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Floral Anatomy of Tristerix Longebracteatus (Loranthaceae)

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Floral Anatomy of Tristerix Longebracteatus (Loranthaceae) Floral anatomy of Tristerix longebracteatus (Loranthaceae) Laura Alejandra Lamilla1, Camila Andrea Robayo1, Felipe Castaño3, Xavier Marquínez1* & Lauren Raz2 1. Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, (Sisbio, COL0024669), Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 # 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá, Carrera 30 # 45-03, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; [email protected] 3. Herbario UIS, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Escuela de Biología, Cra. 27 calle 9, Bucaramanga, Colombia; [email protected] * Correspondence Received 22-IV-2019. Corrected 08-XI-2019. Accepted 15-I-2020. ABSTRACT. Introduction: Most of the New World members of the Loranthaceae comprise a clade that cor- responds to the tribe Psittacantheae. Previous studies on floral anatomy and development in this tribe have con- centrated on the highly diversified subtribe Psittacanthinae, while the smaller subtribe Ligarineae has received less attention. A detailed anatomical description of Tristerix longebracteatus helps to fill this information gap. Objetive: The present research analyzes the anatomy of Tristerix longebracteatus flowers, detailing the structure of androecium and gynoecium, including megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis. Methodology: Anatomical serial sections of flowers at different stages of development were prepared, following processing with fixation techniques, incorporation in paraffin, microtome sectioning and staining with Astra-blue and basic fuchsin. Results: The large-sized flowers of Tristerix longebracteatus present a complex pattern of vasculariza- tion with 18-20 vascular bundles at the base of the inferior ovary. A group of three vascular bundles irrigate the 4-5 petals and associated stamens, and ten bundles continue through the gynoecium. The androecium is composed of four or five anthers with simultaneous microsporogenesis. The gynoecium as a single ovarian cav- ity with a central mamelon in which the archesporial tissue is oriented towards the style. The base of the style forms a nectary similar to that found in the sister genus Ligaria. Conclusions: The gynoecium with a single ovarian cavity and central mamelon is a condition shared by Tristerix (subtribe Ligarinae) and all the genera of the subtribe Psittacanthinae, except Tripodanthus. The base of the style forms a nectary similar to that found in the sister genus Ligaria. This type of stylar nectary is of taxonomic value for grouping species of the subtribe Ligarinae and difers from the annular nectary of subtribe Psittacanthinae. Key words: androecium, gynoecium, microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, stylar nectary. Lamilla, L. A., Robayo, C. A., Castaño, F., Marquínez, X., & Raz, L. (2020). Floral anatomy of Tristerix longebracteatus (Loranthaceae) Revista de Biología Tropical, 68(1), 87-97. The family Loranthaceae comprises 73 the New World genera comprise a clade cor- genera and around 900 species of hemiparasitic responding to the tribe Psittacantheae, which plants distributed mainly in the tropics (Nick- also includes Tupeia antarctica (New Zea- rent, Malécot, Vidal-Russell, & Der, 2010; land), but in Nickrent, Anderson, and Kuijt Kuijt, 2015). In the aforementioned most of (2019) this species is excluded from the tribe. Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 68(1): 87-97, March 2020 87 Gaiadendron, a genus of widespread distribu- T. peytonii and T. pubescens. This is consistent tion in the New World, is outside of this clade, with the results obtained by Amico et al. (2007) being basal in the family. in whose phylogeny the three species make up The Psittacantheae tribe is made up of four a clade. Studies in the genus Tristerix have con- subtribes: Psittacanthinae, Ligarinae, Notan- centrated mainly on aspects such as morphol- therinae (South of Chile), and Tupeinae (New ogy, phylogeny, biogeography and pollination, Zealand), that form a polytomy. Almost all as in the recent work of González and Pabón Psittacanthinae species are of tropical distribu- (2017) where some floral and inflorescence tion, spanning a wide altitudinal range. Ligari- characters were studied in relation to their orni- nae includes two genera, Ligaria with species thophyllous pollination. distributed in the temperate and sub-temperate Within the tribe Psittacantheae, the struc- zone of South America and Tristerix, which ture of the gynoecium presents variation, includes a Southern clade of species from the including: (1) trilocular ovaries with ategmic temperate zone of Argentina and Chile and a ovules in the genus Tripodanthus (Cocucci, northern clade with tropical high Andean spe- 1983; Venturelli, 1983), (2) unilocular ova- cies (Amico, Vidal-Russell, &Nickrent, 2007). ries with a central conical structure called The Kuijt monograph of Tristerix (1988) a mamelon or collective ovules in the gen- describes the flowers as bisexual and penta- or era Peristethium (Robles, Raz, & Marquínez, tetramerous. The isomorphic stamens are yel- 2015), Pasovia (= Phthirusa; Kjuit, & Weber- low-red, even black or dark violet; their anthers ling, 1972) and Strutanthus (Venturelli, 1984a, are medifixed, versatile and long (Kuijt, 2015). 