DOCSLIB.ORG

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Macroinvertebrate Communities In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Macroinvertebrate Communities In CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Birmingham Research Portal Spatio-temporal dynamics of macroinvertebrate communities in northeast Greenlandic snowmelt streams Docherty, Catherine; Hannah, David; Riis, Tenna; Lund, Magnus; Abermann, Jakob; Milner, Alexander DOI: 10.1002/eco.1982 License: Creative Commons: Attribution (CC BY) Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard): Docherty, CL, Hannah, DM, Riis, T, Lund, M, Abermann, J & Milner, AM 2018, 'Spatio-temporal dynamics of macroinvertebrate communities in northeast Greenlandic snowmelt streams: Macroinvertebrate community dynamics in Greenlandic snowmelt streams', Ecohydrology. https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1982 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. If you believe that this is the case for this document, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate. Download date: 01. Feb. 2019 Received: 14 October 2017 Revised: 6 March 2018 Accepted: 26 March 2018 DOI: 10.1002/eco.1982 RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatio‐temporal dynamics of macroinvertebrate communities in northeast Greenlandic snowmelt streams Catherine L. Docherty1,2 | David M. Hannah1 | Tenna Riis3 | Magnus Lund4 | Jakob Abermann5 | Alexander M. Milner1,2,6 1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Abstract Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Future climate change throughout the Arctic is expected to increase channel stability 2 Department of Atmospheric Environment in glacially influenced streams through reduced contributions from glacial meltwater and Aquatic Ecosystem, Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390‐ and increases in groundwater. In contrast, predictions for northeast Greenland of 8621, Japan increased precipitation for the next 100 years—including winter snowfall—which with 3 Department of Bioscience, Aarhus warmer air temperature, is expected to increase the size of spring floods in snowmelt University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark 4 Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research streams. Coupled with increased disturbance through frequent summer rainfall Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej events, nivation processes and permafrost degradation will reduce resistance of chan- 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark nel sediments to erosion and thereby decrease channel stability. Decreased channel 5 Asiaq, Greenland Survey, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland stability will impact macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Five streams sourced 6 Institute of Arctic Biology, University of by snowpacks of varying extent were studied over 3 summer seasons (2013–2015) to Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA investigate the potential effect of shift in snowmelt regime on macroinvertebrate Correspondence Catherine L. Docherty, School of Geography, communities. Earth and Environmental Science, University Total abundance and taxa richness were significantly higher in streams with small of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Email: [email protected] snowpacks, where the chironomid genus Hydrobaenus was the most abundant taxon. Streams with large snowpacks were dominated by the chironomid genus Diamesa. Funding information Multivariate ordination models and correlation indicated that macroinvertebrate com- Carlsberg Foundation, Grant/Award Number: 2013‐01‐0258; European Union Seventh munities were significantly influenced by channel stability and bed sediment size. Framework Programme, Grant/Award Num- Macroinvertebrate abundance was significantly higher in 2013, following low winter ber: 262693; Natural Environment Research Council,Grant/Award Number:NE/L501712/1 snowfall and associated low meltwater inputs to streams, highlighting interannual var- iability in macroinvertebrate communities. A shift towards less stable habitats in snowmelt streams will potentially lead to reduced macroinvertebrate abundance and taxa richness, and local extinction of spe- cialized taxa. Thus, snowmelt‐fed streams in northeast Greenland may respond very differently to changing climate compared with streams in parts of the Arctic domi- nated by glacial meltwater. KEYWORDS Arctic, channel stability, Chironomidae, climate change, freshwater, hydroecology, meltwater, snow -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Authors Ecohydrology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Ecohydrology. 2018;e1982. