été réalisé avec le soutien financier This document has been produced with the financial assis- de l’Union Européenne au travers du Femise. Le tance of the European Union within the context of the FEMISE contenu du rapport relève de la seule responsabilité program. The contents of this document are the sole respon- des auteurs et ne peut en aucun cas être considéré sibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be comme reflétant l’opinion de l’Union Européenne. regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. CEPN UMR Convention FEMISE – CEPN CNRS Agreement No. FEM33-2 Impact des transferts de fonds sur la pauvreté et les inégalités : les enseignements de deux nouvelles enquêtes conduites au Maroc et en Algérie Responsable de l’étude E.M. Mouhoud Professeur à l’Université Paris Dauphine Rapport final avril 2013 Equipes CREAD Algérie (Nacer Eddine Hammouda) Institut Universitaire de la Recherche Scientifique Université Mohammed V Souissi (BAHANI Abdelkabir et HANCHANE Hicham) Centre d’Economie de Paris Nord Université de Paris 13 (Luis Miotti, Joel Oudinet El Mouhoub MOUHOUD) LEDa-DIAL Université Paris Dauphine (Amal Miftah, E.M. Mouhoud) CATT Université de Pau (Jamal Bouoiyour) 1 Introduction générale .................................................................................................................. 4 Première partie : les effets des transferts de fonds des migrants sur les inégalités et la pauvreté : enseignements de deux enquêtes originales menées en Algérie ............................... 6 Chapitre I. Les effets des transferts des migrants sur la pauvreté et les inégalités : une revue de la littérature économique récente sur données microéconomiques (E.M. Mouhoud) ........... 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 6 Une croissance soutenue et une résilience face à la crise ....................................................... 7 Des effets ambigus mais nets concernant la réduction de la pauvreté ................................... 8 Des comportements différents selon le niveau de pauvreté du pays de départ et l’histoire des vagues d’immigration .................................................................................................... 10 Des coûts de transaction encore exorbitants ......................................................................... 11 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................ 12 Chapitre II. Les deux enquêtes menées en Algérie : analyse descriptive (N.-E. Hammouda (CREAD), L. Miotti (CEPN), E.M. Mouhoud (LEDa Dauphine, CEPN), J.Oudinet (CEPN). .................................................................................................................................................. 13 1. Les deux enquêtes menées dans les régions de Tlemcen et de Kabylie ........................... 14 2. Analyse descriptive des variables ..................................................................................... 16 Des types de ménages aux revenus et sources différents ..................................................... 19 Comment expliquer ces différences de revenus ? ................................................................ 20 Description et calcul de l’indice de stock de capital productif des ménages ....................... 20 Les résultats de l’ACM ......................................................................................................... 21 Niveau d’éducation ou capital humain ................................................................................. 23 Chapter III. Remittances, Poverty and Inequality in Algeria (L. Miotti, E.M. Mouhoud, J. Oudinet) .................................................................................................................................... 25 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 25 2. A Review of the Literature on the Impact of Transfers ................................................... 26 3.The Empirical Method ....................................................................................................... 29 4. A Descriptive Analysis of the Data of the Two Surveys Conducted in Algeria .............. 34 5. Main Results ..................................................................................................................... 41 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 51 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 52 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................... 54 ANNEX 1: The Representativeness of the Survey .............................................................. 54 Annex 2 : Statistics for Nedroma and Idjeur ........................................................................ 56 Annex 3: Description and Calculation of the Index of Household’s Productive Capital Stock ..................................................................................................................................... 58 Annex 4: Impact of Counterfactual Scenarios on Poverty Rates ......................................... 60 Annexe 5. Impact des transferts sur la consommation des ménages (Lola Dubosc) ........... 61 L'impact des transferts sur le niveau de pauvreté ................................................................. 61 L'impact des transferts sur les inégalités de consommation ................................................. 64 Les limites ............................................................................................................................ 65 Deuxième partie ....................................................................................................................... 67 Impact des transferts de fonds des migrants sur les ménages marocains ................................. 67 2 Chapitre IV. Impact des transferts de fonds sur les inégalités au Maroc (A. Bahani et H. Hanchane) ................................................................................................................................. 67 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 68 1- impact des transferts de fonds sur les régions de départ : une revue de littérature. ......... 70 2- Une économie fondée sur l’agriculture et l’élevage ........................................................ 76 3- Méthodologie d’échantillonnage ...................................................................................... 83 4- Caractéristiques socio-économiques de la population de notre échantillon .................... 86 5- Les migrations internationales : facteurs d’inégalité socio-économique ......................... 95 6- L’habitat et les équipements de base .............................................................................. 106 7- Les caractéristiques socio-économiques des migrants ................................................... 112 8- Impact des transferts sur l’inégalité des revenus parmi les ménages de notre échantillon ............................................................................................................................................ 118 9. Les transferts et la pauvreté des ménages : analyse de l’échantillon ............................. 121 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 126 Bibliographie .......................................................................................................................... 128 Chapitre V. Les transferts de fonds réduisent-ils la pauvreté et les inégalités de revenus? Une vérification empirique à travers une enquête dans le milieu rural marocain (J . Bouoiyour et A. Miftah) .................................................................................................................................... 142 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 143 2. Revue de la littérature ..................................................................................................... 145 3. Mesures de la pauvreté et son évolution dans le contexte marocain .............................. 148 4. Démarche empirique : données, contexte de l’étude et stratégie économétrique .......... 153 5. Résultats et discussions .................................................................................................
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