1984b) and (3) gynoecium formed by five Kuijt (1988) subdivided the genus Tristerix congenitally fused carpels with a central solid into two subgenera: Tristerix, with only two ovary around a simple mamelon in Tristerix species, each with bracteoles and tetramer- (González & Pabón, 2017). ous flowers, and Metastachys, which includes The tribe Psittacantheae also presents vari- the remaining species and is characterized ation in the structure of the floral nectaries: by pentamerous flowers that lack bracteoles. (1) annular nectaries between the petals and In contrast, Amico et al. (2007) generated a style in species of the Psittacanthinae subtribe molecular phylogeny in which they differen- (for example in Peristethium, Robles et al., tiated two main clades within Tristerix, the 2015), (2) stylar nectaries in Ligaria (Galetto, first consisting of six species, distributed in Bernardello, & Juliani, 1990; Kuijt, 1990) and northern South America (Colombia, Peru and (3) supraovary nectary disks in Tristerix spp. Ecuador), and the other clade composed of spe- (González & Pabón, 2017). cies that inhabit the southernmost areas of the The objectives of this research are to continent (Bolivia, Chile and Argentina). Their describe the floral anatomy of Tristerix longe- study indicates that speciation in this genus is bracteatus, compare the results with studies of related to the emergence of the Andes and the other genera in the Psitticantheae, including origin of cloud forests. vascularization pattern, nectary, androecium Tristerix longebracteatus is the highest and gynoecium structure, megasporogenesis altitude parasitic plantin the world, reaching 4 and microsporogenesis. 618 m above sea level in the cordillera of Vil- cabamba in Peru, parasitizing trees of Polylepis MATERIALS AND METHODS pepei and Gynoxys cuzcoensis (Sylvester, Syl- vester, & Kessler, 2014). According to Graves Floral buds and mature individual flow- (1982), this species is pollinated by humming- ers of Tristerix longebracteatus were collect- birds and presents highly synchronous flower- ed near laguna La Cubierta, department of ing in Northern Peru. Acording to Kuijt (1988), Risaralda, Colombia at 3 400 m in August Tristerix longebracteatus is closely related to 2015, voucher specimens were deposited in 88 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 68(1): 87-97, March 2020 HUQ (F. Castaño 560 Fig. 1A). The determi- 3-5 mm, which is, in turn, surrounded by the nation of the material was carried out using hypanthium. The calyculus is reduced to a ring taxonomic keys, descriptions and comparison with toothed margins (Fig. 1C), which sur- with herbarium specimens. rounds the base of the corolla tube and is very Flower buds and open flowers from 1.7 prominent in young fruit (Fig. 1F). The corolla to 7.0 cm in length, were fixed in FAA (form- is scarlet red at the apex and base, and orange aldehyde: acetic acid: 70 % ethanol, 10:5:85), in the central part (Fig. 1C, Fig. 1G). The num- stored in 70 % ethanol, and subsequently ber of petals varies between 4 and 5, even in the treated following the protocol of Robles et same inflorescence, although the pentamerous al. (2015). This involved standard methods condition is the most frequent. Shortly before of dehydratation using a clearing agent (His- anthesis, the petals are fused for a third of their toclear), paraffin infiltration, sectioning with length by interdigitation of the epidermal cells, a rotary microtome (820 Spencer, American while the distal two thirds are slightly separated Optical Company, NY) and attachment to forming a fenestrated floral tube. The apical microscope slides. The slides were stained lobes of the corolla are strongly reflexed at with astra-blue and basic fuchsin and deposited anthesis displaying yellow and pink tonalities in the Department of Biology collection at the on the adaxial surface (Fig. 1D). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. The flower is bisexual, with an inferior They were analyzed and photographed using an ovary (Fig. 1G). The androecium is composed Olympus BX-50 microscope with a Moticam of 4-5 epipetalous stamens with reddish, cylin- Pro 282B camera. Fixed flowers were studied drical, papillate filaments
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