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/eco 1of13 https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1982 2of13 DOCHERTY ET AL. 1 | INTRODUCTION macroinvertebrate community structure between years due to an increase in extreme events, varying habitat conditions, and disturbance Climate change is expected to cause large shifts in Arctic ecosystems regimes. Stream studies on increased thermokarst activity in Arctic Can- (Anisimov et al., 2007; Prowse et al., 2009; Prowse, Furgal, Wrona, & ada indicated that high sediment load from increased channel disturbance Reist, 2009; Walsh et al., 2005), with some of the most pronounced can cause decreased macroinvertebrate community complexity in changes in northeast Greenland (Stendel, Christiansen, & Petersen, streams (Chin et al., 2016) by reducing habitat availability, altering water 2008). Air temperature in the region is predicted to increase and due chemistry and causing negative physiological impacts such as the clog- to the reduction in regional sea ice extent, local surface evaporation will ging of feeding and respiratory organs (Jones, Duerdoth, Collins, Naden, result in increased precipitation by up to 60%, falling as rain in summer & Sear, 2012; Lemly, 1982). However, although this has been tested for and snow in winter (Bintanja & Selten, 2014; Stendel et al., 2008). thermokarst activity, this has not been tested in relation to the overall These changes will shift local climatic conditions from a continental effect of climate change on snowmelt‐dominated Arctic streams. high‐Arctic climate towards an increasingly maritime low‐Arctic climate Previous river research in northeast Greenland has largely been with a marked influence on freshwater ecosystems in this region. restricted to hydrological research on sediment and solute transport Glacial meltwater is currently the principal meltwater source for dynamics (Hasholt et al., 2008; Hasholt & Hagedorn, 2000; Ladegaard‐ streams in many regions of the high Arctic. Climate change will lead to Pedersen et al., 2016; Rasch, Elberling, Jakobsen, & Hasholt, 2000; reduced extent of glaciers, which, although for larger glaciers runoff will Søndergaard et al., 2015), whereas ecological studies in freshwater sys- initially increase in the near term, will in the long term or for smaller gla- tems have been principally restricted to lakes and ponds (e.g., ciers lead to decreased glacial runoff and groundwater, becoming a more Christoffersen, Amsinck, Landkildehus, Lauridsen, & Jeppesen, 2008). dominant water source as the active layer deepens (e.g., Blaen, Brown, River ecology research in Greenland has been limited to the more accessi- Hannah, & Milner, 2014; Hannah et al., 2007; Milner, Brown, & Hannah, ble southwest coast (Friberg, Milner, Svendsen, Lindegaard, & Larsen, 2009). These changes are predicted to increase channel stability and 2001; González‐Bergonzoni et al., 2014), thus our understanding of stream water temperature, leading to increased macroinvertebrate density and ecology along the east coast is negligible. The northeast coast of Greenland alpha diversity (Blaen et al., 2014; Brown, Hannah, & Milner, 2007; is more isolated than the west, and is thought to have reduced macroinver- Lods‐Crozet, Lencioni, Brittain, Marziali, & Rossaro, 2007; Milner et al., tebrate diversity due to its northern latitude, its recent deglaciation, and its 2009). However, in areas of low glacial cover such as coastal northeast biogeographical isolation between the Greenland ice sheet and the ocean Greenland, the predicted increases in snowfall (Collins et al., 2013; where harsh environmental conditions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DNA Barcoding
    Full-time PhD studies of Ecology and Environmental Protection Piotr Gadawski Species diversity and origin of non-biting midges (Chironomidae) from a geologically young lake PhD Thesis and its old spring system Performed in Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology in Institute of Ecology and Environmental Protection Różnorodność gatunkowa i pochodzenie fauny Supervisor: ochotkowatych (Chironomidae) z geologicznie Prof. dr hab. Michał Grabowski młodego jeziora i starego systemu źródlisk Auxiliary supervisor: Dr. Matteo Montagna, Assoc. Prof. Łódź, 2020 Łódź, 2020 Table of contents Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................................3 Summary ...........................................................................................................................4 General introduction .........................................................................................................6 Skadar Lake ...................................................................................................................7 Chironomidae ..............................................................................................................10 Species concept and integrative taxonomy .................................................................12 DNA barcoding ...........................................................................................................14 Chapter I. First insight into the diversity and ecology of non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)
