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Central and Micro Inverters for Solar Photovoltaic Integration in AC Grid

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Central and Micro Inverters for Solar Photovoltaic Integration in AC Grid Central and Micro Inverters for Solar Photovoltaic Integration in AC grid D. Pal, Student Member, IEEE, H. Koniki, P. Bajpai, Senior Member, IEEE Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, India Abstract—This paper presents detailed modeling of central hence the size of inverter is reduced. As each PV panel and inverter and micro inverter for solar photovoltaic (PV) integration micro inverter form individual system, malfunction of one in AC grid. Data of a 100 kW solar PV plant installed in IIT micro inverter does not hamper whole solar farm operation [3]. Kharagpur is used to validate these models and their performance In case of partial shading, micro inverters also outperforms on sunny, cloudy and partially shaded days are compared. Models central inverters in terms of power generation. of 5 kW grid tie central inverter and 250 W micro inverter are developed with polycrystalline solar PV in MATLAB/Simulink. There are a number of publications available on solar Solar irradiance and PV module temperature data are taken from inverter modeling and their performance study. A thorough SCADA system from that actual solar PV plant as inputs to the study is performed to model a photovoltaic array in [1]. simulation models. Comparative results are captured in terms of Photovoltaic module/array modeling and different techniques inverter AC power output under different operating conditions of maximum power point tracking are discussed in [4]. Impact and the solar PV system with micro inverters have illustrated of grid connected PV system is observed in [2]. Photovoltaic better performance compared to central inverter in all types of system works as a current source and it is integrated with grid operating conditions. as voltage source using voltage source inverter (VSI). Detail designing of VSI is studied in [5]. Unlike central inverters, Keywords—central inverter; k factor III control; fly back micro inverters are connected in single phase. Fly-back converter; micro inverter; converter is preferred in micro inverter due to its high voltage I. INTRODUCTION gain property [6]. PV integration with micro inverter in single phase AC grid develops the concept of “converter per-module” With the abundance of solar insolation available on the with plug and play feature [3] and for this reason, solar micro earth’s surface, harvesting solar power from photovoltaic cells inverter outperforms central inverter in terms of total power is becoming economical and pollution free. Crystalline, Copper yield [7]. The comparison of solar, central and micro inverters Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) and Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) is made based on techno-economy and topology as in [8]. A are main solar photovoltaic technologies developed to collect statistical study on solar, central and micro inverters operation solar power and convert this power into usable electrical form is illustrated in [9] for shaded and unshaded conditions. [1]. This electrical power requires inverters to transfer into AC grids. In the scope of existing literature, the performance comparison of solar, micro and central inverters are not fully Central inverters are installed to integrate large solar plants explored considering DC cable loss for different irradiance and into AC grid. These solar plants are constructed using series- module temperature scenarios. Solar photovoltaic modules are parallel string combination of PV modules. Each parallel string connected in strings and total power is fed to central inverter. of PV modules connected to central inverter has its own Hence the solar central inverter system faces DC cable loss and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. Central reduction in AC power injected into grid. Contrary to the solar inverter is installed without internal transformer and has DC- central inverter, micro inverter with solar panel are installed on- DC converter as intermediate stage. This DC-DC converter site acting as AC panel. Absence of DC cable loss improves its reduces the requirement of high voltage gain in inverter and AC power output compared to solar central inverter. The whole increases the power conversion efficiency [2]. Cloud shading, issue is introduced in this paper with illustrated results partial shading (due to any obstacle on solar panel), and validating from real system data. malfunction of any parallel PV string completely shut down the power generation from central inverter. Each string of solar PV II. PROBLEM FORMULATION modules requires DC cable for connecting to central inverter Commercially available standard micro inverters are of 250 and hence introduces considerable DC cable loss in the system. W and main manufacturers are Repulse, Enphase etc. These Above mentioned limitations with solar central inverter is micro inverters are suitable