    [Show full text]
  • Template for Arctic LCC Progress Report
    Arctic LCC Project Summary 1. PROJECT INFORMATION Title: Changing Seasonality of Invertebrate Food Resources across the Arctic Coastal Plain Report submission date 26 September 2013; revised 8 February 2015 Malcolm G. Butler & Shane D. Braegelman Key words insect emergence, tundra ponds, phenology, climate change, arctic warming, Chironomidae, thermal time, Cox proportional hazard model Principal Investigator(s), Co-Principal Investigators and Recipient Organization(s): Dr. Malcolm G. Butler & Shane D. Braegelman Department of Biological Sciences North Dakota State University ABSTRACT We assessed change in the seasonal timing of insect emergence from tundra ponds near Barrow, Alaska over a four-decade timespan, and explored factors that regulate this significant ecological phenomenon. The early-summer pulse of adult insects emerging from myriad tundra ponds on the Arctic Coastal Plain is an annual event historically coincident with resource demand by tundra-nesting avian consumers. Asymmetrical changes in the seasonal timing of prey availability and consumer needs may impact arctic- breeding shorebirds, eiders, and passerines. We have found evidence of change in the thermal behavior of these arctic wetlands, along with a shift in the phenology of emerging pond insects. Relative to the 1970s, tundra ponds at Barrow now thaw about one week earlier, average 2°C warmer, and show a 30% increase in growing degree days. Analyzing insect emergence data collected during 2009-2012 relative to similar data from the 1970s, we document a significant shift in the timing of insect emergence over this four-decade span. Composition of the invertebrate community has changed little over the decades, with the same species of chironomid midges dominating numbers and biomass in these ponds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Chironomidae in Separating Naturally Poor from Disturbed Communities
    From taxonomy to multiple-trait bioassessment: the role of Chironomidae in separating naturally poor from disturbed communities Da taxonomia à abordagem baseada nos multiatributos dos taxa: função dos Chironomidae na separação de comunidades naturalmente pobres das antropogenicamente perturbadas Sónia Raquel Quinás Serra Tese de doutoramento em Biociências, ramo de especialização Ecologia de Bacias Hidrográficas, orientada pela Doutora Maria João Feio, pelo Doutor Manuel Augusto Simões Graça e pelo Doutor Sylvain Dolédec e apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Agosto de 2016 This thesis was made under the Agreement for joint supervision of doctoral studies leading to the award of a dual doctoral degree. This agreement was celebrated between partner institutions from two countries (Portugal and France) and the Ph.D. student. The two Universities involved were: And This thesis was supported by: Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), financing program: ‘Programa Operacional Potencial Humano/Fundo Social Europeu’ (POPH/FSE): through an individual scholarship for the PhD student with reference: SFRH/BD/80188/2011 And MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre. University of Coimbra, Portugal: CNRS, UMR 5023 - LEHNA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, University Lyon1, France: Aos meus amados pais, sempre os melhores e mais dedicados amigos Table of contents: ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonality of Some Arctic Alaskan Chironomids
    SEASONALITY OF SOME ARCTIC ALASKAN CHIRONOMIDS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Shane Dennis Braegelman In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Program: Environmental and Conservation Sciences December 2015 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Seasonality of Some Arctic Alaskan Chironomids By Shane Dennis Braegelman The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Malcolm Butler Chair Kendra Greenlee Jason Harmon Daniel McEwen Approved: June 1 2016 Wendy Reed Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Arthropods, especially dipteran insects in the family Chironomidae (non-biting midges), are a primary prey resource for many vertebrate species on Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain. Midge-producing ponds on the ACP are experiencing climate warming that may alter insect seasonal availability. Chironomids display highly synchronous adult emergence, with most populations emerging from a given pond within a 3-5 day span and the bulk of the overall midge community emerging over a 3-4 week period. The podonomid midge Trichotanypus alaskensis Brundin is an abundant, univoltine, species in tundra ponds near Barrow, Alaska, with adults appearing early in the annual emergence sequence. To better understand regulation of chironomid emergence phenology, we conducted experiments on pre-emergence development of T. alaskensis at different temperatures, and monitored pre-emergence development of this species under field conditions. We compared chironomid community emergence from ponds at Barrow, Alaska in the 1970s with similar data from 2009-2013 to assess changes in emergence phenology.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CHIRONOMIDAE of OTSEGO LAKE with KEYS to the IMMATURE STAGES of the SUBFAMILIES TANYPODINAE and DIAMESINAE (DIPTERA) Joseph
    THE CHIRONOMIDAE OF OTSEGO LAKE WITH KEYS TO THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE SUBFAMILIES TANYPODINAE AND DIAMESINAE (DIPTERA) Joseph P. Fagnani Willard N. Harman BIOLOGICAL FIELD STATION COOPERSTOWN, NEW YORK OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 20 AUGUST, 1987 BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE AT ONEONTA THIS MANUSCRIPT IS NOT A FORMAL PUBLICATION. The information contained herein may not be cited or reproduced without permission of the author or the S.U.N.Y. Oneonta Biology Department ABSTRACT The species of Chironomidae inhabiting Otsego Lake, New York, were studied from 1979 through 1982. This report presents the results of a variety of collecting methods used in a diversity of habitats over a considerable temporal period. The principle emphasis was on sound taxonomy and rearing to associate immatures and adults. Over 4,000 individual rearings have provided the basis for description of general morphological stages that occur during the life cycles of these species. Keys to the larvae and pupae of the 4 subfamilies and 10 tribes of Chironomidae collected in Otsego Lake were compiled. Keys are also presented for the immature stages of 12 Tanypodinae and 2 Diamesinae species found in Otsego Lake. Labeled line drawings of the majority of structures and measurements used to identify the immature stages of most species of chironomids were adapted from the literature. Extensive photomicrographs are presented along with larval and pupal characteristics, taxonomic notes, synonymies, recent literature accounts and collection records for 17 species. These include: Chironominae­ Paratendipes albimanus (Meigen) (Chironomini); Ortl10cladiinae ­ Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) simulans (Johannsen) and I!ydrobaenus johannseni (Sublette); Diamesinae - Protanypus ramosus Saether (Protanypodini) and Potthastia longimana Kieffer (Diamesini); and Tanypodinae - Clinotanypus (Clinotanypus) pinguis (Loew) (Coelotanypodini), Tanypu~ (Tanypus) punctipennis Meigen (Tanypodini), Procladius (Psilotanypus) bellus (Loew); Var.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Crude Oil on Aquatic Insects of Tundra Ponds
    ARCTIC VOL.31, NO. 3 (SEPT. 1978), P. 229-241 Effects Of Crude Oil On Aquatic Insects Of Tundra Ponds SAMUEL C. MOZLEY’ and MALCOLM G. BUTLERZ ABSTRACT. Aquatic insects are numerous and important in the ecology of tundra thaw ponds, comprising most of the biomass and production. The most common types are the caddisflies Asynarchus and Micrasema, the stonefly Nernoura, the beetle Agabus and especially larvae of the fly family Chironomidae. Studies in vitro showed no detectable mortality of these insects at doses of oil up to 1.5 l/m2 Prudhoe Bay crude oil. However, field experiments on two ponds with application rates of about 10 l/m2 (Pond E, 1970) and 0.24 l/m2(Pond R, 1975) both indicated that selective elimination of Asynarchus and Nemoura had occurred. Chironomidae in Pond R displayed much lower rates of adult emergence in 1976 and 1977 than in 1975, immediately before and after oil treatment, with several species in the tribe Tanytarsini most reduced. Pond E did not show low emergence rates, but the proportion of Orthocladiinae was much higher than in reference ponds. Trichotanypus was severely reduced in Pond 0 but unusually abundant in Pond E in 1976 and 1977. Effects of oil seem to be different for different species, and occurat some point during the late larval stages of insects or at metamorphosis, but toxicity experiments did not confirm this. Oil may also interfere with reproduction in insect species which remain mainly on or near the pond surface as adults. Apparent effects infield experiments are not entirely consistent with observations of Canadian researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hydroecological Response of Greenlandic Streams to a Changing Climate