for small scale residential uses. In a addressed by means of using solar micro inverters. Micro single residence of India, roughly estimated load demand is 5 inverters have plug and play feature and are suitable for small kW which is fed from central inverter. Moreover, solar central scale residential uses. Each solar PV module connected to each inverter power reduces due to DC cable loss and partial shading micro inverter forms AC solar module with inbuilt MPPT. Solar over incoming PV strings and these issues are addressed using micro inverters are usually connected to the AC line eliminating solar micro inverters. To analyze the performance comparison DC cable loss, thus improves system efficiency. A high of both solar, central and micro inverters, a swarm of 250 W frequency isolator transformer is utilized in micro inverter to solar micro inverters and 5 kW single solar central inverter are increase the module level voltage to grid level voltage and considered. In this paper detailed modeling of 5 kW central 978-1-4799-5141-3/14/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE inverter and 250 W micro inverter are performed. PV module + and array modeling with MPPT logic are analyzed separately. = − −1 The simulation of both solar, central and micro inverters are performed using real data of irradiance and module temperature (5) on sunny, cloudy and partially shaded days. Output of + individual system is taken in terms of AC power and thereafter comparison of performance is analyzed. − A. Modeling of Photovoltaic Module and Array A 100 kW solar PV plant based on poly crystalline solar PV III. MODELING OF CENTRAL INVERTER technology is installed on the roof of academic building in IIT Kharagpur. 250 W module and 5 kW PV array have been The 5 kW central inverter is modeled considering two stage modeled in MATLAB/Simulink to mimic the poly crystalline two level PWM inverter and its schematic diagram is shown in solar PV panel (ELDORA 250) situated at rooftop. Equations Fig. 1. Inside the inverter, boost converter with k factor III representing I-V characteristics of solar PV module are control is utilized [10]. Boost converter input inductor L and presented in (1-4) [1]. capacitor Cin are calculated considering 1% current ripple and 10 % voltage ripple respectively [11]. DC link capacitor of (1) = − − boost converter Cdclink is calculated considering 1% voltage ripple [11]. Boost converter parameters are given in Table II. (+) + (2) = − −1− = + − (3) 1 1 =, − (4) I and V are output current and voltage from PV module Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of 5 kW grid tie central inverter respectively. Iph is photo current and I0 is diode current. T (K) 2 and G (kW/m ) are module temperature and solar irradiance TABLE II. BOOST CONVERTER PARAMETERS respectively. PV module parameters are shown in Table I. Boost Converter Parameters Values Cin, Input capacitor 125 µF TABLE I. PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE PARAMETERS L, Inductor 36 mH Parameter Values Cdclink, DC link capacitor 1000 µF q, Electronic charge 1.6 × 10−19 C Switching frequency of MOSFET switch 10 kHz k, Boltzmann constant 1.38 × 10−23 J/K Vin, Input voltage to boost converter 600 V Eg, Band energy gap 1.1 eV Vdclink, DC link/Output voltage from boost converter 1200 V αT, Temperature co-efficient 0.00349 A/K Ron, Onstage switch resistor 0.1 Ω n, Diode ideality factor 1.1~1.2 r, Parasitic resistor of input inductor 0.5 Ω -8 R , Diode resistor 1 mΩ I0,ref, Diode reference current 1.585 × 10 A D Tref, Reference temperature 298 K 2 A. k Factor III Control of Boost Converter Gref, Reference Irradiance 1 kW/ m Rs,Equivalent series resistor 1.79 mΩ From small signal modeling of boost converter, transfer Rp,Equivalent shunt resistor 187.8 Ω function between input voltage Vin and duty ratio d is calculated. Isc, Short circuit current 8.75 A The procedure to find this transfer function is enlisted in (6-9) Voc, Open circuit voltage 37.25 V [10]. Ncell, Number of series connected PV cells 60 () = = − (6) Based on (1-4), 250 W solar panel is modeled for micro inverter operation. R and R resistors are taken with respect to slope of −1 s p + I-V curve of a single module. To convert a single module into () = = 0 1 + 5 kW array, (2) is modified into (5). In (5), Ns and Np are the 1 (7) 0 number of module in a string and number of total strings connected in parallel respectively. For 5 kW PV array Ns and Np are taken as 20 and 1 respectively. Ia and Va are array current =+ ×, = + − × (8) and voltage in (5) respectively. DC cable equivalent resistor of − × 4 Ω is introduced in PV array modeling as string resistor for () = = (9) central inverter. This DC resistor is not considered for solar + ×+1 micro inverter modeling. For both 250 W and 5 kW solar × systems, incremental conductance (IC) method is utilized to GVind(s) is second order open loop voltage control transfer extract maximum power [4]. function and this transfer function is formulated considering input voltage and input current as states of the system.
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