    The hydroecological response of Greenlandic streams to a changing climate by Catherine Louise Docherty A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham April, 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Arctic streams are vulnerable to climate change due to the strong linkage between cryosphere, hydrology, physicochemical habitat and ecology. Our knowledge on how stream hydroecological dynamics will respond to climate change is largely based on the impact of the reduction in glacial extent in a warmer Arctic, however our knowledge of the response of Arctic streams with low glacial input are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, three field campaigns to Zackenberg (northeast Greenland) were carried out (2013 – 2015) to investigate snowmelt stream hydroecological patterns and processes. Streams were chosen that were sourced from both small and large snowpacks, representing low and high snowfall conditions. Streams with large snowpacks were found to have low channel stability and high suspended sediment concentration compared to streams with small snowpacks.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxa Vs Traits: Analysing Stream Communities in South Australian Dry Environments
    Taxa vs Traits: analysing stream communities in South Australian dry environments A temporary stream in Polipotamos, Greece, Europe (Photo by Stam Zogaris) Paul Kingsley Botwe (MPhil, BSc) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania April 2017 1 Statements by the author Declaration of originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Authority of access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Statement regarding published work contained in this thesis The publishers of the paper comprising Chapters 2 hold the copyright for that content, and access to the material should be sought from the respective journal. The remaining non- published content of the thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: Paul Kingsley Botwe Date: 27th April, 2017 2 Statement of publications Manuscripts (published or submitted to peer-reviewed journals) produced as part of the thesis: 1) Botwe, P. K., Barmuta, L. A., Magierowski, R., McEvoy, P., Goonan, P. & Carver, S. 2015. Temporal Patterns and Environmental Correlates of Macroinvertebrate Communities in Temporary Streams.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio EPA Supplemental Keys to the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Ohio and Ohio Chironomidae Checklist
    Ohio EPA Supplemental Keys to the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Ohio and Ohio Chironomidae Checklist June 2007 Michael J. Bolton Ohio Environmental Protection Agency 4675 Homer Ohio Lane Groveport, Ohio 43235 E-mail: [email protected] Ohio EPA Chironomid Larval Keys for Ohio June 2007 Introduction The following keys were developed to supplement existing keys as an aid in the identification of Chironomidae larvae collected in Ohio. They were designed to incorporate most of the taxa known from the temperate eastern North America. The bulk of the characters used in these keys were taken from existing keys. There is, however, many gaps in our understanding of the chironomid fauna. For that reason every attempt was made to positively identify larvae by associating them with their pupal and adult male stages. Therefore, some of the information presented in this guide is not available in other keys. These keys should be used in conjunction with existing keys. The standard generic level key that everyone identifying chironomid larvae should have is “Chironomidae of the Holarctic Region. Keys and Diagnoses. Part 1 - Larvae” edited by Wiederholm (1983). In addition to keys, this work contains extremely useful diagnoses and illustrations for every genus known from the covered area at the time. Another essential publication is “Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina” by Epler (2001). This very useful manual identifies larvae to species when possible and is extensively illustrated. However, it was designed to cover the Southeastern United States. At least two genera (Doncricotopus and Synendotendipes) found in Ohio were not included.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    J. Limnol., 2018; 77(s1): 113-120 DOI: 10.4081/jlimnol.2018.1836 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). Pre-emergence growth and development in the arctic midge Trichotanypus alaskensis Brundin Malcolm G. BUTLER,1* Shane D. BRAEGELMAN2 1Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo ND 58108, USA; 2Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, North Dakota State University, PO Box 6050, Fargo ND 58108, USA *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Developing at low mean temperatures, arctic chironomids often have prolonged larval growth yet adult emergence is typically a brief and highly synchronous event. How does a midge population achieve synchronous emergence? Under the Absolute Spring Species Hypothesis (AbSS), adult eclosion by early-emerging species may be synchronized by overwintering as fully mature larvae. Such prepupal larvae would neither feed nor grow after spring thaw, only pupate and emerge. The podonomine Trichotanypus alaskensis Brundin is an abundant midge in tundra ponds on Alaska’s Arctic Coastal Plain, and one of the earliest-emerging species in this chironomid-dominated insect community. T. alaskensis is univoltine in these arcticonly ponds, with most emergence from any one pond occurring within less than a one-week span during late June, typically about three weeks after pond thaw. We evaluated T. alaskensis for conformity to the AbSS model by documenting the overwintering state of this species in a tundra pond near Barrow, Alaska, then monitoring larval growth and development of the population from spring thaw to pupation.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 13 DIPTERA (Aquatic & Semiaquatic True Flies)
    Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia | 2009 CHAPTER 13 DIPTERA (Aquatic & Semiaquatic True Flies) IPTERA D Draft June 17, 2009 164 Chapter 13 | DIPTERA Guide to Aquatic Invertebrate Families of Mongolia | 2009 ORDER DIPTERA Aquatic & Semiaquatic True Flies 13 There are more species of aquatic Diptera than there are of any other order despite the fact that most of the order is terrestrial. Diptera considered aquatic have aquatic larvae and pupae with terrestrial adults. Many other aquatic insects are also commonly referred to as “flies” (e.g., mayflies, dragonflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, alderflies, fishflies), but these taxa are not true flies as they do not belong to the order Diptera. When referring to true flies or Diptera with their common names, the word “fly” is separate (e.g., crane fly, black fly, moth fly dance fly, flower fly). In contrast, common names for non-dipteran taxa are one word. The true flies are extremely important in aquatic food webs and often are the most diverse and abundant macroinvertebrate taxon collected in many freshwater habitats. Diptera inhabit a wide range of habitats and some taxa are extremely tolerant and occur in heavily polluted water bodies. Some true flies can be a nuisance due to their blood feeding behaviors. Only a key to the larvae is provided in this guide. Diptera Morphology (Larvae) Most Diptera larvae are maggot-like or worm-like (Figure 13.1). Some possess an obvious head capsule, but this structure is either reduced or obscured in many other Dipteran taxa. In all dipteran DIPTERA larvae, segmented legs and wing pads are absent from the thorax.
    [Show full text]
  • Chironomids Then and Now: Climate Change Effects on a Tundra Food
    CHIRONOMIDS THEN AND NOW: CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON A TUNDRA FOOD WEB IN THE ALASKAN ARCTIC A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Alec Ray Lackmann In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Program: Environmental and Conservation Sciences March 2019 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Chironomids then and now: Climate change effects on a tundra food web in the Alaskan Arctic By Alec Ray Lackmann The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Malcolm Butler Chair Daniel McEwen Julia Bowsher Jason Harmon Approved: 5 November 2019 Kendra Greenlee Date Department Chair ABSTRACT Although climate change is a global phenomenon, the Arctic is warming faster than any other region on earth. These climatic changes have driven rapid regional changes over the past half-century in both the physical landscape and the ecosystems therein. One such ecological interaction is between migratory shorebird survival and local insect emergence. Annually, tens of millions of migratory shorebirds travel to the Arctic to rear their young in the relative absence of predators, but in a relative abundance of food (insects). Over evolutionary time, these trophic levels have coupled: shorebird chicks tend to hatch during the period of highest terrestrial insect availability. However, climate change is currently uncoupling this food-web synchrony, creating potential for trophic mismatch. In the High Arctic near Utqiaġvik (formerly Barrow), Alaska, trophic mismatch between nesting shorebirds and their insect food base is already detectable.
    [Show full text]